The Pterocarpus marsupium belong to family Fabaceae and is widely distributed in central, western and southern
regions of India. The role of Pterocarpus marsupium as anti-diabetic has been very well established. Its extract has
been prepared using many methods like infusion, maceration, decoction and percolation. Several chemical
constituents like pterostilbene, (-)-epicatechin, pteropines, marsupinol, etc., have been identified and isolated.
Pterocarpus marsupium extract also shows promising results in cataract and hypertriglyceridemia. This plant also
finds its use as cardiotonic and hepatoprotective agent. Studies have also been reported to demonstrate its ability as a
specific COX- 2 inhibitor. The present review explores its description, traditional uses, extraction methods, chemical
constituents, pharmacological activity and commercial significance so that its potential as a multipurpose medicinal
agent can be understood and appreciated.
Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Studies of Kukutnakhi- Aspidium Cicutariu...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorb...ijtsrd
Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical constitution and antioxidant activity of Aqueous extracts of three selected plant Boerhaavia diffusa, Euphorbia hirta and Amaranthus polygonoides. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, phenols, tannin and carbohydrates in Boerhaavia diffusa and Euphorbia hirta where as in Amaranthus polygon ides many phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, terpenoids, phenols, saponin, tannin and carbohydrates were present. Antioxidants are the compounds which terminate the attack of reactive species and reduce the risk of diseases. The free radicals oxidants are species with very short half life, high reactivity and damaging activity towards macromolecules like proteins, DNA and lipids. The results of antioxidant activity of three aqueous extract showed maximum activity in different concentration of 50, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg ml. The percent inhibition of aqueous extract of Boerhavia diffusa , Euphorbia hirta , Amaranthus polygonoides was 176.15, 404.78 and 413.06 respectively. In the present work potent anti oxidant activity of aqueous extract of Boerhaavia diffusa was higher when compared to other two extracts. The present study revealed that the plant extract possessed good antioxidant activity and less quantity of toxic metals, which therefore can be used as a natural source of free radical scavenger. However, further study needs to be carried out to know its mode of action. R. Ezhilarasi | Dr. B. Senthilkumar | Dr. K. Devi "A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorbia Hirta and Amaranthus Polygonoides" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29435.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/29435/a-preliminary-study-on-phytochemical-screening-of-boerhaavia-diffusa-euphorbia-hirta-and-amaranthus-polygonoides/r-ezhilarasi
Medicinal value of Urtica dioica
Contents
Nomenclature
Biological source
Habbitat
cultivation and collection
chemical constituent
Pharmacological action including antioxidant, Anti-helmintic, Anti-diabetic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ...Premier Publishers
Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) is a plant which has been used for a long time as traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments from antiquity. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of Azadirachta indica, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the dried leaves of the plant were subjected to phytochemical screening and determination of anti-microbial activity on six different species of bacteria and a fungus. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried powdered leaves of the plant was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against the microorganisms using agar well diffusion method. The Phytochemical screening of the test plant revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glucosides, phenols, resins, tannins, terpenes and steroids. Although, both plant extracts had antimicrobial effects against the test organisms, the aqueous extracts were found to show greater anti-microbial effect than ethanolic extract. Thus, the mean diameter zones of inhibition ranged from 0.03mm-40.00mm for aqueous extract and 0.50mm-21.00mm for ethanolic extract at the highest concentration of 50mg/ml. The finding of this study supports the use of neem leaf in the treatment of various microbial infections by alternative systems of medicine.
In vitro organogenesis protocol for Rauvolfia serpentina - an endangered medi...researchplantsciences
Rauvolfia serpentina commonly known as sarpagandha is a pharmacologically important medicinal plant containing numerous alkaloids with antibacterial, antidysentric and antidotal properties. The present study reports an efficient in vitro regeneration protocol by using nodal explants for this species. The sterilization technique was first standardized using ethyl alcohol, mercuric chloride and sodium hypochlorite with hot water and without hot water treatment. 100% aseptic culture was obtained when the explants were treated with hot water (at 500 C for 10 minutes) and 0.1% mercuric chloride. The aseptic cultures were inoculated in to culture medium with different concentrations of growth regulators. Higher explants response (78.33%) and higher multiple shoot formation from Rauvolfia serpentina nodal explants was observed in the medium supplemented with BAP (1mg/l) + KIN (1mg/l) + GA3 (0.5mg/l).
Article Citation:
Singh K and Dash M.
In vitro organogenesis protocol for Rauvolfia serpentina - an endangered medicinal plant.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(1): 083-088.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0028.pdf
Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Studies of Kukutnakhi- Aspidium Cicutariu...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorb...ijtsrd
Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical constitution and antioxidant activity of Aqueous extracts of three selected plant Boerhaavia diffusa, Euphorbia hirta and Amaranthus polygonoides. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, phenols, tannin and carbohydrates in Boerhaavia diffusa and Euphorbia hirta where as in Amaranthus polygon ides many phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, terpenoids, phenols, saponin, tannin and carbohydrates were present. Antioxidants are the compounds which terminate the attack of reactive species and reduce the risk of diseases. The free radicals oxidants are species with very short half life, high reactivity and damaging activity towards macromolecules like proteins, DNA and lipids. The results of antioxidant activity of three aqueous extract showed maximum activity in different concentration of 50, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg ml. The percent inhibition of aqueous extract of Boerhavia diffusa , Euphorbia hirta , Amaranthus polygonoides was 176.15, 404.78 and 413.06 respectively. In the present work potent anti oxidant activity of aqueous extract of Boerhaavia diffusa was higher when compared to other two extracts. The present study revealed that the plant extract possessed good antioxidant activity and less quantity of toxic metals, which therefore can be used as a natural source of free radical scavenger. However, further study needs to be carried out to know its mode of action. R. Ezhilarasi | Dr. B. Senthilkumar | Dr. K. Devi "A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorbia Hirta and Amaranthus Polygonoides" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29435.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/29435/a-preliminary-study-on-phytochemical-screening-of-boerhaavia-diffusa-euphorbia-hirta-and-amaranthus-polygonoides/r-ezhilarasi
Medicinal value of Urtica dioica
Contents
Nomenclature
Biological source
Habbitat
cultivation and collection
chemical constituent
Pharmacological action including antioxidant, Anti-helmintic, Anti-diabetic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ...Premier Publishers
Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) is a plant which has been used for a long time as traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments from antiquity. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of Azadirachta indica, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the dried leaves of the plant were subjected to phytochemical screening and determination of anti-microbial activity on six different species of bacteria and a fungus. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried powdered leaves of the plant was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against the microorganisms using agar well diffusion method. The Phytochemical screening of the test plant revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glucosides, phenols, resins, tannins, terpenes and steroids. Although, both plant extracts had antimicrobial effects against the test organisms, the aqueous extracts were found to show greater anti-microbial effect than ethanolic extract. Thus, the mean diameter zones of inhibition ranged from 0.03mm-40.00mm for aqueous extract and 0.50mm-21.00mm for ethanolic extract at the highest concentration of 50mg/ml. The finding of this study supports the use of neem leaf in the treatment of various microbial infections by alternative systems of medicine.
In vitro organogenesis protocol for Rauvolfia serpentina - an endangered medi...researchplantsciences
Rauvolfia serpentina commonly known as sarpagandha is a pharmacologically important medicinal plant containing numerous alkaloids with antibacterial, antidysentric and antidotal properties. The present study reports an efficient in vitro regeneration protocol by using nodal explants for this species. The sterilization technique was first standardized using ethyl alcohol, mercuric chloride and sodium hypochlorite with hot water and without hot water treatment. 100% aseptic culture was obtained when the explants were treated with hot water (at 500 C for 10 minutes) and 0.1% mercuric chloride. The aseptic cultures were inoculated in to culture medium with different concentrations of growth regulators. Higher explants response (78.33%) and higher multiple shoot formation from Rauvolfia serpentina nodal explants was observed in the medium supplemented with BAP (1mg/l) + KIN (1mg/l) + GA3 (0.5mg/l).
Article Citation:
Singh K and Dash M.
In vitro organogenesis protocol for Rauvolfia serpentina - an endangered medicinal plant.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(1): 083-088.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0028.pdf
Phytochemical, cytotoxic, in-vitro antioxidant and anti-microbial investigati...IOSR Journals
Zizyphus rugosa Lam. (Family: Rhamnaceae), locally known as “Bon Boroi” or as “Jongli Boroi” in Bangladesh generally found as a herb on the hills in bunches on thorny branches of the Zizyphus rugosa trees. Its bark and wood are used medicinally for dysentery in China, India, Laos, Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. Phytochemical screening of the Leaf extract of Zizyphus rugosa Lam showed different phytoconstituents including carbohydrates (monosaccharides, reducing and mixed-reducing sugars), alkaloid, glycosides, steroids, tannins and saponin. No flavonoid was detected. In DPPH and NO radical scavenging methods, IC50 was moderately satisfactory. IC50 was found 179.713μg/ml and 769.909μg/ml respectively compare with the reference ascorbic acid (15.707μg/ml and 82.642μg/ml respectively). In LPO (Lipid peroxidation) assay the Leaf fraction extract showed moderate inhibition potentiality (IC50 402.835μg/ml) in comparison to standard drug BHT (IC50 32.94μg/ml). In CUPRAC assays, the fraction was found to possess low Total antioxidant content, good flavonoid, and moderate amounts of phenolics, tannin and alkaloid content. The Leaf fraction extract was found to show good toxicity to Brine Shrimp nauplii, (LC50 212.402μg/ml & LC90 10715.91μg/ml) compare with the reference anticancer drug vincristine sulphate (LC50 2.47μg/ml & LC90 42μg/ml). In the antimicrobial study the fraction showed moderate activity against only one bacterium (Shiggla sonni) while the standard drug Chloramphenicol showed very good zone of inhibition against all five types (Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Shiggla sonni, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella grb) of bacteria. These findings provide scientific basis for the use of Zizyphus rugosa Lam. leaf ethanolic extract in traditional medicine in the treatment of aforementioned diseases. The plant also possesses moderate antimicrobial activity, good cytotoxic and good to moderate antioxidant activity.
ABSTRACT- Karyomorphological studies in Bauhinia acuminata Linn. and Bauhinia variegata Linn. belonging to family Caesalpinaceae using leaf tip squash technique and induction of polyploidy in Bauhinia acuminata Linn. was carried out. It was observed that in the Karyomorphological studies both the species have the same number of chromosomes i.e., 2n=28 with chromosome length showing symmetric karyotype, with largely submetacentric and metacentric chromosomes. On induction of polyploidy in Bauhinia acuminata Linn. the result showed that the maximum induction of polyploidy was obtained in the case of seeds treated with 0.10% concentration of colchicine for consecutive 3 days. Karyotype analysis of the induced polyploidy revealed that the chromosome number was obtained 4n=56, tetraploid. The significance of polyploidy showed increase in plant height, leaf size and stomata size of the plant under investigation.
Key-words- Karyomorphology, Induction of Polyploidy, Colchicine, Tetraploid
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
Neem Azadirachta indica has much importance. Usefulness of neem has already mentioned in several literature. Ayurveda has mentioned its use in many disease conditions. Now public awareness for herbal products are increasing highly so it has been found demand of neem products are increasing day by day. Neem is a plant who's every parts holds multiple usage. Researcher has reported many medicinal benefits of neem. Neem is known for its anti diabetic, anti inflammatory, anti cancer effect. Neem is used in many hindu rituals. This review work represents several usage of neem which will provide a great knowledge to people and let them know about the wonder of neem. Rudra Prasad Giri | Dr. Ajit. K. Gangawane | Dr. Sucheta Ghorai Giri ""Neem the Wonder Herb: A Short Review"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23038.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/23038/neem-the-wonder-herb-a-short-review/rudra-prasad-giri
ABSTRACT- Systemic and Scientific investigation was carried out for identification, selection, characterization of popularly grown medicinal plants in and around Patna and their phytochemical analysis was carried out to assess their medicinal value potentialities. The traditional medicine involves the uses of different plant extracts or the phytochemical bioactive constituents, which provides the health application at an affordable cost. Secondary metabolites are responsible for medicinal activity of plants. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirm the presence of various phytochemicals like saponins, terpenoids, steroids, anthocyanins, coumarins, fatty acids, tannins, leucoanthocyanins and emodins etc. The result suggest that the phytochemical properties for curing various ailments and possess potential antioxidant, which may leads to the isolation of new and novel secondary compounds for generation of new drugs. Knowledge of the phytochemical constituents of plants are desirable because such information will be of value for the synthesis of complex chemical substances. Out of 50 medicinal plants subjected to phytochemical screening 11 were found to be highly potential,18 moderately potential and 21 to be least potential on the basis of presence of phytochemicals in the leaf extract for secondary metabolites.
Key-words- Phytochemical screening; Medicinal plants; Secondary metabolites
ABSTRACT- Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) is important for its food and nutritional values through out the world of the tropical fruit. The whole plant consists of medicinal properties such as fruit, leaf and other parts of the plant are also used in traditional system of medicine. So that, each part of guava tree contained the economic importance because it is cheap and used in several food dishes and also cultivated on the commercial level. Guava plant is considered to the process of the biological activity and medicinal application of guava so thatthe fruit considered as the poor man apple of tropics. The guava plant parts are used for the treatment of various skin allergy such as patches in your chick, dullness of the face etc. In the investigation, nutritional value of each part of guava fruit and medicinal properties of the fruit, these was obtained from various valuable parts and have been used to provide collective information on its multi purpose applications for human beings.
Key words: Fruit, Fever, Hexanal, Anti-Inflammatory, Psidium guajava L.,
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF NEEM LEAVES AND LEMON G...IAEME Publication
In this study, the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of neem
leaves and lemon grass oil extracts were evaluated. Oil extracts of neem leaves and
lemon grass were obtained by solvent extraction method using hexane and ethanol.
Antimicrobial activity screening of plants’ oil extracts were conducted using agar well
diffusion method and the oil extracts were tested against three gram negative bacteria
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella specie, Escherichia coli), one gram positive
bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Candida albicans, Rhizopus specie).
Phytochemical components of the ethanolic oil extracts were anthocyanin and
betacyanin; quinones; terpenoids and acid for lemon grass. In addition to other
phytochemicals present in lemon grass ethanolic oil extract, neem ethanolic oil extracts
tested positive to flavonoids. Lemon grass oil extract shows high activity against
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans which are
representative of the three categories of microorganisms considered. Neem leaves oil
extracts have relatively low activity against most of the selected microorganisms.
Phytotherapeutics and Endodontics - A ReviewQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Over the years, Phytomedicine has been gaining attention worldwide. It has been used in dentistry as anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, analgesic, sedative and also as endodontic irrigant. The herbal alternatives for endodontic usage might prove to be advantageous. This review focuses on various natural drugs and products as well as their therapeutic applications when used as phytomedicine in endodontics.
Total Phenolic Content and Antioxydant Activity of Two Rhododendron Species C...Premier Publishers
Six Rhododendron species, one of which (R. smirnowii) is endemic, are growing naturally in Turkey, especially in Northeastern Anatolia (Eastern Part of Black Sea Region). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of two Rhododendron species collected in Rize at different altitudes from their natural habitats were determined. Samples obtained from Rize province (Turkey) were screened for total phenolic content by the modified Folin–Ciocalteu method, for potential antioxidant activity using phospho-molybdenum assay and by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and FRAP method for antiradical activity. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of plant parts (flower, leaf) of two Rhododenron sepecies, namely R. luteum L. and R. ponticum L. were determined. The total phenolic content of leaves of R. luteum L. collected from different altitudes ranged between 112,363 and 219,071 mg GAE/gr DW. Total phenolic content of flower parts of the same species ranged between 82,275 and 201,642 mg GAE/gr DW. The total phenolic content of different parts of R. ponticum L. were higher compared with R. luteum L. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity values of leaf parts of R. luteum L. were lower compared with flower parts and like the phenolic content the antioxidant activity values of different plant parts of R. ponticum L. were higher compared with that of R. lutem L. İn the present study it was determined that leaf and flower parts of two Rhododendron species could be diffrentiated regarding their total phenolic content and antioxidant activity.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
ABSTRACT- A good amount of DNA can be extracted from the species of Plumbago Linn. by following the
standardized and modified protocol. The DNA isolated was quantified using a spectrophotometer at the absorbance of
λ260 nm and λ280 nm. Both the species given the best result with a DNA yield of 23.8μg/μl and 0.895μg/μl in Plumbago
zeylanica and Plumbago indica respectively and produced a clear band on the agarose gel. The estimation of purity of
the obtained DNA was concluded by analyzing the ratio of λ260 nm/λ280 nm of the Genomic DNA which was 1.94 and 2.0
for P. zeylanica L. and P. indica L. respectively. These results are of high quality as it is in the range of 1.8-2.0 by the
present optimized protocol.
Key-words- Genomic DNA standardized protocol plumbagin
Physiological, Biochemical and Modern Biotechnological Approach to Improvemen...IOSR Journals
Rauwolfia serpentina also known as Sarpagandha (Apocynaceae) is an integral part of Ayurvedic medical system in India for over centuries for the treatment of various ailments. The leaves and roots ofRauwolfiaserpentina contain alkaloids which are secondary metabolites. Major alkaloids identified are Reserpine, Rauwolfine, Serpentine, Sarpagine, Ajmaline, Yohimbine and Ajmalicine.The present paper is an overview of the studies concerning with physiological, biochemical and modern biotechnological approach to improvement of Rauwolfiaserpentina.
Medicinal value of plant Rheum australe including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Kukkutnakhi,(Aspidium cicutarium) a folklore plant claimed to be used for cure of inflammation. This article is an insight to explore its hidden values and establish a scientific validation of unexplored plant.
Phytochemical, cytotoxic, in-vitro antioxidant and anti-microbial investigati...IOSR Journals
Zizyphus rugosa Lam. (Family: Rhamnaceae), locally known as “Bon Boroi” or as “Jongli Boroi” in Bangladesh generally found as a herb on the hills in bunches on thorny branches of the Zizyphus rugosa trees. Its bark and wood are used medicinally for dysentery in China, India, Laos, Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. Phytochemical screening of the Leaf extract of Zizyphus rugosa Lam showed different phytoconstituents including carbohydrates (monosaccharides, reducing and mixed-reducing sugars), alkaloid, glycosides, steroids, tannins and saponin. No flavonoid was detected. In DPPH and NO radical scavenging methods, IC50 was moderately satisfactory. IC50 was found 179.713μg/ml and 769.909μg/ml respectively compare with the reference ascorbic acid (15.707μg/ml and 82.642μg/ml respectively). In LPO (Lipid peroxidation) assay the Leaf fraction extract showed moderate inhibition potentiality (IC50 402.835μg/ml) in comparison to standard drug BHT (IC50 32.94μg/ml). In CUPRAC assays, the fraction was found to possess low Total antioxidant content, good flavonoid, and moderate amounts of phenolics, tannin and alkaloid content. The Leaf fraction extract was found to show good toxicity to Brine Shrimp nauplii, (LC50 212.402μg/ml & LC90 10715.91μg/ml) compare with the reference anticancer drug vincristine sulphate (LC50 2.47μg/ml & LC90 42μg/ml). In the antimicrobial study the fraction showed moderate activity against only one bacterium (Shiggla sonni) while the standard drug Chloramphenicol showed very good zone of inhibition against all five types (Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Shiggla sonni, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella grb) of bacteria. These findings provide scientific basis for the use of Zizyphus rugosa Lam. leaf ethanolic extract in traditional medicine in the treatment of aforementioned diseases. The plant also possesses moderate antimicrobial activity, good cytotoxic and good to moderate antioxidant activity.
ABSTRACT- Karyomorphological studies in Bauhinia acuminata Linn. and Bauhinia variegata Linn. belonging to family Caesalpinaceae using leaf tip squash technique and induction of polyploidy in Bauhinia acuminata Linn. was carried out. It was observed that in the Karyomorphological studies both the species have the same number of chromosomes i.e., 2n=28 with chromosome length showing symmetric karyotype, with largely submetacentric and metacentric chromosomes. On induction of polyploidy in Bauhinia acuminata Linn. the result showed that the maximum induction of polyploidy was obtained in the case of seeds treated with 0.10% concentration of colchicine for consecutive 3 days. Karyotype analysis of the induced polyploidy revealed that the chromosome number was obtained 4n=56, tetraploid. The significance of polyploidy showed increase in plant height, leaf size and stomata size of the plant under investigation.
Key-words- Karyomorphology, Induction of Polyploidy, Colchicine, Tetraploid
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
Neem Azadirachta indica has much importance. Usefulness of neem has already mentioned in several literature. Ayurveda has mentioned its use in many disease conditions. Now public awareness for herbal products are increasing highly so it has been found demand of neem products are increasing day by day. Neem is a plant who's every parts holds multiple usage. Researcher has reported many medicinal benefits of neem. Neem is known for its anti diabetic, anti inflammatory, anti cancer effect. Neem is used in many hindu rituals. This review work represents several usage of neem which will provide a great knowledge to people and let them know about the wonder of neem. Rudra Prasad Giri | Dr. Ajit. K. Gangawane | Dr. Sucheta Ghorai Giri ""Neem the Wonder Herb: A Short Review"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23038.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/23038/neem-the-wonder-herb-a-short-review/rudra-prasad-giri
ABSTRACT- Systemic and Scientific investigation was carried out for identification, selection, characterization of popularly grown medicinal plants in and around Patna and their phytochemical analysis was carried out to assess their medicinal value potentialities. The traditional medicine involves the uses of different plant extracts or the phytochemical bioactive constituents, which provides the health application at an affordable cost. Secondary metabolites are responsible for medicinal activity of plants. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirm the presence of various phytochemicals like saponins, terpenoids, steroids, anthocyanins, coumarins, fatty acids, tannins, leucoanthocyanins and emodins etc. The result suggest that the phytochemical properties for curing various ailments and possess potential antioxidant, which may leads to the isolation of new and novel secondary compounds for generation of new drugs. Knowledge of the phytochemical constituents of plants are desirable because such information will be of value for the synthesis of complex chemical substances. Out of 50 medicinal plants subjected to phytochemical screening 11 were found to be highly potential,18 moderately potential and 21 to be least potential on the basis of presence of phytochemicals in the leaf extract for secondary metabolites.
Key-words- Phytochemical screening; Medicinal plants; Secondary metabolites
ABSTRACT- Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) is important for its food and nutritional values through out the world of the tropical fruit. The whole plant consists of medicinal properties such as fruit, leaf and other parts of the plant are also used in traditional system of medicine. So that, each part of guava tree contained the economic importance because it is cheap and used in several food dishes and also cultivated on the commercial level. Guava plant is considered to the process of the biological activity and medicinal application of guava so thatthe fruit considered as the poor man apple of tropics. The guava plant parts are used for the treatment of various skin allergy such as patches in your chick, dullness of the face etc. In the investigation, nutritional value of each part of guava fruit and medicinal properties of the fruit, these was obtained from various valuable parts and have been used to provide collective information on its multi purpose applications for human beings.
Key words: Fruit, Fever, Hexanal, Anti-Inflammatory, Psidium guajava L.,
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF NEEM LEAVES AND LEMON G...IAEME Publication
In this study, the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of neem
leaves and lemon grass oil extracts were evaluated. Oil extracts of neem leaves and
lemon grass were obtained by solvent extraction method using hexane and ethanol.
Antimicrobial activity screening of plants’ oil extracts were conducted using agar well
diffusion method and the oil extracts were tested against three gram negative bacteria
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella specie, Escherichia coli), one gram positive
bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Candida albicans, Rhizopus specie).
Phytochemical components of the ethanolic oil extracts were anthocyanin and
betacyanin; quinones; terpenoids and acid for lemon grass. In addition to other
phytochemicals present in lemon grass ethanolic oil extract, neem ethanolic oil extracts
tested positive to flavonoids. Lemon grass oil extract shows high activity against
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans which are
representative of the three categories of microorganisms considered. Neem leaves oil
extracts have relatively low activity against most of the selected microorganisms.
Phytotherapeutics and Endodontics - A ReviewQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Over the years, Phytomedicine has been gaining attention worldwide. It has been used in dentistry as anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, analgesic, sedative and also as endodontic irrigant. The herbal alternatives for endodontic usage might prove to be advantageous. This review focuses on various natural drugs and products as well as their therapeutic applications when used as phytomedicine in endodontics.
Total Phenolic Content and Antioxydant Activity of Two Rhododendron Species C...Premier Publishers
Six Rhododendron species, one of which (R. smirnowii) is endemic, are growing naturally in Turkey, especially in Northeastern Anatolia (Eastern Part of Black Sea Region). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of two Rhododendron species collected in Rize at different altitudes from their natural habitats were determined. Samples obtained from Rize province (Turkey) were screened for total phenolic content by the modified Folin–Ciocalteu method, for potential antioxidant activity using phospho-molybdenum assay and by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and FRAP method for antiradical activity. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of plant parts (flower, leaf) of two Rhododenron sepecies, namely R. luteum L. and R. ponticum L. were determined. The total phenolic content of leaves of R. luteum L. collected from different altitudes ranged between 112,363 and 219,071 mg GAE/gr DW. Total phenolic content of flower parts of the same species ranged between 82,275 and 201,642 mg GAE/gr DW. The total phenolic content of different parts of R. ponticum L. were higher compared with R. luteum L. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity values of leaf parts of R. luteum L. were lower compared with flower parts and like the phenolic content the antioxidant activity values of different plant parts of R. ponticum L. were higher compared with that of R. lutem L. İn the present study it was determined that leaf and flower parts of two Rhododendron species could be diffrentiated regarding their total phenolic content and antioxidant activity.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
ABSTRACT- A good amount of DNA can be extracted from the species of Plumbago Linn. by following the
standardized and modified protocol. The DNA isolated was quantified using a spectrophotometer at the absorbance of
λ260 nm and λ280 nm. Both the species given the best result with a DNA yield of 23.8μg/μl and 0.895μg/μl in Plumbago
zeylanica and Plumbago indica respectively and produced a clear band on the agarose gel. The estimation of purity of
the obtained DNA was concluded by analyzing the ratio of λ260 nm/λ280 nm of the Genomic DNA which was 1.94 and 2.0
for P. zeylanica L. and P. indica L. respectively. These results are of high quality as it is in the range of 1.8-2.0 by the
present optimized protocol.
Key-words- Genomic DNA standardized protocol plumbagin
Physiological, Biochemical and Modern Biotechnological Approach to Improvemen...IOSR Journals
Rauwolfia serpentina also known as Sarpagandha (Apocynaceae) is an integral part of Ayurvedic medical system in India for over centuries for the treatment of various ailments. The leaves and roots ofRauwolfiaserpentina contain alkaloids which are secondary metabolites. Major alkaloids identified are Reserpine, Rauwolfine, Serpentine, Sarpagine, Ajmaline, Yohimbine and Ajmalicine.The present paper is an overview of the studies concerning with physiological, biochemical and modern biotechnological approach to improvement of Rauwolfiaserpentina.
Medicinal value of plant Rheum australe including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Kukkutnakhi,(Aspidium cicutarium) a folklore plant claimed to be used for cure of inflammation. This article is an insight to explore its hidden values and establish a scientific validation of unexplored plant.
A comparative assessment on paralysis and death of Indian adult earthworm (Ph...Uploadworld
The present study was carried out to investigate the paralysis and death of methanolic, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Lasia spinosa against Pheretima posthuma. Lasia spinosa (Lour) Thwaites belonging to family Araceae, locally known as Chengmora in Assamese, is a perennial herb with watery, bitter juice with an elongated or tuberous rhizome and leaves are ethno medicinally prescribed in North-East India to cure helminthes infections.
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Association Augments Antioxidant Activity of ...AnuragSingh1049
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza treatment on antioxidant activity of leaves of Vitex negundo. Mycorrhiza spores were added to the plants at different time intervals the plants were catergoried as T1, T2, T3 and T4 according to treatments. T1 plants are control while T2, T3 and T4 plants received treatment of spores for one time, twice at intervals of 30 days and every day for 15 days till harvesting. After harvesting and processing of the leaves, methanolic extracts were prepared by maceration and designated as MEVNT1, MEVNT2, MEVNT3 and MEVNT4. The extracts were studied for quantitative analysis of antioxidant phytoconstituents (total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents) and in vitro antioxidant property in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, reducing power assay, anti-lipid peroxidation assay. Methanol extract of V. negundo leaves and ascorbic acid showed significant scavenging of (p < 0.05) DPPH free radicals, reducing potential, hydroxyl radical scavenging and anti-lipid peroxidation effect. Among these parameters, IC50 value of MEVNT4 was lowest among all extracts in almost all parameters studied besides its high content of antioxidant phytochemicals. The results indicated that Mycorrhiza treatment caused marked elevation on antioxidant status of the plant. It further states that single treatment or treatment of long intermittent duration may have lesser potential to affect the antioxidant profile that the continuous treatment period. This suggested that the treatment have tendency to augment the concentration or effect of antioxidant present in the leaves.
Comparative Effect of Aqueous and Methanol Extract of Buchholzia Coriacea ...Scientific Review SR
This study was designed to investigate the comparative effect of aqueous and methanol extract
of Buchholzia coriacea seeds on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. Twenty four albino rats of both
sexes weighing 162.53±3.55 g were used. For the aqueous extract, 12 animals were divided into 4 groups of 3
rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administer ed 0.5 ml of diclofenac sodium (reference
anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg body
weight of the aqueous extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. For the methanol extract, 12 animals
were divided into 4 groups of 3 rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administered 0.5 ml of
diclofenac sodium (reference anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100,
300 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the methanol extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. Thirty
minutes after treatment of animals in both the aqueous and methanol groups with the drug and extract, 0.2 ml
of 2% carrageenan was injected into the left hind paw of each animal under the sub plantar aponeurosis. Paw
volume of rats were measured before and after carrageenan injection at 30 minutes interval over a period of 3
hours (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180) minutes, to determine the anti -inflammatory response of both extracts,
using carrageenan-induced paw odema method. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the
aqueous extract contains terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids while the methanol extract contains saponins,
flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, terpeno ids and steroids. Proximate analysis of
Buchholzia coriacea seeds revealed that crude fibre has the lowest percentage of (1.10±0.05), ash content
(5.20±0.01), crude fat (4.10±0.02) moisture content (9.10±0.13), crude protein (10.20±0.20) and
carbohydrate with the highest percentage of (70.10±0.04). In terms of percentage inhibition, paw volume was
brought to near normal levels by the methanol extract at 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight which showed
better anti-inflammatory activity than 500 mg/kg body weight o f the same extract as well as all doses of the
aqueous extract and even more than the reference drug. Overall, the anti -inflammatory effect may be traced
to single or synergistic activity of phytoconstituents present in the methanol extract.
Antihaemolytic, anti-lipid peroxidative potential by purified protease inhibi...Uploadworld
Protease inhibitor was isolated and purified from the fruits of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. (SAPI) via four sequential step procedures i.e., salt precipitation to sepharose affinity chromatography.
Analgesic activities of Geodorum densiflorum, Diospyros blancoi, Baccaurea ra...Uploadworld
Geodorum densiflorum, Diospyros blancoi, Baccaurea ramiflora and Trichosanthes dioica are four
important medicinal plants used traditionally in various iseases. Different parts of these plants have been used in different painful conditions
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Similar to A review article: a surpass effect of pterocarpus marsupium on peptic ulcer disease (20)
A study to assess the self-esteem among adolescents of alcoholic dependent pa...SriramNagarajan16
Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the
period from puberty to legal adulthood. Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years, but its
physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier and end later. Self-esteem can be defined as an
individual’s judgment of his or her self-worth (Rosenberg 1965). Alcoholism also known as Alcohol use
disorder(AUD), is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in ment al or physical health problems.
Methods
A descriptive research design was done in thrivallur district. 100 samples are included in our study. purposive
sampling techniques method was used in selecting the samples. Rosernberg self-esteem scale, were used to
collect data.
Results
The level of self-esteem among adolescents of alcohol dependent parent. (33%) are low self-esteem, (67%) are
moderate self-esteem, (0%) are high self-esteem.
Conclusion
The overall study finding showed that 67% of the sample had moderate self-esteem among adolescents of
alcoholic dependent parent in Thiruvallur District.
Hazards of OTC medication - a community pharmacy practiceSriramNagarajan16
Over the counter (OTC) medication most common practice in India and concurrently patient complaint due to
OTC encounter by healthcare practitioner also uncountable. In OTC practice one can buy medicines without
prescriptions of register medical practitioner (RMP). In India, peoples are always practice OTC to relieve pain
and treat symptoms of the common cold, flu, and allergies. In present study, a survey was conducted in different
places of central India and collected data especially from Ratlam and Mandsaur District of Madhya Pradesh
state, India. During the survey, information was obtained from the individuals used OTC medication as per predesigned questioners. Subsequently, documented information was evaluated to find out risk of OTC medication,
if any. In evaluation, it was found that about 21% OTC drug may cause moderate to severe hazardous effect to
the patients used OTC medication. Patients with complaints of fever; body ache etc. used only NSAIDs from
OTC and later diagnosed as chikungunya, when complaints persisted and visit doctors’ clinic. OTC medication
has tremendous risk which may fatal for patients and chances of produce new complications due to misuse of
drugs. So, medication should be taken after diagnosis by register medical practitioner that will make a healthy
society.
A review article: antifungal activity of eucalyptus genusSriramNagarajan16
Plant essential oils are intricate blends of organic volatility that may have antifungal characteristics of interest in the
food, cosmetics and human health industries. As a result, in the quest for a natural and secure alternative, surveys of
the antimicrobial activity of essential oils in recent decades have become increasingly essential. This review describes
the anti-fungal therapeutic operations reported in the accessible research papers and scientific references of herbal
Eucalyptus oils from diverse verities. At the same time, a study of significant techniques used in the assessment of
antimicrobial activity and some of the processes involved in antimicrobial activities of essential oils was also carried
out. The focus of this review article is on the characteristics and antimicrobial procedures of Eucalyptus globulus
essential oils and the procedures involved in inhibiting these pathogenic micro-organisms.
The study on anatomy, risk factors, pathophysiology, treatment of osteoarthritisSriramNagarajan16
The review is to describe the osteoarthritis epidemiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, risk factors causing
osteoarthritis are also explained and treatment of osteoarthritis. Knee and hip are weight bearing joints are
mostly affected. Osteoarthritis of the knee is a condition characterized by the progressive destruction of the
cartilage and review tried to explain the stages of the knee and treatment for knee and describe the t otal knee
replacement. The goal of treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee include reduce pain and inflammation and
update treatment also explained.
A review article: antimicrobial and antidiarrheal activity of tinospora cordi...SriramNagarajan16
The objective to the paper emphasizes on the study of various models related to antimicrobial and antidiarrheal
activity of Tinospora cordifolia. The plant also possesses various pharmacological activities including its use as
antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, ant osteoporotic, enhance cognition (learning and memory),
antidiarrheal and immunomodulatory effects. The current works aims to justify the folklore use of the whole plant
of the Tinospora cordifolia for its antidiarrheal and antimicrobial potentiality. Tinospora cordifolia contains
phytochemical constituent such as alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, phenolics,
aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides. T. cordifolia is already an import- tent composition of many traditional
Indian medicine formulations, both its purified stem proteins and the derived peptides by enzyme hydrolysis could
be incorporated into food products or nutraceuticals or developed to be a safe and efficient drug for treating
oxidative stress and related disorders. Pretreatment with Tinospora cordifolia extracts provide significant protection
against castor oil and magnesium sulfate‑induced diarrhea, the extracts may presume to have antisecretory and
preventive action towards CCK release
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory and systemic auto immune disease affecting people for the most part
between the ages of 20-25 yrs with accidental course. About 1% of the worlds population is afflicted by rheumatoid
arthritis and is 2-3 times more common in women than men. The rheumatoid arthritis due to the presence of pro
inflammatory markers, cytokines and leukotrines. The primary inflammatory markers are IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-15,
IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IFN-γ, and the granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, chemokines such as IL-8,
macrophage inflammatory protein-1 and monocyte chemo attractant protein-1. IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6, B cells therapy all
these blockade are therapeutic target for its treatment. estimate the anti arthritic activity of the plants are used in
different animal models to induced arthritis. Medicinal plants have been used as major sources of pure of human
diseases since time immemorial. Now a days most of the people depends on traditional medicines of the plants. The
medicinal plants derived medicines for the first time of primary health care because of least or no side effects.
Preliminary study of Prescription audit for evaluation of prescribing pattern...SriramNagarajan16
Prescription audit is necessary to know the art of prescription practices to improve rational pharmacotherapy.
Present study is an observational study and was undertaken from August 2018 to October 2018 for which data
was collected from Medical OPD. Prescribing is a technique with an expert academic pharmacological
knowledge.
Irrational prescribing leads to diminished therapeutic outcome. The present study is the first preliminary one at
Pandit Jawaharlal Lal Nehru Govt. Medical College and Hospital, Chamba- HP Before July 2016, it was a
district hospital College. It is a hilly district and caters the need of 5 Lakh people. A total of 420 prescriptions
were analyzed. These prescriptions comprised of 3000 drugs. Average drugs prescribed per patient were 7.3 .
male and female ratio was 40% and 60% respectively. More prescription were carried out in the age group of 51
- 60 yrs. Prescriptions in generic were only 3.65% fixed dose combination was used in 300 prescriptions and
comprised of 71.4% drugs. Oral prescriptions were used maximally and intravenous medication was minimally
used. Multivitamin prescriptions were observed in bulk.
A study on prescription pattern and rational use of statins in tertiary care ...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
Our objectives are to evaluate prescription pattern and rational use of statins in a tertiary care corporate hospital.
Methodology
It was a prospective observational study conducted for a period of 6 months and included various departments of 300
bedded multi specialty tertiary care corporate hospital. A total of 200 patients were included and the study criteria
was inpatients and induvial more than 18 years of either gender who are prescribed with HMG-CoA reductase
inhibitors.
Results
In the present study 200 patients belonged to the age group of above 18 years, out of which about 65% were male
and 35% were female. Atorvastatin (67%) was prescribed mostly and Rosuvastatin (29.5%) was also used.
Conclusion
It is finally concluded that Rational and prophylactic use of statins can reduce further complications of Diabetes
Mellitus (DM) and cardiac events.
Statins treatment is favourable in long term treatment of diseases, it is most effectively used in treatment of serious
disease conditions which has shown its immense therapeutic role in treatment
Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of whole plant Impatiens ba...SriramNagarajan16
Impatiens balsamina linn, belonging to the family of Balsaminaceae.It is distributed in tropical and sub tropical parts
of India. It issued in emetic, chathartic, diuretic and cancer. Present study is carried out to determine the anti
microbial properties of the ethanol extract of Impatiens balsamina.
A study on drug utilization evaluation of anticoagulant therapy INA tertiary ...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
Evaluation of a prospective observational study of the Anticoagulants used in tertiary care hospital, to provide
information and correct rationale pertaining to Anticoagulants which also describes various distribution wise of
Anticoagulants by age groups, genders, pattern of prescription, drug wise, dose, route, class and department to assess
the statistical incidence regarding usage and its right provision.
Methodology
Study site was at SUNSHINE HOSPITALS, conducted for a period of 6 months. Both male and female individuals of
age group 16-75years were included.
Results
Study included assessment of utilization of Anticoagulants with total of 200 prescriptions; of which males (54.5%),
females (44.67%), age groups of 60-69 (34%) followed by age groups 70-80(27.5%), parenteral SC route (59%) and
followed by intravenous route. (38%) and oral route was rare (3%), orthopaedics (64, 32%), followed by cardiology
(43, 21.5%), neurology (29, 14.5%), pulmonology (22, 11%).
Conclusion
To conclude with, Anticoagulants are effective drugs in an array of treatment of diseases involving careful
consideration of factors such as potency, formulation, responsiveness and cost. Anticoagulanting agents were mostly
given in cases of post or pre operative care followed by prophylaxis for thrombosis for better patient outcome.
Zinper softgel caps: a natural nutrient helps to ease occasional nausea & pro...SriramNagarajan16
Chemotherapy –induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), also known by the term emesis, is one of the most
common and dreaded side effects following cancer treatment, and can strongly impact the quality of day –today living of cancer patients. Many Chemotherapeutic agents are associated with significant nausea and
vomiting which represent a challenge to effective therapy. The active ingredients present in Zinper softgels are
terpenes and oleoresin. The major identified components from terpenes are gingerol and shogaols. Zinper
softgels has staring potential as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-emetic effect,
Anti-angiogenesis, anti-nausea and an effective adjuvant treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and
vomiting. The effectiveness of Zinper softgels in preventing or suppressing cancer growth has been examined in
a variety of cancer types, including lymphoma, hepatoma, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer, liver
cancer, and bladder cancer. This article reviews the current available scientific literature regarding the effect of
Zinper softgels as A Natural Nutrient to Promote Healthy GI peristalsis in cancer patients.
A laboratory bioassay was conducted to investigate the antifeedant effect of Gomphrena serrata extracts on
sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil) belongs to the family Curculionidae. Antifeedants are natural or synthetic
compounds that stops or inhibits feeding by a pest and especially an insect. Gomphrena serrata- Amaranthacae
family comprises many species which are used in nutrition and traditional folk medicine. Study was done to
find the new active substance in the plant which could show antifeedant activity and compared with standard
Strychnos nuxvomica. The extracts of both sample and standard were obtained by cold maceration process. The
residue formed is collected and both the extracts were subjected to study the antifeedant activity. The activity is
performed by dilution method and found to be showing the antifeedant activity. The primary objective of our
work is simple and cost effective method to find out the active substance from natural resources.
Indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides has led to problems such as the resurgence of primary pests,
secondary pest’s outbreak, resistance development, insecticide residue, health hazards, environmental
contamination and increased cost of insect control. So this study will be solution for these problems by utilizing
plant’s bioactive molecules. Plants are the most efficient producers of phytochemicals in the environment,
including secondary metabolites that are used by the plant in defence against insects. The secondary metabolites
produced from Gomphrena serrata could be utilized in the development of new biopesticides
Morphometric variations of right and left side mandibular foramen from corono...SriramNagarajan16
Background of the study
Variation of the mandibular foramen right and left side is very important ,because to know about the vital
structures passing through it and also the Variation is very important during the intra oral surgery like tooth
extraction, implantation ,mandibular fracture . The knowledge of variation in mandibular formen is very
important to avoid the anaesthestic error of inferior alvelor nerve blockage.
Objectives
The aim of this study is to determine the position of the Mandibular foramen conodylar process, coronoid
process, to the lingua in several dry adult mandibles.
Materials and methods
A total number of 200 human dry mandibles RIGHT AND LEFT SIDE MANDIBULAR FORAMEN were
examined of which 170 mandibles are normal and 30 mandible shows variations with the help of vernier caliber
.Measurement
The Measurement were taken as follows
i)Condylar Process to the Mandibular foramen
ii)Coronoid Process to the Mandibular foramen
iii)Mid portion of lingula to the Mandibular foramen
Result
According to our study, the following are the variations found,The length from the condylar process to the
mandibular foramen is more on right side compared to the left side.The length from the coronoid process to the
mandibular foramen is more on left side compared to the right side.The length from the midpoint lingua to the
mandibular canal is more on right side compared to left side
In vitro and in vivo evaluation on fishes of anti-inflammatory potential of A...SriramNagarajan16
Agaricus bisporus has been studied for many activities except for its anti-inflammatory potential completely both by
in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the present study it was evaluated for the same using egg albumin for in vitro
study and fish as the model for in vivo evaluation and found to have remarkable anti-inflammatory activity on both
experiments. As expected with any natural drug the activity was better at higher doses.
CALCI-Q tablets: The Calcium fortified with mineralsSriramNagarajan16
Calcium is very essential in muscle contraction, oocyte activation, building strong bones and teeth, blood clotting,
nerve impulse, transmission, regulating heart beat and fluid balance within cells. The requirements are greatest during
the period of growth such as childhood, during pregnancy, when breast feeding. Long term of calcium deficiency can
lead to oestoporosis in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased rise of fractures. Eating a well-balanced
calcium supplment like Calci-q tablet can provide all the necessary nutrients and help prevent calcium deficiency.
The present paper Reviews the Role of Calci-Q tablets developed by R&D cell of Sain medicament Pvt Ltd.
Hyderabad in maintaining optimum health and wellbeing.
Submucosal plasmacytosis is a rare idiopathic condition consisting of a dense plasma cell infilterate of the mucous
membrane.It presents clinically as a diffuse, erythematous and less often ulcers are present .The etiology is still
unclear,but this condition is believed to be an immunological reaction to certain allergens .Here presenting a case
report of 86 year old male complained of multiple oral lesions and bleeding from lip region since one and half month
back,also complains of pain and burning sensation.
Huntington’s disease is an autosomal, dominant, slowly progressive, inherited, incurable, and a
neurodegenerative disease characterized by uncontrolled motor movements, cognitive impairment, behavior
abnormalities which may finally lead to dementia. The main cause of this disease is the mutation in the
huntingtin gene, which is an IT 15 gene. The Occurrence of this disease is more in western countries between
the age group of 35 to 45. Symptoms of this disease depend upon CAG triplet repeat. Main symptoms are
chorea, athetosis, jerks, weight loss, difficulty in speech are seen. Symptomatic treatment may improve the
quality of the life of the individual or may decrease complications.
Transverse Testicular Ectopia (TTE) is a rare congenital anomaly in which both testicles migrate towards the same
side of the scrotum. It is usually associated with other abnormalities such as Mullerian duct syndrome, inguinal
hernia, scrotal anomalies etc. We are presenting a case of Transverse Testicular Ectopia in a 30 year old male patient
having complaints of Left Inguinal Hernia previously operated for Left Orchidopexy with mesh placement.
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of jasm...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
The aims of this research were to carry out the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity
of different extracts of J. sessiliflorum. The different anti-oxidant methods carried out were DPPH
scavenging method, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide scavenging method
Methods
Extracts were prepared by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evap orated
using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide
scavenging methods and the correlation of their IC50 values with standards were carried out.
Results
The ethanolic herbs extract of J. sessiliflorum had the lowest IC50 values in all the anti-oxidant methods.
Moreover, the ethanolic extracts showed the presence greatest amount of phytochemical constituents. The
IC50 values were correlated with the IC50 values of standards in all the anti- oxidant activity determination
methods.
Conclusions
The results of the present study indicate that the extracts of J.sessiliflorum exhibited strong antioxidant
activity and thus it is a good source of antioxidant.
Formulation and evaluation of modified drug release tablet in tablet dosage w...SriramNagarajan16
Controlled drug dosage forms offer many advantages, such as nearly constant drug level at the site of action,
prevention of peak-valley fluctuation, reduction in dose of drug, reduced dosage frequency, avoidance of side effects
and improved patient compliance. Hence an attempt has been made to develop modified drug release by using tablet in
tablet technique with barrier coating by using natural and synthetic polymers with Salbutamol as model drug. The inner
core tablets were prepared by using direct compression method. The formulation F7 was selected for press coat by using
different polymers like HPMC, Ethyl cellulose, Xanthum gum and Guar gum in different ratios among which 1part of
Xanthum gum and 1part of Guar gum was optimized based on the lag time (20.75% in 4 hours) and percent of drug
release and also further evaluated.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
A review article: a surpass effect of pterocarpus marsupium on peptic ulcer disease
1. Naman B et al / Int. J. of Pharmacology and Clin. Research Vol-3(2) 2019 [95-101]
95
IJPCR |Volume 3 | Issue 2 | July - Dec - 2019
www.ijpcr.net
Review article Clinical research
A review article: a surpass effect of pterocarpus marsupium on peptic ulcer
disease
Naman Bhardwaj1
, Dr Satyender Kumar2
, Dr Vikram Sharma3
, Diwakar Mishra3
Department of Pharmacology, Harlal Institute of Management & Technology, Pharmacy Institute, 08,
Knowledge Park 1 Greater Noida, 201310
*
Address for correspondence: Naman Bhardwaj
E-mail: naman_1291994@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The Pterocarpus marsupium belong to family Fabaceae and is widely distributed in central, western and southern
regions of India. The role of Pterocarpus marsupium as anti-diabetic has been very well established. Its extract has
been prepared using many methods like infusion, maceration, decoction and percolation. Several chemical
constituents like pterostilbene, (-)-epicatechin, pteropines, marsupinol, etc., have been identified and isolated.
Pterocarpus marsupium extract also shows promising results in cataract and hypertriglyceridemia. This plant also
finds its use as cardiotonic and hepatoprotective agent. Studies have also been reported to demonstrate its ability as a
specific COX- 2 inhibitor. The present review explores its description, traditional uses, extraction methods, chemical
constituents, pharmacological activity and commercial significance so that its potential as a multipurpose medicinal
agent can be understood and appreciated.
INTRODUCTION
Plants are indispensable to man for his life. All
Phyto of plants viz. Thallophytes, Bryophyta,
Pteridophytes and Spermatophyte, contain species
that yield official and unofficial products of
medicinal significance. The history of herbal
medicine is as old as human civilization. Endowed
with a wide variety of agroclimatic situations, India
is practically herbarium of the world. The
significance of medicinal and aromatic plants has
been highlighted from time to time. It is trusted that
the drugs of natural origin shall play a crucial role
in healthcare specially in the rural areas of India
[1]. In deciduous, evergreen forests of central and
southern regions of India Pterocarpus marsupium
Roxb. are grown. It is found majorly in the few
areas of Gujrat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa
[2, 3].
Taxonomical Classification
Domain : Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae
Phylum : Magnoliophyta
Subphylum: Euphyllophytina
Infraphylum: Radiatopsis
Class: Magnoliopsida
International Journal of Pharmacology and
Clinical Research (IJPCR)
ISSN: 2521-2206
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96
Subclass : Rosidae
Superorder: Fabanae
Order : Fabales
Family : Fabaceae
Genus : Pterocarpus
Species : marsupium [4].
Botanical Description
They are of moderate size to large trees. The
height scales from 15 to 30 meters. The stem is
fleshy and recurved with widely broadened
branches. The crust is grey and dark brown. The
leaves are sophisticated and imperial. Leaves 5-7,
pine, chronic, obese, embarrassed, or even bi lob-
like, and are glued to both surfaces. Rounded and
smooth petioles and wavy from leaflet to leaflet, 5
or 6 inches elongated and there is no stalk. Panicles
are very broad and extreme; The leaves, like leaves,
will be bilateral. Peduncles and pedicels are
globular and a little fuzzy. Small Bracts, caduceus,
solitary beneath each distribution and subdivision
of panicle. The flowers are truly populous, white,
with a small tone of yellow. Long Vexillum, slight
claw, very expansive; sides are reflexed, waved,
twisted and veined; keel is two pestles, stick a little
slightly near the middle, waved, like vexillum. 10
Stamens, concerted near the base, although soon
breaking into two parcels of 5 each; anthers are
bulbous and Bi-lobed. Ovary is elliptical,
pedicelled, generally Bi-celled; transverse cells and
1-seeded. Ascending Style. The legume, borne on a
long petiole, is 3/4th
orbicular, the upper detritus,
that broadens from the pedicel to the detritus of the
style that’s straight, the gross is covered with a
waved, weeny, downy, aerial wing, swelled,
rouges, woody in the interiors, where lodged seeds
are present and without opening; commonly one
but frequently bi-celled. Single seeds and reniform
[3, 5].
Description of Drug
The drug composed of a wood core of
Pterocarpus marsupium. It composed of irregular
pieces of different size and thickness. Golden
yellowish- brown in colour with murky streaks.
Actually, hard and crisp. When disperse in water it
imposes yellow coloured solution with blueish
blossoming. Alternating bands of larger and
compact polygonal cells are defined by transverse
section which consists of tracheids, few fibre
tracheids, some xylem parenchyma and crossed by
xylem rays. Founded that Xylem vessels are all
over dispersed.
Tyloses replete with tannins are commenced.
Tracheids are elongated, thick walled with pointed
ends and smooth pits. Wood texture parenchyma
cells are rectangular with simple etch and wood
texture rays are mono to biseriate. Presence of
calcium oxalate crystals and absence of starch is
observed [2].
Synonyms
Sanskrit : Bijaka, Pitasara, Asanaka, Bijasra
Assamese: Aajar
Bengali : Piyasala, Pitasala
English : Indian Kino Tree
Gujrati : Biyo
Hindi : Vijyasara, Bija
Kannada: Bijasara, Asana
Kashmiri: Lal Chandeur
Malayalam: Venga
Marathi : Bibala
Orissi: Piashala
Punjabi : Chandan Lal, Channanlal
Tamil : Vengai
Telugu : Yegi, Vegisa
Urdu : Bijasar [2].
Ethnomedical Uses
The genus is commonly dispersed on the Earth
and the drug from this genus is recognized as 'kino'.
The phloem of stem consists red astringent fluid
commenced in secretory cell which emanate after
given laceration. Odourless Kino has an astringent
taste and strips in the teeth, shading the saliva red
in colour [6]. As an astringent it is idolized in
diarrhoea, dysentery and many more. Crushed
leaves are used for skin diseases, deep sores and
boils. Diabetes is treated through woods [7, 8].
Extraction Methods
Infusion
Since ages the Pterocarpus marsupium
heartwood has been utilized to treat diabetes. The
beakers constructed from heartwood are loaded
with water and left to rest during the night to
furnish 'Beeja Wood Water' [8]. Mohire et al. From
the dried heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium
aqueous extract was produced by keeping in a
beaker having 100 ml. of distilled water for approx.
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97
12 hours. In the morning brown coloured aqueous
extract possessing light blue shade on surface was
collected and finally concentrated on the water
bath. Using rotary evaporator, the product was
dried, eventually dried using sunlight and
converted into powder [9]. Central hard wood
which was dried and crumbled into coarse powder.
The aqueous extract was prepared using 24 hours
infusion (strength 1:8) prepared daily and absorbed.
They also prepared 7 days infusion in the same
strength [10]. By Absorbing 50 grams of saw dust
of the wood in distilled water measuring 500ml for
whole night at room temperature aqueous infusion
of Pterocarpus marsupium was adapted. As a result,
10ml of infusion represented to 1gm of the crude
drug when the supernatant liquid was collected and
the final volume was adjusted. For the purpose of
subsequent use, the infusion was stock pilled in a
sealed container in refrigerator at 4o
c [11]. A fine
powder is derived after the dried bark was grinded
by Vats et al. and afterwards soaked in equal
volume of water, stirred occasionally and left
overnight. The aqueous extract was collected when
the pulp obtained was filtered, the filtrate dried at
reduced temperature and then after final procedure
of lyophilization takes place [12Afterwards the
bark of Pterocarpus marsupium was grinded in an
electric grinder by Grover et al. and Vats et al. The
it was left overnight after soaking the powder in
equal amount of water and stirred immediately. The
filtrate derived after filtering the pulp through a
coarse sieve was the dried at a reduced temperature
[13, 14]. An aqueous extract was derived in the
form of powder when the bark of Pterocarpus
marsupium was grinded in the electric grinder and
then after wards that powder was soaked in 1500ml
of distilled water and stirred intermittently and then
left stationary. And this whole procedure is done by
Grover et al. A filtrate obtained when the mixture
was filtered through a sieve lined with muslin cloth
after 36 hours and the filtrate thereafter was
completely lyophilized to dry powder. At low
temperature this dried powder was stored [15].
Decoction
According to Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia (1990)
50-100 grams of the drug is recommended for
decoction process [2]. Studies defines the
procedure as, heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium
was dried and then pulverized, distilled water was
used for simmering until the volume dropped to
less than 100 ml, then only strained, and adjustment
was done to 100 ml in order to get an extract,
Correspondence was defined as 1 ml to 1 gram of
the drug [16]. Suri et al. Decoction of powdered
Pterocarpus marsupium heartwood was prepared in
boiling water and dried through Spraying [17].
Maceration
Ahmed et al. Converted the wood of
Pterocarpus marsupium into small pieces and
absolute ethanol was used for extraction for approx.
1 week [18]. Joshi et al. silted the wood into small
pieces after collection. For maceration methanol
was used for 7 days. The process of vacuum dried
was used for extract and stockpiled in a refrigerator
until future use [19]. In some study, cold double
maceration was used for the preparation of
alcoholic extract of the bark of Pterocarpus
marsupium. The concentration of extract was done
using a rotary flash evaporator and a desiccator was
used to dry it [20].
Percolation
Sepaha and Bose placed centre of heartwood,
which is dried and bruised into coarse form of
powder. With the addition of 95 % alcohol, the
extract was processed using percolator (1:6) [10].
Chakravarthy and Gode ripped the fresh growl into
levy chips and petroleum ether (60-80 ° C) in a
Soxhlet apparatus was used for extraction for 24
hours [21].
v) Hot Water Extraction: Maurya et al. and Handa et
al. exhaustive extraction of powdered heartwood (5
Kg) was performed with boiling water (4x16 ml).
Suspension of concentrated extract was done using
water (2.0 litre) and consecutively partitioned
applying ethyl acetate and n-butyl alcohol [22, 23] .
Phytochemistry
Heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium was dried
and extracted using ethyl which revealed the
existence of following constituents: pterostilbene,
(2S)-7-hydroxyflavanone, isoliquiritigenin,
liquiritigenin, 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone, marsupsin,
pterosupin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, (2R)-3-
(p-hydroxyphenyl)-lactic acid and pm-33 [24].
Tripathi and Joshi confined 3 compounds from the
fraction of ethyl acetate of Pterocarpus marsupium,
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98
retusin-8-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside, naringenin,
lupeol [25]. The Pterocarpus marsupium extract of
the dried heart tree decoction of the ethyl acetate
extract was dissolved and the solution was given to
the poker in the other compounds. [16]. Handa et
al. confined and acknowledged an isoaurone C-
glucoside called as pterocarposide [23]. Suri et al.
deserted an odd C-glucoside, 1-(2', 6'-
dihydroxyphenyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside using the
aqueous extract of crumbled dried heartwood of
Pterocarpus marsupium [17]. Maurya et al.
Pterocarpus prepared the algae essence of
marsupium and confined five new flavonoid C-
glucosides: pteroisoauroside, pteroside, flavon C-
glucoside, vijayosin, marsuposide and two familiar
compounds, sesquiterpene, C-β-D-glucopyranosyl-
2,6-dihydroxyl benzene 22]. In different study,
Extraction was performed adopting percolator
using bark of Pterocarpus marsupium adding
ethanol and the phenolic constituent was diagnosed
as (-)-epicatechin. Sterols named as sitosterol and
stigmasterol were also confined [21]. Tripathi and
Joshi deserted 2 new flavonoid glycosides using the
roots of Pterocarpus marsupium, 7, 8,
4'-trihydroxy-3', 5'-dimethoxy flavanone-4'-O-beta-
D-glucopyranoside and 7-Hydroxy-6, 8-dimethyl
flavanone-7-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside [26].
PHARMACOLOGY
Antidiabetic/Antihyperglycemic/Hypoglycaem
ic activity
Grover et al. abstracted the medicinal plants
composing anti diabetic activity and found
Pterocarpus marsupium to be one of the encouraging
plants [37]. Dhanabal et al. Alcoholic extract of
Pterocarpus marsupium bark was prepared and
subsequently extricated with toluene, chloroform,
ethyl acetate and butanol. Beneficial effects was
observed on blood glucose levels [20]. In Oct 1995 a,
multicentre randomized controlled trial was
undertaken using flexible dose double blind and
concluded that Malabar Kino is a highly competent
blood glucose lowering agent in January 1998, even
tolbutamide was even compared with this plant for its
treatment of type 2 diabetes [38]. In different study,
for hypoglycaemic activity on alloxan induced
diabetic rats an aqueous essence of Pterocarpus
marsupium wood was cloistered which shown
statistically significant results [39]. Vats et al.
Extraction was performed on the bark of Pterocarpus
marsupium and assessment was done on the grounds
of anti-hyperglycemic and hypoglycaemic efficacy of
Pterocarpus marsupium in controlled and alloxan
cajoled diabetic rats. Study derived that the extract
presented a small but important hypoglycaemic effect
in normal rats which is compelling and clear dose
dependent anti-hyperglycaemic effect [14]. Manickam
et al. the anti-hyperglycaemic potential of phenolics
from Pterocarpus marsupium was evaluated. Both the
drugs pterostilbene and Marsupsin naturally reduced
the blood glucose level of rats having hyperglycaemia
[40]. For treating non-obese diabetes, it is already
proved through clinical study on Pterocarpus
marsupium [41]. Ahmad et al. Extraction of
Pterocarpus marsupium wood with absolute ethanol
and then ethyl acetate soluble fractions were taken
which when checked upon alloxan induced diabetic
rats considerably reduced the blood sugar level with a
comparable increase in blood insulin level [18].
Anti-hyperinsulinemia and anti-hyper
triglyceridemic activity
The aqueous essence of Pterocarpus marsupium
bark extensively interrupted insulin resistance
(hyperinsulinemia) and hypertriglyceridemia [15].
In different study, Jahromi and Ray for 14
consecutive days directed the ethyl acetate essence
of heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium in rats.
The results proved that there is a noticeable
reduction of total cholesterol, serum triglyceride,
LDL- and VLDL- cholesterol without any
important activity on the level of HDL- cholesterol
[16].
Cardiotonic activity
In a very high dilution in the study, it was found
that the aqueous extract of the heart tree of
Pterocarpus marsupium has a negative chronotropic
and positive inotropic effect on frogs. Results
displayed that an excellent cardiotonic activity is
possessed by aqueous extract of Pterocarpus
marsupium [9]. In different study, extraction from
the bark of Pterocarpus marsupium was done with
result (-)- epicatechin that is studied and it proved
cardiac stimulant potential in per put frog hearts
creating an increase in force along with
enhancement in rate. Thus (-)-epicatechin showed a
cardiac stimulant property [21].
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Anti-cataract activity
Vats et al. established the anti-cataract potential
of the aqueous essence of Pterocarpus marsupium
bark. A decrease in the opacity index of alloxan
induced diabetic rats makes it evident [12].
COX-2 Inhibition
Hougee et al. A study demonstrating a PGE2
inhibitory effect of a commercially available
extract of Pterocarpus marsupium characterized by
pterostilbene. Pterocarpus marsupium extract
reduces PGE 2 production, indicating COX-2-
specific inhibition [42}.
Hepatoprotective activity
In a study, it was derived that the methanolic
extract of stem bark from Pterocarpus marsupium
acquires hepatoprotective potential [43].
CONCLUSION
Within developing countries, offering modern
healthcare dexterity is still in infancy. Because of
economic complusion, it is frugal to look for
alternative in herbal medicines. Pterocarpus
marsupium has been put as anti-diabetic since time
old-age. Water was filled in the beaker made from
heartwood that was conceded to stand through-out
the night to provide "Beeja Wood Water". In
commercial pharmaceutical preparations,
Pterocarpus marsupium is being used. Also, this
paper acknowledges that by various methods like
infusion, decoction, maceration and percolation the
Pterocarpus marsupium has been extracted. Many
chemical ingredients like pterostilbene, pterosupin,
marsupsin, (-)-epicatechin etc. have been diagnosed
and isolated. It conceded that Pterocarpus
marsupium can be employed in variety of
pharmacological disorders, although many more
investigations must be carried out to examine the
MOA of its active principles so that it's potential
can be entirely employed.
REFERENCES
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[3]. V. Rajpal. Standardization of Botanicals, testing and extraction methods of medicinal herbs, (Eastern Publisher,
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[4]. Pterocarpus marsupium marsupium. Available at http://www.zipcodeZoo.com; Accessed 27, 2009. Back to
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[9]. N.C. Mohire, V.R. Salunke, S.B. Bhinse and A.V. Yadav. Cardiotonic activity of aqueous extract of heartwood
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