Highlight: PHARMACOGNOSY ON AMLA, Taxonomical classification, BIOLOGICAL SOURCE, CULTIVATION, MORPHOLOGY, MICROSCOPE, BOTNICAL DESCRIPTION, USED PARTS , CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION,

1. GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL
EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
JASPUR ROAD KASHIPUR UTTRAKHAND (244713)
PROJECT REPORT IN PHARMACOGNOSY ON AMLA
summited to....
MEHVISH JAMAL

2. Summited by....
NITIN KUMAR
AMLA
*SYNONYMS-Embica,indiangoose berry,Amalki.
*Taxonomical classification-
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Angiospermae
Class : Dicotyledonae
Order : Geraniales
Family : Euphorbiaceae
Genus : Emblica
Species : officinalis Geartn.
*BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-This consist of dried as well as fresh fruit

3. of the plant Embelica officinali belonging to family Euphorbiaceae.
*GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE- It is a small size tree found in forest of
India .it is also found in sri Lanka and myanmar.
* CULTIVATION -Amla can grow in light as well as the heavy soils.
It is grown under the tropical conditions. The
young plants are protected from the hot winds as
they dye easily. Amla is generally propagated
through seeds. It requires proper sunlight. It is
irrigated during the
monsoon season.
*-Soil and Climate-
Amla can be grown in light as well as heavy soils
except purely sandy soil. Calcareous soil with
rocky substratum can also be good. However,
well drained fertile loamy soil is the best for
higher yield. The plant have capacity for
adaptation to dry regions and can also grow in
moderately alkaline soils. It is grown extensively
under tropical condition. Annual rainfall of 630-
800 mm have given good yield. The young plants
up to the age of 3 years should be protected from
hot wind during May-June and from frost during
winter months. The mature plants can tolerate
freezing temperature as well as temperature up to
460 °C.
*- Planting-
Amla is generally propagated through seeds, but
seed propagated trees bear inferior quality fruits
and have a long gestation period. Shield budding
is done on one year old seedlings with buds
collected from superior strains yielding big size
fruits. Older trees of inferior types can be
rejuvenated and easily changed into superior type
by top working.
The pits of 1m3 are prepared during May-June at
a distance of 4.5 m spacing and should be left for
15-20 days exposed to sunlight. Each pit should
be filled with surface soil mixed with 15 kg farm
yard manure and one kg of super phosphate
before planting the grafted seedli.
*-Manures,fertilizers and pesticide-
The medicinal plants have to be grown without
chemical fertilizers and use of pesticides. Organic

4. manures like, Farm Yard Manure (FYM),
VermiCompost, Green Manure etc. may be used
as per requirement of the species. To prevent
diseases, bio-pesticides could be prepared (either
single or mixture) from Neem (kernel, seeds &
leaves), Chitrakmool, Datura, Cow's urine
etc. Biofertilizers such as Azotobacter,
phosphobacteria and Vesicular Arbuscular
Mycorrhiza (VAM) boost the plant growth.
*MORPHOLOGY-
colour - Green changing to light yellow or brick
red
When matured.
Odour- none
Taste- Sore and astringent .
Size - 1.5 to2.5 cm in diameter.
Shape- The fruits are depressed ,globose.
*MICROSCOPE-
Transverse section of fruits consisted of a thin,
continuous membranous layer of epidermis
comprising of less conspicuous cells smaller in size.
Inner epidermis was fairly wider made up of
hypodermal layer made up of parenchymatous cells
rectangular in shape followed by large compact cells.
The cells were variable in shape and size. The
parenchymatous region represented the mesocarp of
the fruit and the thin epidermal layer was the epicarp
(Fig. 1). The mesocarp was well vascularised. Small
vascular strands were wide spread in the mesocarp.
The vascular strands varied in size;
some were well developed with collateral xylem and
phloem .whereas others were smaller and
less distinct. Xylem consisted of narrow, thick walled
with lignified clusters. Phloem included a prominent
mass of sieve elements. Bundle sheath cells were not
evident. Sections stained with neutral red exhibited
some of the mesocarp cells being filled with reddish
amorphous substance, lipoidal in nature, distributed
randomly . Calcium oxalate crystals were clear
when viewed under polarised light interspersed
with mesocarp cells. Raphides observed in

5. parenchymatous cells consisted of numerous thin
pointed needles packed within the bundle. The
needles were loosely packed .
*BOTNICAL DESCRIPTION-
Central and southern India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Malaysia, southern China, theMascarene Islands, South East Asia and Uzbekistan.
Appearance -Medium sized deciduous tree, 8-18 meters height with thin light grey bark
exfoliating in small thin irregular flakes.
USED PARTS -Dried fruits, fresh fruit, seed, leaves, root bark, flowers.
LEAVES -Simple, sub sessile, closely set along the branchlets, light green having the appearance
of pinnate leaves.
FRUITS -15-20 mm
long and 18-25 mm
wide, nearly
spherical or globular
wider than long and
with a small and
slight conic depression on both apexes. Mesocarp is yellow and endocarp is yellowish brown in
ripened condition.
Globose, fleshy, pale yellow with six obscure vertical furrows enclosing six trigonous seeds in 2-
seeded 3 crustaceous cocci.

6. Seedlings start bearing fruits in 7-8 years after planting, while the budded clones will start bearing
fruits from the 5th year onwards.
Fresh fruits are light green and ripe fruits turn light brown in colour. The average weight of the
fruit is 60 -70 g.
FLOWERS-Greenish yellow, in axillary fascicles, unisexual, males numerous on short slender
pedicels, females few, sub sessile, ovary 3-celled.
Seeds -Four-Six, smooth, dark brown.
BARK-Thick to 12 mm, shining grayish brown or grayish green .
Flowering and fruiting-February - May and December - January .
EDIBLE PART -Mesocarp and endocarp that forms the hard stone which encages the seed .
*CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS-
Protein - 0.5%
Fat. - 0.1%
Mineral matter- 0.7%
Fiber- 3.4%
Carbohydrate- 14.1%
Bulk elements Mg/100g Net
weightCalcium- 0.05%
Phosphorus - 0.02%
Iron- 1.2 mg/100g
Vitamin C - 600 mg/100g
Nicotinic acid- 0.2 mg/100g
*PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION-
*Antidepressant activity-
Pemminati has checked the antidepressant
activity of aqueous extract of fruits of E. officinalis in
inbred adult male Swiss Albino mice weighing 25-30g.
* Immune modulatory activity-
There was considerable dose dependent raise in
haemagglutination antibody titre, macrophage migration
index, hypersensitivity reaction, respiratory burst activity
of the peritoneal macrophages, total leukocyte count,
percentage lymphocyte distribution, serum globulin and
relative lymphoid organ weight in Emblica treated albino
mice indicating its ability to stimulate humoral and cell
mediated immunity along with macrophage phagocyte.
* Anti-inflammatory activity-
E. officinalis showed anti-inflammatory activities in
carrageenan induced acute and cotton pellet induced
chronic inflammation in Sprague-Dawley rats by reducing
paw volume in acute inflammation and by decreasing

7. cotton pellet induced granulomas tissue lipid peroxida-
tion,
*Radioprotective activity-
It has been reported that mice treated with Emblica
officinalis extract before exposure to different doses of
gamma radiation can reduce the severity of symptoms of
radiation sickness and mortality .
*Anti-diabetic and hypoglycemic activity-
Herbal formulations prepared by extracts of Tinospora
cordifolia, Trigonella foenum and Emblica officinalis.
*Cytotoxic effects-
To evaluate the immunostimulatory and side effects of
Triphala in a clinical phase I, all the volunteers took
Triphala for two weeks (3 capsules per day). As complete
physical examinations, routine laboratory analysis and
immunological studies were performed before ingestion
and after initial meeting for 4 consecutive weeks.
*Hypolipidemic activity-
Amla fruit have been reported to have significant anti-
hyperlipidemic, hypolipidemic, and anti-atherogenic
effect . Treatment with Emblica
officinalis caused significant reduction of Total Cholesterol
(TC), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG)
and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), and a
significant increase in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
levels in patients with type II hyperlipidemia. Both
treatments from E. officinalis and simvastatin produced
significant reduction in blood pressure;
*USES-
*Treat cardiac disease-
Cholesterol is an essential component in human body. Hypertension,
diabetes and cholesterol are the major factors which cause heart
disease. Blood vessels involve the collection of unused cholesterol
that leads to high pressure, which increase the possibility of heart
attacks.
Amla has been witnessed that it can retrieve the normal respiration
while the system gets affected. The paste made by 10gm leaves of
Phyllanthus emblica, 5 fruits of Terminalia chebula, 9 seeds of Piper
nigrum, one garlic are crushed over and mixed with 25 ml ghee
made from cow’s milk and a clove. The fresh juice of amla mixed
with honey can get back best from asthma, cough, and other

8. Respiratory disorders
*Urinary problem-
The paste made by 20gms of pulp of dried amla in 160 gms of water
till 40 gms is left. This was mixed with 20gms of Gur. Regular use of
this portion may cure urinary problem.
*Migraine-
Migraine is a severe vascular headache in female rather than men.
This is cures by applying the paste made by dried amla powder with
kumkum, neelkamal and rose water.
*Therapy for diarrhea-
Paste of amla leaves mixed with honey is an effective cure for
diarrhea.
*As cosmetics-
Helps in hair growth-
Consumption of green vegetable juice with 2-3 amla fruits can
prevent from hair greying. It has the potent astonishing effect on
hair and skin. Amla stimulates the hair follicles and improves the
hair growth and gives the complete nourishes to hair roots.
Prevents skin damage-
Various layers present in skin may be damaged due to UV radiation
from sun is known as photo-aging which is a complex biological
process. Amla reduce this problem due to its free radical assuaging
nature. It improves skin elasticity by taken of dried amla powder
mixed with water[23].
*Act against pimples-
Pimples on face caused by impure blood and can be removed by
taken of amla combined with neem.
*As natural mouth freshner-
Zeatin, a cytokine like substances is also present in amla leaves. It
helps in refining the mouth, strengthens teeth and bones.
*Immune system enhancer-
Amla is considered as a versatile and powerful antioxidant that
protects the body against all types of cancer and helps to reduce the
blood pressure.

9. *Anti-venom activity -
Phyllanthus emblica has been shown to possess anti-venom activity.
The plant extracts which neutralized the defibrinogenating and
inflammatory activity of Vipera russellii snake venom[25].
*Amla oil-
Applying amla oil before going to bed removes mental weakness.
*Ameliorates eyesight-
Diseases like reddening, itching and watering of eyes are
counteracted by amla, which shows fine consequences in cataracts.
*Hinders gallbladder disorders-
A person who develops gallbladder disorders due to low vitamin C
levels. Taking amla saves one from gallbladder infections.
*Good for reproductive health-
Amla can increase sperm count and it act as an aphrodisiac. White
discharge in women is the major problems which can be reduced by
taking of dJaundice.
*Jaundice-
Fresh amla fruits are soaking with 4 munnakkas, both are grind
with amla juice after one hour. This portion may gives relief in
jaundice.
*Amla juice-
Taken of amla juice mixed with honey every morning and evening
expose number of medicinal benefits, include cures weakness of the
generative system, blood purification, act on diabetes, act on cold
and cough.
*Gaot-
This problem is cured by taken of amla juice with old ghee makes softening of
joints. curing gout and also removing the spots caused by measles,
chicken pox, small pox.
*Piles-
Drinking fresh amla juice with half teaspoon of ghee and 1 teaspoon
of honey and 100 Gms of milk after lunch cures chronic piles
problem.ried amla seeds mixed with honey.
* TOXICITY-
Toxicity study: During acute toxicity study, E.

10. officinalis HAE administered @ 250, 500 and 1000
mg/kg, once orally to different groups of rats caused no
mortality up to 48 hr. Hence, the LD50 of E. officinalis is
more than 1000 mg/kg. The chronic toxicity of E.
officinalis HAE was determined in different groups of
rats according to the doses as given for acute toxicity
study. During 3 weeks, E. officinalis did not cause any
untoward effect. No gross observational effects were
observed at any of the doses of E. officinalis during acute
and chronic toxicity studies.
The acute and chronic toxicity studies with extract
provide a great information regarding the useful
properties likely to possessed by the extract and at the
same time provide the LD50. The development of signs
and symptoms during gross observational studies gives
an idea regarding the type of drug action, and the
therapeutic dose and route of administration of drug to be
used.
*REFERENCE-
1-Naik GH, Priyadarsini KI, Mohan H. Evaluating the antioxidant
activity of different plant extracts and herbal formulations. Res Chem
Intermed 2005; 31(1-3):145-151.
2- Siddiqui IA, Osman SM, Subbaram MR. Fatty acid components of
seed fats from four plants families. Chemical Abstract 78 1973;
156602u.
3- Liu X, Zhao M, Wang J, Yang B and Jiang Y (2008b). Antioxidant activity of
methanolic extract of emblica fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) from six
regions in China. J. Food Composition and Analysis. 21: 219–228.
4-Jain SK, akhurdiya DS. Anola: Potential fruit for processing
Delhi Garden Mega 2000; 38:50-51.
5- Pandey GP, Srivastava DN. Studies on phytochemistry and acute
toxicity of Livol and its some ingredients. Indian J Indg Med 1989;
6:55-64.