The document provides information on properties of steam including equations to calculate enthalpy of dry saturated steam, wet steam, and superheated steam. It also gives numerical problems involving calculating steam conditions, quality, heat supplied/lost, and boiler efficiency. The problems calculate parameters like enthalpy, dryness fraction, degree of superheat, heat supplied using steam property tables and equations for different steam conditions and processes.

1. Numericals

2. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 2
a) Enthalpy of Dry saturated Steam:
hg = hf + hfg kJ/kg
b) Enthalpy of Wet Steam:
h = hf + x .hfg kJ/kg
c) Enthalpy of Superheated Steam:
hsup = hf + hfg + Csup (Tsup - Tsat) kJ/kg
d) Degree of superheat (DOS):
DOS = (Tsup - Tsat) 0C
e) Amount of superheat (AOS):
AOS = Csup (Tsup - Tsat) kJ/kg

6. NUMERICALS ON PROPERTIES OF STEAM
1) Determine the condition and related parameter of the steam in the following
cases: (i) Pressure of 10 bar and temperature of 200°C and (ii) Pressure of 8 bar
and enthalpy of 2500 kJ/kg. (iii) Steam at 20 bar and 300°
C is cooled at constant
pressure during which the heat lost is 400 kJ/kg. Assume specific heat of
superheated steam as 2.25 kJ/Kg K.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 6
Solution:
i) Pressure = 10 bar and T = 200 °C

7. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 7
i) Pressure = 10 bar and T = 200 °C
From steam tables at a pressure of 10 bar
𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 179.9 °C,
ℎ𝑓 = 762.6 kJ/kg
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2013.6 kJ/kg
ℎ𝑔 = 2776.2 kJ/kg
Since the temperature of the steam is greater
than the saturation temperature the steam
sample is superheated [𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒>𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡]

8. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 8
Since the temperature of the steam is greater than the saturation
temperature the steam sample is superheated [𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒>𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡]
= 2776.2 + 2.25(200 - 179.9)
ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝= 2821.43 kJ/kg
Degree of Superheat (DOS)
𝐷𝑂𝑆= (𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡)

9. (ii) Pressure of 8 bar and enthalpy of 2500 kJ/kg.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 9
Solution:
i) Pressure = 8 bar and h = 2500 kJ/kg
From steam tables at a pressure of 8 bar,
𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 170.4 °C,
ℎ𝑓 = 720.9 kJ/kg
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2046.5 kJ/kg,
ℎ𝑔 = 2767.4 kJ/kg

10. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 10
Since enthalpy of dry saturated steam (hg = 2767.4 kJ/kg) is
greater than the enthalpy of steam sample (h = 2500 kJ/kg) the
given sample of steam is wet Steam [ℎ𝑔>ℎ𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒]
X= 0.8693 or 86.93 %
Dryness fraction of the steam (X):
h = ℎ𝑓 + X ℎ𝑓𝑔
2500 = 720.9 + X *
2046.5

11. (iii) Steam at 20 bar and 300°
C is cooled at constant pressure during which the heat
lost is 400 kJ/kg. Assume specific heat of superheated steam as 2.25 kJ/Kg K.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 11
Solution:
i) Pressure = 20 bar and T = 300 °C
From steam tables at a pressure of 20 bar,
𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 212.4 °C,
ℎ𝑓 = 908.5 kJ/kg
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 1888.7 kJ/kg,
ℎ𝑔 = 2797.2 kJ/kg

12. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 12
Since the temperature of the steam is greater than the saturation
temperature the steam sample is superheated [𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒>𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡]
ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝= 2994.3 kJ/kg
= 2797.2 + 2.25(300 – 212.4)
Enthalpy after heat loss of 400 kJ/kg = 2994.3 – 400
h= 2594.3 kJ/kg

13. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 13
Since the enthalpy after heat loss (2594.3 kJ/kg) is less than the
enthalpy of dry saturated steam (hg = 2797.2 kJ/kg), the steam
is Wet [ℎ𝑔>ℎ𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒]
X= 0.8926 or 89.26%
Dryness fraction of the steam (X):
h = ℎ𝑓 + X ℎ𝑓𝑔
2594.3 = 908.5 + X ×
1888.7

14. 2) Two boilers one with super heater and another without super heater
are delivering equal quantities of steam into a common main. The
pressure in the boilers and in the main is 20 bar. The temperature of
the steam from a boiler with a superheater is 350°C and the
temperature of steam in the main is 250°C. Determine the quality of
steam supplied by the other boiler. Assume specific heat of
superheated steam as 2.25kJ/Kg K.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 14
Solution:

15. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 15
Solution:
i) Pressure = 20 bar
𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 212.4 °C, ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 1888.7 kJ/kg,
ℎ𝑓 = 908.5 kJ/kg ℎ𝑔 = 2797.2 kJ/k
Enthalpy of steam generated in the boiler (B1) having super
heater
T=350°C ˃Tsat, steam is superheated.
hsup = hg + Csup (Tsup - Tsat)
= 2797.2 + 2.25 (350 –
212.4)
= 3106.8kJ/kg --------(A)

16. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 16
Enthalpy of steam generated in the boiler (B2) without the
superheater
Hence the steam is wetsteam
Dryness fraction of the steam (X):
h = ℎ𝑓 + X ℎ𝑓𝑔
h = 908.5 + X ×
1888.7
------
-(B)

17. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 17
Enthalpy of steam in the main
T=250°C ˃Tsat[212.4°C], steam is superheated
hsup = hg + Csup (Tsup - Tsat)
= 2797.2 + 2.25 (250 –
212.4)
= 2881.8 kJ/kg
Total enthalpy in the main for 2kg of steam
= 2x 2881.8
= 5763.6 kJ/2kg --------(C)

18. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 18
For heat balance
(A) + (B) = (C)
3106.8 + 908.5 + X* 1888.7 = 5763.6
X= 0.9257 or 92.57%.
Steam generated in the boiler without the
superheater
is 92.57% dry.

19. 3) A dry saturated steam at a pressure of 1 MPa is generated in a boiler.
Dry saturated steam leaves the boiler to enter a super heater, where it
loses heat equal to 400 kJ/kg. In the super heater, steam is super-heated
to temperature of 300°C. If temperature of feed water is 28°C, determine:
a) Total heat supplied to feed water in the boiler
b) Dryness fraction of steam at the entry of super heater
c) Total heat supplied in the super heater.
Assume specific heat of water as 4.187kJ/Kg K and that of superheated
steam as 2.25kJ/Kg K
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 19

20. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 20
400 kJ/kg
Data: Pressure = 1 MPa = 10 bar,
𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 300 °C, T = 28 °C
Heat loss before entering superheater =
400 kJ/kg
Let P – Point at which water enters the boiler
Q – Point at which steam leaves the boiler in dry saturated
condition.
R – Point at which steam enters the superheater as wet
steam
S – Point at which superheated steam leaves the
At 10 bar,
𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡= 179.9 °C,
ℎ𝑓 = 762.6
kJ/kg,
ℎ𝑓𝑔= 2013.6
kJ/kg
ℎ𝑔 = 2776.2
kJ/kg

21. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 21
400 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of water at 28°C or enthalpy at P
𝒉𝒘 = m Cp (Tw-0) kJ/kg
= 1 x 4.187 x (28-0)
ℎ𝑃= 117.24 kJ/Kg
Enthalpy at Q = ℎ𝑄= ℎ𝑔 = 2776.2 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of steam at the entry point of superheater (R),
ℎ𝑅 = ℎ𝑄 – 400
= 2776.2 - 400
ℎ𝑅= 2376.2 kJ/kg

22. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 22
400 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of superheated steam (S),
hsup = hg + Csup (Tsup - Tsat)
= 2776.2 + 2.25 (300 – 179.9)
ℎ𝑆= 3046.43 kJ/kg
a) Total heat supplied to feed water in the boiler
= ℎ𝑄 –ℎ𝑃
= 2776.2 – 117.24
= 2658.96 kJ/kg

23. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 23
400 kJ/kg
b) Dryness fraction of steam at the entry to the superheater (X)
h = 𝒉𝑹= hf + x .hfg
2376.2 = 762.6 + X × 2013.6
X = 0.8014 or 80.14%
c) Total heat supplied in the superheater
h = ℎ𝑆 -ℎ𝑅
= 3046.43 - 2376.2
= 670.23 kJ/kg

24. 4) A chemical company planning to install a coal fired boiler in its plant for
process heating is weighing different technical options due to investment
constraints. The steam generation capacity required is 5000kg per hour at a
pressure of 0.56 MPa and at a temperature of 220°C. The feed water is available
from a nearby reservoir at an average temperature 30°C. The coal consumption
is 1500 kg/hr, having a calorific value of 24 MJ/kg. Assess the improvement in
boiler efficiency if the following accessories are used. Total heat supplied to
feed water in the boiler
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 24
Assume specific heat of water as 4.187kJ/Kg K and that of superheated steam as 2.25kJ/Kg
K
i) Economizer which will increase the feed water temperature by 58°C.and reduce the coal
consumption by 14%.
ii) Air Preheater which will reduce the coal consumption by 20%.
iii) Both Economizer and Air Preheater whose combined effect will reduce the coal consumption
by 30%.

25. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 25
Data:
From steam tables at a pressure of at 0.56 MPa = 5.6 bar
Enthalpy of water at 30°C
ℎ𝑤 = 𝑚 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇
−0)
= 1 x 4.187 x (30-0)
= 125.61 kJ/kg.

26. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 26
Enthalpy at a temperature of 220°C
hsup = hg + Csup (Tsup - Tsat)
= 2752.5 + 2.25x (220-156.2)
= 2896.05 kJ/Kg
Boiler Efficiency without using the accessories
= 38.48%

27. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 27
i) Economizer which will increase the feed water temperature by
58°C.and reduce the coal consumption by 14%.
= 40.52%
Enthalpy of water at 88°C
ℎ𝑤 = 𝑚 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇
−0)
= 1 x 4.187 x (88-0)
= 368.46 kJ/kg.
Boiler Efficiency if Economizer is used.
Improvement if efficiency= 40.52 – 38.48 = 2.05% in absolute
terms.
OR

28. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 28
OR
ii) Air Preheater which will reduce the coal consumption by 20%.
Boiler Efficiency if Air Preheater is used.
= 48.09%
Improvement if efficiency= 48.09 – 38.48 = 9.61% in
absolute terms.

29. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 29
OR
iii) Both Economizer and Air Preheater whose combined effect will
reduce the coal consumption by 30%.
Boiler Efficiency if both Economizer and Air Preheater are used.
= 50.15%
Improvement if efficiency= 50.15 – 38.48 = 11.67% in
absolute terms.

30. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 30
5] A restaurant, daily uses 600 kg of 95% dry steam produced at a
pressure of 3 bar. The boiler is fitted with an economizer which
increases the feed water temperature to 94° C and is fired using
wood and paddy husk in equal proportions. The gross calorific
values of wood and paddy husk are 15500 kJ/kg and 12600 kJ/kg
respectively. The boiler has been operating with an average
efficiency of 78%. Calculate the daily consumption of wood and
paddy husk?
Data:

31. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 31
Enthalpy of water at 94°C
ℎ𝑤 = 𝑚 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇
−0)
= 1 x 4.187 x (94-0)
= 393.58kJ/kg
From Steam tables at P= 3bar.

32. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 32
h = hf + x .hfg
Enthalpy at X= 0.95
= 561.5 + 0.95 * 2163.2
= 2616.54 kJ/kg

33. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 33
Boiler Efficiency
𝑚𝑓𝑢 = 121.71kg/day
Quantity of wood and paddy husk consumed= 0.5* 121.71
= 60.86kg each/day