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Chapter 14
 How does the nucleus in an atom of one
element differ from the nucleus of an atom of
another element?
 The atoms of different elements contain different
numbers of protons.
 The atomic number of an element is the number
of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that
element.
 Examples:
 Hydrogen has one proton in nucleus…so atomic
number is 1.
 Uranium has 92 protons in nucleus..so atomic
number is 92.
 Atoms of an element are identified by the
number of protons because this number
never changes without changing the identity
of the element.
 What about the number of neutrons in an
atom’s nucleus?
 The number of neutrons can vary.
 Example:
 Carbon—most have 6 neutrons. Some carbon
atoms have 7 neutrons and some have 8. They are
all carbon atoms because they have the same
number of protons.
 Isotopes—are atoms of the same element
that have different numbers of neutrons.
 The three kinds of carbon atoms are isotopes.
They are called carbon-12, carbon-13,
carbon-14.
 The combined number of protons and
neutrons in an atom make up most of the
mass of an atom.
 Mass number
 The mass number of an isotope is the number of
neutrons plus protons. (Chart p. 416)
 You can find the number of neutrons in an isotope
by subtracting the atomic number from the mass
number.
 Use the force…..
 What holds the protons and neutrons together in
the nucleus of an atom?
▪ Protons are positively charged! Even though they
should repel each other…they don’t!
▪ Protons are packed together in the nucleus with the
neutrons, an even stronger binding force takes over….a
strong nuclear force.
 Many atomic nuclei are stable when they
have about the same number of protons and
neutrons. Carbon-12 is the most stable
isotope of carbon. It has 6 protons and 6
neutrons.
 Some nuclei are unstable because they have
too many or too few neutrons. (especially
heavier elements like uranium)
 In the unstable elements…repulsion builds
up.
 The nuclei must release a particle to become
stable.
 When particles are released, energy is given
off.
 The release of nuclear particles and energy is
called radioactive decay.
 When the particles ejected from the nucleus
include protons, the atomic number of the
nucleus changes!!
 Then…..one element changes into another.
 The changing of one element into another
through radioactive decay is transmutation.
 Transmutation is occurring in most of your
homes right now.
 Smoke detector. (p. 417) ejects alpha particles.
 Alpha particle…consists of two protons and
two neutrons.
 Some elements go through transmutations
through a different process…sometimes they
emit an electron called a beta particle.
 A beta particle is a high-energy electron that
comes from the nucleus, not from the
electron cloud…but how since there are no
electrons in the nucleus?
 During this kind of transmutation, a neutron
becomes unstable and splits into an electron
and a proton.
 The electron is released and the proton
remains in the nucleus.
 Radioactive decay is random.
 The rate of decay of a nucleus is measured by
its half-life.
 The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the
amount of time it takes for half of a sample
for the element to decay.
 Figure 20, 419.
 The radioactive decay of unstable atoms goes
on at a steady pace, unaffected by conditions
such as weather, pressure, magnetic or
electric fields, and even chemical reactions.
 Half-lives are different for each isotope.
 Range from fractions of a second to billions
of years.

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Nucleus

  • 2.  How does the nucleus in an atom of one element differ from the nucleus of an atom of another element?  The atoms of different elements contain different numbers of protons.  The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element.
  • 3.  Examples:  Hydrogen has one proton in nucleus…so atomic number is 1.  Uranium has 92 protons in nucleus..so atomic number is 92.  Atoms of an element are identified by the number of protons because this number never changes without changing the identity of the element.
  • 4.  What about the number of neutrons in an atom’s nucleus?  The number of neutrons can vary.  Example:  Carbon—most have 6 neutrons. Some carbon atoms have 7 neutrons and some have 8. They are all carbon atoms because they have the same number of protons.
  • 5.  Isotopes—are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.  The three kinds of carbon atoms are isotopes. They are called carbon-12, carbon-13, carbon-14.  The combined number of protons and neutrons in an atom make up most of the mass of an atom.
  • 6.  Mass number  The mass number of an isotope is the number of neutrons plus protons. (Chart p. 416)  You can find the number of neutrons in an isotope by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number.
  • 7.  Use the force…..  What holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom? ▪ Protons are positively charged! Even though they should repel each other…they don’t! ▪ Protons are packed together in the nucleus with the neutrons, an even stronger binding force takes over….a strong nuclear force.
  • 8.  Many atomic nuclei are stable when they have about the same number of protons and neutrons. Carbon-12 is the most stable isotope of carbon. It has 6 protons and 6 neutrons.  Some nuclei are unstable because they have too many or too few neutrons. (especially heavier elements like uranium)
  • 9.  In the unstable elements…repulsion builds up.  The nuclei must release a particle to become stable.  When particles are released, energy is given off.  The release of nuclear particles and energy is called radioactive decay.
  • 10.  When the particles ejected from the nucleus include protons, the atomic number of the nucleus changes!!  Then…..one element changes into another.  The changing of one element into another through radioactive decay is transmutation.
  • 11.  Transmutation is occurring in most of your homes right now.  Smoke detector. (p. 417) ejects alpha particles.  Alpha particle…consists of two protons and two neutrons.
  • 12.  Some elements go through transmutations through a different process…sometimes they emit an electron called a beta particle.  A beta particle is a high-energy electron that comes from the nucleus, not from the electron cloud…but how since there are no electrons in the nucleus?
  • 13.  During this kind of transmutation, a neutron becomes unstable and splits into an electron and a proton.  The electron is released and the proton remains in the nucleus.
  • 14.  Radioactive decay is random.  The rate of decay of a nucleus is measured by its half-life.  The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the amount of time it takes for half of a sample for the element to decay.
  • 15.  Figure 20, 419.  The radioactive decay of unstable atoms goes on at a steady pace, unaffected by conditions such as weather, pressure, magnetic or electric fields, and even chemical reactions.  Half-lives are different for each isotope.  Range from fractions of a second to billions of years.