The document summarizes the stages of digestion in humans, including ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Food enters the mouth and passes through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. In the mouth, mechanical digestion begins with chewing and mixing with saliva. The stomach aids with both mechanical and chemical breakdown through churning and acids. Most digestion occurs in the small intestine where enzymes from the liver, pancreas and intestine further break down food into absorbable nutrients, which then enter the bloodstream. Undigested waste moves to the large intestine, rectum and anus to be eliminated.
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753 Learning OutcomesAfter reading this chapter, .docxpoulterbarbara
75
3
Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
3.1 Describe the processes and organs involved in
digestion.
3.2 Explain how food is propelled through the gas-
trointestinal tract.
3.3 Identify the role of enzymes and other secre-
tions in chemical digestion.
3.4 Describe how digested nutrients are absorbed.
3.5 Explain how hormones and the nervous sys-
tem regulate digestion.
3.6 Explain how absorbed nutrients are trans-
ported throughout the body.
3.7 Discuss the most common digestive disorders.
True or False?
1. Saliva can alter the taste of food. T/F
2. Without mucus, the stomach would digest itself. T/F
3. The major function of bile is to emulsify fats. T/F
4. Acid reflux is caused by gas in the stom-ach. T/F
5. The primary function of the large intes-tine is to absorb water. T/F
6. Feces contain a high amount of bacteria. T/F
7. The lymphatic system transports all nutrients through the body once they’ve been absorbed. T/F
8. Hormones play an important role in digestion. T/F
9. Diarrhea is always caused by bacterial infection. T/F
10. Irritable bowel syndrome is caused by an allergy to gluten. T/F
See page 110 for the answers.
Digestion,
Absorption,
and Transport
M03_BLAK8260_04_SE_C03.indd 75 12/1/17 11:28 PM
76 Chapter 3 | Digestion, Absorption, and Transport
The digestion of food begins even before you take that first bite. Just the sight and smell of homemade apple pie stimulates the release of saliva in
the mouth. The secretion of saliva and other digestive juices starts a cascade of
events that prepares the body for digestion, the chemical and mechanical
processes by which the body breaks food down into individual nutrient
molecules ready for absorption. Food components that aren’t absorbed are
excreted as waste (feces) by elimination. Although these are complex
processes, they go largely unnoticed. You consciously chew and swallow the
pie, but you don’t feel the release of chemicals or the muscular contractions
that cause it to be digested or the absorption of nutrient molecules through
the intestinal lining cells. In fact, you may be unaware of the entire process
until about 48 hours after eating, when the body is ready to eliminate waste.
In this chapter, we explore the processes of digestion, absorption, and
elimination, the organs involved, and the other biological mechanisms that
regulate our bodies’ processing of food and nutrients. We also discuss the causes
and treatments of some common gastrointestinal conditions and disorders.
What Are the Processes and Organs
Involved in Digestion?
LO 3.1 Describe the processes and organs involved in digestion.
Digestion, absorption, and elimination occur in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a mus-
cular tube approximately 20–24 feet long in an adult. Stretched vertically, the tube would
be about as high as a two-story building. It provides a barrier between the food within the
lumen (the hollow .
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2. Ingestion
Enters the mouth (ingested)
Digestion
As soon as food enters mouth digestion begins
Breaks down food (mechanical and chemical process)
Absorption
Nutrients are absorbed in bloodstream
Elimination
Unused substances are eliminated
3. BOTH!
Mechanical digestion takes place when food is
chewed, mixed and churned
Chemical digestion occurs when chemical
reactions break down food.
6. Food does not pass through these organs! They
aid in the breakdown of food. (Helpers!)
Tongue
Teeth
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
7. Identify if mechanical and/or chemical
digestion is taking place……
What is the main job of the organ?
8. Mechanical digestion happens when you chew
your food with your teeth and mix it with your
tongue
Chemical digestion begins when the saliva mixes
in and helps to break down the food
9. Thank you epiglottis! This flap saves us from
choking by protecting the windpipe to prevent
food from entering it.
That way…the food goes right from the mouth to
the…..
10. A muscular tube
NO digestion takes place here!
Smooth muscles move the food downward
with the help of peristalsis!!!
Secretions from the mucus glands help keep food
moist!
11. Muscular bag
Mechanical and chemical digestion take place
here!
Mechanically food is mixed in the stomach by
peristalsis
Chemically food is mixed with enzymes and
hydrochloric acid
Mucus is released to protect the stomach
Food is now called CHYME.
12. Food enters the duodenum…the first part of your
small intestine. MOST digestion takes place
here!
Chemical digestion—bile added from gall
bladder and liver to break down fats, a solution
from the pancreas is mixed in to neutralize the
stomach acid and break down sugar.
13. Absorption of broken down food (chyme) takes
place here. Nutrients move into the blood
stream to be delivered to all cells of your body.
Peristalsis continues to force the remaining
undigested and unabsorbed materials into the
next stage…..
14. When food enters, it is still a watery mixture.
Water is absorbed here from the undigested
material. This helps to maintain homeostasis!!
Peristalsis is slowing down and the material
moves into…..
15. Muscles in the rectum and anus control the
release of waste from the body…….
