AMERICAN LANGUAGE HUB_Level2_Student'sBook_Answerkey.pdf
Immunity
1.
2. First-line defenses
◦ Work against harmful substances and all types of
pathogens
Second-line defenses
◦ Specific and work against specific pathogens
4. Perspiration and oil glands
contains substances that can slow the
growth of some pathogens
both are acidic which some pathogens cannot
grow in
5. Traps pathogens--
◦ cilia (hairlike structures)
◦ mucus (contains enzyme that weakens the cell
walls of some pathogens
◦ Sneezing and coughing
6. Saliva
◦ Substances that kill bacteria
Enzymes
◦ In stomach, pancreas, liver (destroy pathogens)
Hydrochloric acid solution
◦ In stomach
◦ Stops the activity of some viruses that enter your
body on the food you eat
Mucus
◦ Found on digestive track
◦ contains a chemical that coats bacteria and
prevents it from binding to organs
7. White blood cells
◦ Surround and digest foreign organisms and
chemicals
Inflammation
◦ Chemicals released expand capillary walls allowing
more blood flow to area
◦ Other chemicals released by damaged tissue attract
white blood cells that surround bacteria
8. Specific Immunity is used when pathogens get
past first-line defenses.
Battles complex molecules called antigens (found
on the surface of a pathogen)
When foreign molecules are recognized, killer T
cells respond releasing enzymes
Helper T cells turn on immune system to have B
cells make antibodies to destroy antigen
Memory B cells—remain in blood ready to defend
9. Antibodies help you build defenses in
two ways:
1. Active Immunity—your body makes its
own antibodies in response to antigen
2. Passive Immunity—antibodies have been
produced in another animal and introduced
to your body
10. 1st way to develop active immunity:
◦ Get sick! Your body immediately starts to make
antibodies to attack pathogen.
2nd way to develop active immunity:
◦ Receive a vaccine
◦ A vaccine is a form of the antigen that gives you
active immunity against a disease
◦ A vaccine prevents the disease…does not cure it.
11. As you grow, you will be exposed
to many types of pathogens….you
will build a separate immunity to
each one.
12. Does not last as long as active
immunity
You were born with all the antibodies
that your mom had in her blood. They
stay for only a few months.
That’s when babies start getting
vaccinated.
Why do you think babies are born with
the mom’s immunity?
13. The microscope was a key factor in the
discovering of disease causing organisms in
the 17th century
Bacteria, yeast, mold spores were first seen.
Connections weren’t made between
microorganisms and disease transmission
until late 1800s, early 1900s.
14. French chemist
Learned microorganisms cause diseases in
humans
Some people didn’t believe that tiny
organisms could harm humans……but
Pasteur discovered they could spoil wine and
milk….and mess with the human body.
Developed Pasteurization(process of heating
a liquid to a temp. that kills most bacteria)
15. Agents are groups of pathogens
◦ Bacteria
◦ Virus
◦ Protist
◦ Fungus
16. Temp. in your body, and nutrients in your
body help harmful bacteria grow and
multiply.
Slow down normal growth and metabolic
activities of body cells and tissues
Some bacteria produce toxins that kill cells
17. Infects and multiplies in host cells---host
cells die when virus breaks out
Interrupt body activities
Lead to destruction of tissues
19. Causes athlete’s foot
Non-healing wounds
Chronic lung disease
Inflammation of membranes in brain
20. Many diseases caused by pathogens can be
treated with medicines
Robert Koch developed method used to
identify organisms…we still use the method
today.
21. Caused by virus, bacteria, protist or fungus
Spread from an infected organism or
environment to another organism
Spread by direct contact through water and
air, on food, objects or biological vectors.
Biological vectors: rats, birds, cats, dogs,
mosquitoes, fleas
Human vectors: people
22. English surgeon
The first to wash with carbolic acid ---a
liquid that kills pathogens.
He realized that cleanliness is related to
infections.
Still used today in hospitals
23. Person to person contact
Caused by bacteria and viruses
Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Syphilis
◦ Caused by bacteria
◦ Antibiotics
◦ If untreated, organs damaged permanently
◦ Untreated syphilis infects cardiovascular and
nervous system---damage cannot be reversed.
24. Genital herpes (viral disease)
◦ Painful blisters on sex organs
◦ No cure
◦ No vaccine
◦ Antiviral medicines for symptoms
◦ Have it forever…
25. Exists in blood and body fluids
Can hide in body cells for years
Can be passed along by:
◦ Having sexual intercourse with infected person
◦ Reusing needles, sharing needles
◦ Blood transfusion
◦ Pregnant woman to child
Cannot multiply outside of body
Cannot be transmitted by normal touching,
handling objects, or toilet seat
26. Can lead to Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS)
Disease that attacks immune system
Different from other viruses
◦ It attacks Helper T cells
◦ Soon—so many T cells are destroyed—not enough B
cells are stimulated to produce anti bodies
◦ Immune system unable to fight
◦ No cure
28. Non-infectious
Diabetes
◦ Levels of insulin produced by pancreas
◦ Insulin is hormone that allows glucose to pass from
blood to cells
◦ 2 Types
Type 1
To little insulin
Type 2
Body cannot properly process insulin
Symptoms
Thirst, frequent urination, tingling hands and feet
29. Allergies
◦ Overly strong reaction of the immune system to a
foreign substance
◦ Allergens cause allergic reactions
Examples: dust, peanuts, pollen
◦ Come in contact with allergen, your body forms
antibodies and reacts by releasing chemicals called
histamines (promote red, swollen tissues)
◦ Antihistamines are medications used to treat
allergic reactions and asthma
30. Cancer
◦ Group of closely related diseases that result from
uncontrolled cell growth.
◦ Can occur anywhere in body
◦ Cells can leave a tumor, spread throughout the
body via blood and lymph vessels, and invade other
tissues
◦ Causes (not all are known, some identified)
Smoking, asbestos, heavy metals, X rays, nuclear
radiation, UV radiation
◦ Prevention
Know early warning signs, make healthy choices
