Nucleic Acids
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The document discusses the chemical composition and structure of nucleic acids. There are two main types of nucleic acids - DNA and RNA. Both are composed of nucleotides, which contain a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base. DNA forms a double helix structure in the nucleus and stores genetic information. RNA is single-stranded and found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, assisting with protein synthesis through messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA.
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Nucleic Acids
The document discusses the chemical composition and structure of nucleic acids. There are two main types of nucleic acids - DNA and RNA. Both are composed of nucleotides, which contain a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base. DNA forms a double helix structure in the nucleus and stores genetic information. RNA is single-stranded and found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, assisting with protein synthesis through messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA.
Proteins and nucleic acids notes
Proteins and nucleic acids are two important organic biomolecules. Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform functions like building body parts. Their building blocks are amino acids. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, store and pass on genetic information, and are composed of nucleotides consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. DNA specifically contains adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine and forms the classic double helix structure through base pairing between strands.
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Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides, which contain a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine), a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups. Friedrich Miescher first isolated nucleic acids in 1869. DNA exists as a double-stranded helical structure, with the bases on one strand bonding with complementary bases on the other strand. The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA contains alternating sugar and phosphate groups and runs in the same direction on both strands.
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This document provides information about nucleic acids. It discusses that nucleic acids function to store genetic information in the form of genes that provide the blueprint for building proteins and transmitting information between generations. It describes DNA and RNA as examples of nucleic acids, noting that DNA has a double helix structure while RNA has a single helix. It also details the basic components and bonding of nucleotides including the nitrogen bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups that make up DNA and RNA.
Lesson 12 Nucleic Acids
This document defines nucleic acids and their components. Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides, which contain a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and a phosphate group. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and is found in cells, while RNA contains ribose and helps synthesize proteins. DNA and RNA are made of strands with complementary nucleotide bases that allow them to pair up in structures like the DNA double helix. The "central dogma" of biology describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into proteins.
nucleic acid stucture and Dna
1) Nucleic acids are biopolymers made of nucleotides that contain three components - a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. 2) DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, while RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil instead of thymine. 3) Both DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides, and DNA typically takes the form of a double helix due to base pairing between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.
DNA
The document discusses DNA structure and replication. It describes nucleotides as the building blocks of DNA, composed of a nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and phosphate group. The 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA - adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine - pair up in specific ways. DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix, breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases, and using each original strand as a template to build a new complementary strand, resulting in two new DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand - known as semi-conservative replication.
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Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. There are two types: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the genetic information and directs protein synthesis. It exists as a double helix with nucleotides paired through hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A-T and G-C). RNA is single-stranded and also involved in protein synthesis.
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The document discusses the chemical composition and structure of nucleic acids. There are two main types of nucleic acids - DNA and RNA. Both are composed of nucleotides, which contain a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base. DNA forms a double helix structure in the nucleus and stores genetic information. RNA is single-stranded and found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, assisting with protein synthesis through messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA.
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Proteins and nucleic acids are two important organic biomolecules. Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform functions like building body parts. Their building blocks are amino acids. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, store and pass on genetic information, and are composed of nucleotides consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. DNA specifically contains adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine and forms the classic double helix structure through base pairing between strands.
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Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides, which contain a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine), a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups. Friedrich Miescher first isolated nucleic acids in 1869. DNA exists as a double-stranded helical structure, with the bases on one strand bonding with complementary bases on the other strand. The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA contains alternating sugar and phosphate groups and runs in the same direction on both strands.
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This document provides information about nucleic acids. It discusses that nucleic acids function to store genetic information in the form of genes that provide the blueprint for building proteins and transmitting information between generations. It describes DNA and RNA as examples of nucleic acids, noting that DNA has a double helix structure while RNA has a single helix. It also details the basic components and bonding of nucleotides including the nitrogen bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups that make up DNA and RNA.
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This document defines nucleic acids and their components. Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides, which contain a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and a phosphate group. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and is found in cells, while RNA contains ribose and helps synthesize proteins. DNA and RNA are made of strands with complementary nucleotide bases that allow them to pair up in structures like the DNA double helix. The "central dogma" of biology describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into proteins.
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1) Nucleic acids are biopolymers made of nucleotides that contain three components - a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. 2) DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, while RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil instead of thymine. 3) Both DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides, and DNA typically takes the form of a double helix due to base pairing between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.
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Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. There are two types: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the genetic information and directs protein synthesis. It exists as a double helix with nucleotides paired through hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A-T and G-C). RNA is single-stranded and also involved in protein synthesis.
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DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that carry genetic information. DNA stores and transmits information through generations, while RNA assists in protein synthesis. Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. The bases on DNA and RNA pair up through hydrogen bonding to form the double helix structure of DNA or single strands of RNA. Polymerase enzymes are necessary to copy DNA through replication and transcribe DNA into RNA through transcription.
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Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA. They consist of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. There are four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine or uracil. In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. In RNA, adenine pairs with uracil instead of thymine. The sequence of these nucleotide bases in nucleic acids determines an organism's traits and functions by encoding genetic information. Nucleotides come together to form the polymeric structures of DNA and RNA, which play essential roles in storing and transmitting genetic information.
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The document discusses proteins and nucleic acids. It defines that proteins are made up of amino acids connected by peptide bonds, and that nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds. The document outlines various functions of proteins including transport, enzymes, defense, gene expression, nutrients, and structural roles. It also discusses the structure of nucleotides including sugars, bases, and phosphate groups. Various nucleic acid functions are described such as storage and transfer of genetic information.
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Nucleotides are composed of nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups. They are the building blocks of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. Nucleotides act as precursors and regulators in many biochemical pathways. Derivatives of nucleotides like ATP are important energy carriers, while cAMP and cGMP act as intracellular messengers. Synthetic nucleotides have clinical applications as chemotherapy agents and treatments for diseases.
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Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid).
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Nucleic acids are long chain polymers made up of nucleotides. They contain nitrogenous bases, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and phosphate groups. The bases include purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine, cytosine, and uracil) which bond together via hydrogen bonds to form base pairs. Nucleotides combine via phosphodiester linkages to form nucleic acid polymers, with DNA containing a double helix structure and RNA involved in protein synthesis. Nucleic acids play an essential role in hereditary transmission and protein biosynthesis.
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Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are essential for information transfer in cells. DNA is replicated with high fidelity to pass genetic information to daughter cells. The sequence of bases in DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into a protein sequence using tRNA and ribosomes. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. The sequence of nucleotides determines the genetic code and proteins synthesized in cells.
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The document discusses nucleic acids, which are biomolecules that code for essential elements of life. Nucleic acids are polymers composed of nucleotides, each containing a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. The two main types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. DNA has a double helical structure formed by base pairing between complementary strands. The strands are antiparallel with the bases adenine and thymine pairing and guanine pairing with cytosine. RNA is single-stranded and differs from DNA by containing the sugar ribose and the base uracil instead of thymine.
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Protein synthesis involves transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus. The mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm for translation. Translation is the process by which the mRNA genetic code is used to produce a specific amino acid sequence or protein with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes. The central dogma of molecular biology states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
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The document discusses nucleic acids and their role in genetics. It begins by defining nucleic acids as important biopolymers that contain genetic information and facilitate its transfer between generations. It then describes the two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the full genetic code and resides in the nucleus, while RNA carries messages from DNA and has various functions. The document proceeds to discuss the composition, structure, and functions of nucleic acids in more detail.
NUCLEIC ACIDS biochemistry DR.MAGEJA.pdf
Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose in RNA), and one or more phosphate groups. They serve as monomers that make up nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. RNA exists as a single strand and can fold into various secondary and tertiary structures. It has diverse roles including acting as messenger RNA to carry genetic information for protein synthesis, and transfer RNA to transport amino acids during translation.
Structure and function of DNA.ppt
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA structure and function. It describes the central dogma of molecular biology whereby DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. It explains gene expression and the genetic code using codons. It discusses the structures of nucleic acids, nucleotides, and their polymerization to form DNA and RNA. It also summarizes DNA replication, the different forms of DNA/RNA, and their complementary base pairing.
Microsoft PowerPoint - Nucleic acids (3).pdf
Nucleotides are monomers that make up nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. They consist of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose), and phosphate groups. Nucleotides act as energy carriers in cells and are components of coenzymes. There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA contains the genetic blueprint and is located in the nucleus, while RNA assists in decoding this information and protein synthesis. Both nucleic acids have specific structures like the DNA double helix formed by base pairing between nucleotides on complementary strands.
genetic_material-unit111.ppt
DNA contains genetic instructions and is replicated before cell division. It is made of nucleotides containing nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G) that pair up in a double helix structure. DNA is transcribed into RNA which helps synthesize proteins using codons to translate genetic code into amino acids. Mutations can occur during DNA replication or transcription, sometimes altering protein sequences and causing genetic traits.
Presentation1.pptx
This document defines nucleic acids and their types. It discusses that nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases and sugars. The two main types are DNA and RNA. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine and is a double-stranded helix. RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine. The document also describes the three types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - and their functions in protein synthesis. It provides details on the structure and role of these biomolecules.
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UNIT IV Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information.pptx
UNIT IV Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information.pptx
Types of nucliec acids, biosynthesis and catabolism
Types of nucliec acids, biosynthesis and catabolism
Molecular basis of life: Structures and function of DNA and RNA
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Digestion!
The document outlines the key structures and functions of the human digestive system. It describes the organs involved in digestion, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, and large intestine. It also explains the roles of enzymes and chemicals in breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids during digestion.
Enzymes
The document summarizes key concepts in cell biology related to enzymes. It defines important terms like metabolism, enzyme, substrate, and coenzyme. It describes the roles of enzymes in biochemical reactions and factors that affect their activity, such as pH, temperature, substrate concentration, and inhibitors. Lastly, it discusses experimental design and the scientific method.
B11 Enzymes
This document summarizes key concepts about enzymes and cell biology:
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- Factors like pH, temperature, substrate/enzyme concentrations can affect the rate of enzymatic reactions by impacting enzyme structure and activity. Deviations from optimal conditions can cause enzymes to denature.
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B9-10 Cell Membranes
The document provides information about cell biology, specifically transport across the cell membrane. It discusses:
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2. Types of transport across the membrane, including passive transport processes like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport, as well as active transport processes.
3. Factors that affect the rate of diffusion and the effects of different external environments (hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic) on osmosis in cells.
Unit B9 10 Cell Membranes
The document provides information about cell biology, specifically transport across the cell membrane. It discusses:
1. The structure and functions of the cell membrane, including the phospholipid bilayer, proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol.
2. Types of transport across the membrane, including passive transport processes like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport, as well as active transport processes.
3. Factors that affect the rate of diffusion and the effects of different external environments (hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic) on osmosis in cells.
Unit B7 8 Protein Synthesis2
This document provides information about protein synthesis and the roles of DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes in the process. It describes:
- Transcription, which occurs in the nucleus and involves DNA being copied into mRNA.
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Protein Synthesis Practice
The document provides a series of questions about protein synthesis and the genetic code. It asks the learner to identify RNA triplet codes for isoleucine, potential DNA triplet codes for serine, and anti-codons for glutamine by working backwards. It also asks the learner to determine the amino acid and triplet code for a tRNA with the anticodon CGC, and to translate the DNA sequence CACGCGTACCATAAT into an amino acid sequence. The questions require the learner to apply their knowledge of the genetic code, transcription, translation, and the complementary nature of DNA, RNA and amino acids.
Unit B7 8 Protein Synthesis
The document provides information about protein synthesis, including:
1. Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA into mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA into proteins at ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
2. Key molecules involved include DNA, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, and amino acids. DNA contains the genetic code. mRNA carries the code to the ribosomes. tRNA brings amino acids and pairs with mRNA codons.
3. Transcription and translation involve initiation, elongation, and termination steps. During transcription, RNA polymerase copies DNA onto mRNA. During translation, ribosomes read mRNA and link amino acids using tRNA.
DNA replication
The document describes DNA replication and recombinant DNA. It discusses the three main steps of DNA replication: unzipping, complementary base pairing, and joining of adjacent nucleotides. Recombinant DNA is defined as DNA from two different organisms that is spliced together, and some of its main uses are listed, including producing hormones, proteins, vaccines, and developing pest/disease resistant crops. The document also provides an example of an anti-freeze gene being inserted into yeast to produce a protein added to ice cream to make it smoother.
Unit B5 6 Dna Replication
The document describes DNA replication and recombinant DNA. It discusses the three main steps of DNA replication: unzipping, complementary base pairing, and joining of adjacent nucleotides. Recombinant DNA is defined as DNA from two different organisms that is spliced together, and some of its main uses are listed, including producing hormones, proteins, vaccines, and developing pest/disease resistant crops. The document also provides an example of an anti-freeze gene being inserted into yeast to produce a protein added to ice cream to make it smoother.
Lipds
Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The three main classes of lipids are neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids. Neutral fats serve as long-term energy stores. Phospholipids are structural components of cell membranes and regulate materials passing in and out of cells. Steroids include hormones and cholesterol, which provide stability to cell membranes.
Govt Carb Polymers
This document lists and compares different carbohydrates including maltose, cellulose, starch, and glycogen, noting their chemical structures and bonding. Maltose is a disaccharide while cellulose contains beta-glycosidic bonds. Starch has few branches compared to glycogen, which has many branches.
Unit B4 Molecules Proteins
Proteins have many important functions in the body. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Proteins serve structural functions, act as enzymes to catalyze reactions, function as hormones to regulate metabolism, transport oxygen as hemoglobin, form cell membranes, provide strength as collagen, and facilitate movement as actin and myosin in muscles. Proteins have a primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure that allows them to carry out their diverse roles.
Unit B4 Molecules Carbs
1) The document discusses the structure and functions of biological molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
2) It explains that carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Glucose, a monosaccharide, has the empirical formula C6H12O6.
3) Carbohydrates function as energy sources, energy storage, and structural components of cells and molecules. Starch, glycogen and cellulose are important polysaccharide polymers formed through dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides.
B2 3
Water makes up a large percentage of living organisms and plays several important roles. It is a polar molecule that forms hydrogen bonds, giving it properties like being an excellent solvent, temperature regulator, and lubricant that are beneficial for life. Biological systems also rely on maintaining precise pH levels, which is influenced by acids, bases, and buffers. Buffers help stabilize pH by neutralizing excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions through various chemical reactions important for biological functions.
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The document summarizes cell structures and their functions, including organelles like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes. It describes how these structures work together through compartmentalization and transport of materials to carry out functions like respiration, photosynthesis, protein transport and modification, waste disposal, and more. Compartments like the ER, Golgi bodies and vesicles move proteins and other molecules through the cell and to their destinations, such as secretion from the cell.
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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Nucleic Acids
- 7. http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch09/dna_subunits_adv.html (Animation of N-bases & DNA)
- 13. *RNA structure: single-strand molecule Note: Backbone consists of alternating P-S-P-S-P- etc…
- 14. *RNA structure: single-strand molecule Note: Backbone consists of alternating P-S-P-S-P- etc…
- 19. Backbone of sugar-phosphate . http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/teachers/biology/activities.shtml (Link to DNA)
- 20. DNA Structure DNA has the same backbone as RNA, i.e. alternating P-S-P-S…
- 21. http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch09/dna_close-up.html (Animation of DNA structure)
- 23. Structural (and functional) Comparison of DNA & RNA Structural (and functional) Comparison of DNA & RNA A , U , G , C A , T , G , C N-bases Ribose Deoxyribose Sugar 1 2 # of strands Linear, single strand Double helix or α - helix Structure/shape RNA DNA
- 24. DNA RNA -Helps with protein synthesis by mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA). -Stores genetic information. -Maintains growth and repair. -Controls all cellular activities. -Contains protein codes. -Ensures each daughter cell & gamete receives exact genetic information. Functions/roles Cytoplasm, nucleus Nucleus & mitochondria Location in cell
- 28. You know the drill…name the parts…
- 35. Identify each of the following chemicals
- 36. And some more
- 37. And some more….
- 38. And finally!!! Yes!! Done!!!