The document discusses the molecules of life - DNA, RNA, and proteins. It describes the structures of nucleotides, DNA, and RNA, with DNA being double stranded and RNA single stranded. DNA contains the genetic blueprint in the form of base sequences and functions to store this information, while RNA transcribes the information from DNA and has three main types - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA, tRNA transports amino acids and binds to mRNA during protein synthesis, and rRNA associates with proteins to form ribosomes, which catalyze protein assembly from amino acids.

1. DNA, RNA & PROTEINS
The molecules of life

2. NUCLEOTIDES
• The building blocks
of any nucleic acid.
• A nucleotide is
composed of a
phosphate group
(with negative
charges), a sugar
portion and an N-
base.

3. DNA STRUCTURE
• The sugar in DNA is
deoxyribose while the sugar
in RNA is ribose
• DNA and RNA are
polynucleotides. N-bases
are either purines or
pyrimidines. Purine bases
are Adenine (A) and
Guanine (G). Pyrimidines
are Cytosine (C), Thymine (T,
in DNA only) and Uracil (U,
found only in RNA)

4. DNA is double
stranded while RNA is
single stranded with
Uracil instead of
Thymine.

5. Main Function
• DNA: repository of
genetic information;
sequence of bases
encodes the
blueprint for life
processes.

6. RNA
• RNA: information in the
form of base sequence is
transformed (transcribed)
into mRNA, tRNA and rRNA.
DNA is the template copied
into RNA by base pairing. G
with C; A with U.

7. PROTEIN
-functional products of genes;
executes cellular functions.
The four structural levels of proteins
are:
• 1. Primary- sequence of amino
acids in the polypeptide chain;
• 2. Secondary- when the
polypeptide chains form a helix or
a pleated sheet structure;
• 3. Tertiary- coiling of the
polypeptide, combining helices
and sheet forms;
• 4. Quaternary- the association of
two or more polypeptides in space

8. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries
the genetic information copied
from DNA in the form
of a series of three-base code
“words,” each of which specifies
a particular amino acid.

9. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the key to deciphering the
code words in mRNA. Each type of amino acid has
its own type of tRNA, which binds it and carries it to
the growing end of a polypeptide chain if the next
code word on mRNA calls for it. The correct tRNA
with its attached amino acid is selected at each step
because each specific tRNA molecule contains a
three-base sequence that can base-pair with
its complementary code word in the mRNA.

10. • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) associates with a set of
proteins to form ribosomes. These complex structures,
which physically move along an mRNA molecule,
catalyze the assembly of amino acids
into protein chains. They also bind tRNAs and various
accessory molecules necessary for protein synthesis.
Ribosomes are composed of a large and small subunit,
each of which contains its own rRNA molecule or
molecules.

11. •Translation is the whole process by which
the base sequence of an mRNA is used to order and
to join the amino acids in a protein. The three types
of RNA participate in this essential protein-
synthesizing pathway in all cells; in fact,
the development of the three distinct functions of
RNA was probably the molecular key to the origin of
life. How each RNA carries out its specific task is
discussed in this section, while the biochemical
events in protein synthesis and the required protein
factors are described in the final section of the
chapter.

12. DNA CODING