This document discusses proteins, which are complex biomolecules that perform a wide variety of essential functions in organisms. Proteins are made up of amino acid monomers that join together via peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. The sequence and interactions of amino acid side chains determine a protein's unique 3D structure at the primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary levels. This complex structure is essential for a protein's specific functions, such as catalyzing reactions as enzymes, transporting molecules, or providing structure. Environmental factors can cause proteins to denature by disrupting bonds and changing shape, destroying their normal functions.
6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
6.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes.
6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell.
6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another.
6.6 The cyto
6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
6.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes.
6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell.
6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another.
6.6 The cyto
KEY CONCEPTS
18.1 Bacteria often respond to environmental change by
regulating transcription
18.2 Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at many stages
18.3 Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene
expression
18.4 A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism
18.5 Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control
KEY CONCEPTS
18.1 Bacteria often respond to environmental change by
regulating transcription
18.2 Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at many stages
18.3 Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene
expression
18.4 A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism
18.5 Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control
Protein are essential nutrients for the human body They are one of the building blocks of body tissue and can also serve as a fuel source. As a fuel, proteins provide as much energy density as carbohydrates: 4 kcal (17 kJ) per gram; in contrast, lipids provide 9 kcal (37 kJ) per gram. The most important aspect and defining characteristic of proteins from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition.
For more information click on the link: http://fitness100.rf.gd/protein/
this ppt covers about amino acids, classification, protein ,classifications, structure, denaturation, structure & fnctional relationship with applied aspects.
Proteins are polypeptide structures made up of one or more extended chains of residues from the amino acid. They provide a wide range of organism tasks, including as DNA replication, molecule transport, metabolic process catalysis, and cell structural support.
The albumins seen in vast quantities in egg whites typically have a distinct 3D structure as a result of bonds that form between the protein’s various amino acids. These bonds are broken by heating, exposing the hydrophobic (water-hating) amino acids that are typically maintained on the inside of the protein 1, 1 comma, 2 end superscript, 2, start superscript. In an effort to escape the water that surrounds them in the egg white, the hydrophobic amino acids will bind to one another, creating a protein network that gives the egg white structure and makes it white and opaque. Ta-da! Protein denaturation, thank you for another wonderful breakfast
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
3. AP Biology
Proteins
Most structurally & functionally diverse group
Function: involved in almost everything
enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase)
structure (keratin, collagen)
carriers & transport (hemoglobin)
cell communication
signals (insulin & other hormones)
receptors
defense (antibodies)
movement (actin & myosin)
storage (bean seed proteins)
4. AP Biology
Proteins
Structure
monomer = amino acids
20 different amino acids
polymer = polypeptide
protein can be one or more polypeptide
chains folded & bonded together
large & complex molecules
complex 3-D shape
Rubisco
hemoglobin
growth
hormones
H2O
5. AP Biology
Amino acids
Structure
central carbon
amino group
carboxyl group (acid)
R group (side chain)
variable group
different for each amino acid
confers unique chemical
properties to each amino acid
like 20 different letters of an
alphabet
can make many words (proteins)
—N—
H
H
C—OH
||
O
R
|
—C—
|
H
Oh, I get it!
amino = NH2
acid = COOH
6. AP Biology
Effect of different R groups:
Nonpolar amino acids
Why are these nonpolar & hydrophobic?Why are these nonpolar & hydrophobic?
nonpolar & hydrophobic
7. AP Biology
Effect of different R groups:
Polar amino acids
polar or charged & hydrophilic
Why are these polar & hydrophillic?Why are these polar & hydrophillic?
10. AP Biology
Sulfur containing amino acids
Form disulfide bridges
covalent cross links betweens sulfhydryls
stabilizes 3-D structure
You wondered
why perms
smell like
rotten eggs?
H-S – S-HH-S – S-H
11. AP Biology
Building proteins
Peptide bonds
covalent bond between NH2 (amine) of
one amino acid & COOH (carboxyl) of
another
C–N bond
peptide
bond
dehydration synthesis
H2O
12. AP Biology
Building proteins
Polypeptide chains have direction
N-terminus = NH2 end
C-terminus = COOH end
repeated sequence (N-C-C) is the
polypeptide backbone
can only grow in one direction
13. AP Biology
Protein structure & function
hemoglobin
Function depends on structure
3-D structure
twisted, folded, coiled into unique shape
collagen
pepsin
14. AP Biology
Primary (1°) structure
Order of amino acids in chain
amino acid sequence
determined by gene (DNA)
slight change in amino acid
sequence can affect protein’s
structure & its function
even just one amino acid change
can make all the difference!
lysozyme: enzyme in
tears & mucus that
kills bacteria
15. AP Biology
Sickle cell anemia
I’m
hydrophilic!
But I’m
hydrophobic!
Just 1
out of 146
amino acids!
16. AP Biology
Secondary (2°) structure
“Local folding”
folding along short sections of polypeptide
interactions between
adjacent amino acids
H bonds
weak bonds
between R groups
forms sections of
3-D structure
α-helix
β-pleated sheet
18. AP Biology
Tertiary (3°) structure
“Whole molecule folding”
interactions between distant amino acids
hydrophobic interactions
cytoplasm is
water-based
nonpolar amino
acids cluster away
from water
H bonds & ionic bonds
disulfide bridges
covalent bonds between
sulfurs in sulfhydryls (S–H)
anchors 3-D shape
19. AP Biology
Quaternary (4°) structure
More than one polypeptide chain bonded
together
only then does polypeptide become
functional protein
hydrophobic interactions
collagen = skin & tendons hemoglobin
20. AP Biology
Protein structure (review)
amino acid
sequence
peptide bonds
1°
determined
by DNA R groups
H bonds
R groups
hydrophobic interactions
disulfide bridges
(H & ionic bonds)
3°
multiple
polypeptides
hydrophobic
interactions
4°
2°
21. AP Biology
Protein denaturation
Unfolding a protein
conditions that disrupt H bonds, ionic
bonds, disulfide bridges
temperature
pH
salinity
alter 2° & 3° structure
alter 3-D shape
destroys functionality
some proteins can return to their functional shape
after denaturation, many cannot
In Biology,
size doesn’t matter,
SHAPE matters!
clockwise:
Rubisco — most important protein on the planet?
Hemoglobin — a red blooded protein :-)
Collagen — strings you together
Growth Hormones — working hard in you right now!
Storage: beans (seed proteins)
Movement: muscle fibers
Cell surface proteins: labels that ID cell as self vs. foreign
Antibodies: recognize the labels
ENZYMES!!!!
free COOH group on one end is ready to form another peptide bond so they “grow” in one direction from N-terminal to C-terminal
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the protein that makes blood red. It is composed of four protein chains, two alpha chains and two beta chains, each with a ring-like heme group containing an iron atom. Oxygen binds reversibly to these iron atoms and is transported through blood.
Pepsin
Pepsin is the first in a series of enzymes in our digestive system that digest proteins. In the stomach, protein chains bind in the deep active site groove of pepsin, seen in the upper illustration (from PDB entry 5pep), and are broken into smaller pieces. Then, a variety of proteases and peptidases in the intestine finish the job. The small fragments--amino acids and dipeptides--are then absorbed by cells for use as metabolic fuel or construction of new proteins.
Collagen– Your Most Plentiful Protein
About one quarter of all of the protein in your body is collagen. Collagen is a major structural protein, forming molecular cables that strengthen the tendons and vast, resilient sheets that support the skin and internal organs. Bones and teeth are made by adding mineral crystals to collagen. Collagen provides structure to our bodies, protecting and supporting the softer tissues and connecting them with the skeleton. But, in spite of its critical function in the body, collagen is a relatively simple protein.
Sickle cell anemia: 1 DNA letter changes 1 amino acid = serious disease
Hemoglobin mutation: bends red blood cells out of shape & they clog your veins.
glutamic acid is acidic & polar
valine is non-polar = tries to “hide” from water of cell by sticking to another hemoglobin molecules.
It’s a helix or B sheet within a single region. Can have both in one protein but a specific region is one or another
How the whole thing holds together
Structure equals function wonderfully illustrated by proteins
Collagen is just like rope -- enables your skin to be strong and flexible.
sequence determines structure and…
structure determines function.
Change the sequence & that changes the structure which changes the function.
