Introduction Nosocomial infection comes from Greek words “nosus” meaning disease and “komeion” meaning to take care of. Also called as HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION Infections are considered nosocomial if they first appear 48hrs or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge. RISE IN NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION AS A RESULT OF FOUR FACTOR 1. Crowded hospital conditions. 2. New microorganisms. 3. Increasing in number of people with compromised immune system. 4. Increasing in bacterial resistance. EPIDEMIOLOGY Nosocomial infection can be exogenous ( external organism) and endogenous(opportunist normal flora) Host susceptibility is an important factor in the development of nosocomial infection. MODES OF TRANSMISSION There are five main modes of transmission Contact Vector borne Air borne Droplet Common vehicle DROPLET TRANSMISSION droplet generated by sneezing , coughing or respiratory tract procedures like bronchoscopy or suction VECTOR Transmission Transmitted through insects and other invertebrate animals such as mosquitoes and fleas. AIR BORNE TRANSMISSION Tiny droplet nuclei that remain more than 5 suspended in air. COMMON VEHICLE TRANSMISSION transmitted indirectly by materials contaminated with the infection. CONTACT TRAMISSION Most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infection, is divided into 2 subgroups: i) Directed contact transmission ii) Indirect contact transmission i) Direct contact transmission Involves a direct body surface to body surface contact and physical transfer of microorganism between a susceptible host and infected or colonized person , such as occurs when a person turns a patient ,gives a patient a bath. ii) Indirect contact transmission- involves contact of a susceptible host with a contaminated intermediate object , usually inanimate,such as contaminated instruments needles, or dressings or contaminated gloves that are not changed between patients. COMMON INFECTIONS followings are the most common nosocomial infections: Urinary tract infections Catheter associated infection Pneumonia Blood stream infections. PROBLEMS OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS nosocomial infections will become more important as public health problems as it causes , Nosocomial suffering Prolonged hospital stay Increase the cost of care significantly. SURGICAL SIDE INFECTION they are also frequent The definition is mainly clinical (purulent discharge around wounds or the insertion side of drain, or from wounds) The infections can be exogenously or endogenously. NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA the most important are patients on ventilators in ICU. Recent and progressive radiological opacities of the pulmonary parenchyma , purulent sputum and recent onsite fever. Most commonly caused by antibacterial. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS • Most common cause of nosocomial infections. • 80 % of infections are associated with indwelling catheters.

1. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

2. INTRODUCTION
Nosocomial infection comes from
Greek words “nosus” meaning
disease and “komeion” meaning to
take care of.
Also called as HOSPITAL ACQUIRED
INFECTION.
Infections are considered nosocomial
if they first appear 48hrs or more
after hospital admission or within 30
days after discharge.

3. Rise in nosocomial
infection as a result
of four factor
Crowded hospital conditions.
New microorganism.
Increasing number of people with
compromised immune system.
Increasing bacterial resistance.

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Nosocomial infections can be
exogenous (external organisms)
and endogenous (opportunistic
normal flora).
Host susceptibility is an
important factor in the
development of nosocomial
infection.
Medical equipments and
procedures (surgery) are
common routes of transmission
for nosocomial infections.

5. MODES OF TRANSMISSION
• There are five main modes of
transmission
• Droplet
• Vector borne
• Air borne
• Contact
• Common vehicle

6. • DROPLET TRANSMISSION
• Droplet generated by sneezing,
coughing or respiratory tract
procedures like Bronchoscopy
or Suction.
• VECTOR TRANSMISSION
• Transmitted through insects
and other invertebrates
animals such as mosquitoes
and fleas.

7. • AIR BORNE TRANSMISSION
• Tiny droplet nuclei that remain
(<5) suspended in air.
• COMMON VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
• Transmitted indirectly by
materials contaminated with the
infections.

8. • CONTACT TRANSMISSION
• Most important and frequent
mode of transmission of
nosocomial infections, is
divided into two subgroups:
• Direct-contact transmission
• Indirect-contact
transmission

9. Direct- contact transmission
• Involves a direct body surface-to-
body surface contact and
physical transfer of
microorganisms between a
susceptible host and an infected
or colonized person, such as
occurs when a person turns a
patient, gives a patient a bath.

10. • Indirect-contact transmission
• Involves contact of susceptible
host with a contaminated
intermediate object, usually
inanimate, such as
contaminated instruments,
needles or dressings, or
contaminated gloves that are
not changed between patients.

11. AGENTS OF
NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTIONS Virus
Bacteria
Fungi

12. COMMON SITES
OF INFECTION
Urinary tract Surgical
wounds
Respiratory
tract
Skin Bacteremia Other

13. COMMON INFECTIONS
• Following are the most common
nosocomial infections:
• Urinary tract infection
• Catheter associated infection
• Pneumonia
• Blood stream infections

14. PROBLEMS OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
• Nosocomial infections will
become more important as
public health problems as it
causes:
• Nosocomial suffering
• Prolonged hospital stay
• Increase the cost of care
significantly.

15. SURGICAL
SITES
INFECTIONS
They are also frequent.
The definition is mainly clinical
(purulent discharge around wounds
or the insertion site of drain, or
spreading cellulites from wounds).
The infections can be
exogenously or endogenously.

16. NOSOCOMIAL
PNEUMONIA
The most important are
patients on ventilator in ICU
Recent and progressive
radiological opacities of the
pulmonary parenchyma,
purulent sputum and recent
onsite fever.
Most commonly caused by
acinatobacter.

17. NOSOCOMIAL
BACTERAEMI
A
The incidence is increasing
particularly for certain
organisms such as multi
resistance coagulase
negative staphylococcus
and candida.
Infections may occurs at
the skin entry site of the IV
device or in the
subcutaneous path of
catheters.

18. URINARY TRACT
INFECTIONS
It is the most important
cause of nosocomial
infections.
80% of the infections are
associated with indwelling
catheters.

19. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
• Prevention and control of nosocomial infections
can be done by the following ways :-
• ISOLATION
• Designed to prevent transmission of
microorganisms by common routes in
hospitals. Because agents and host factors
are more difficult to control, interruption to
transfer of microorganisms is directed
primarily at transmission.
• STERILIZATION
• Sterilization of al reusable equipments such
as ventilator, humidifier and any devices that
comes in contact with the respiratory tract.

20. CONCLUSION
There is no official national
approach and no real
managerial support from
authorities for nosocomial
infection.
Only thing is proper
asepsis, proper hand
washing and
sterilization.