Fluid Dr 6th Sem
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The document discusses the analysis of different body fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and synovial fluid. It describes how each fluid is produced, what it tests for, how it is collected through procedures like lumbar puncture, thoracentesis, and arthrocentesis, and how a fluid analysis examines physical appearance, specific gravity, protein, glucose, and cell counts.
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Eefje Vandamme - iBoot entrepreneurial training & coaching program
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I Minds2009 Bruno Lanvin Closing The Innovation Gap In Europe
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Cerebrospinal fluid sample collection
CSF is a clear fluid found in the brain and spinal cord that serves several functions, including protection, nutrition, and waste removal. It is produced by the choroid plexus at a rate of 20 mL/hour in adults. Normal CSF is clear and colorless with a protein level of 15-45 mg/dL and glucose level of 50-80 mg/dL. Examination of CSF includes analysis of appearance, cell count, chemistry, and cytology to diagnose conditions like meningitis or hemorrhage. Increased cells typically indicate infection or inflammation while decreased glucose suggests bacterial or fungal meningitis.
Cerebrospinal fluid and intracranial pressure
The cerebrospinal fluid is formed in the ventricles and circulates through the brain and spinal cord, acting as a cushion and regulating intracranial pressure. An increase in CSF volume or obstruction of flow can lead to hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure. The Monro-Kellie hypothesis states that the skull has a fixed volume, so an increase in one component like CSF must be offset by a decrease in blood or brain volume to avoid a rise in pressure. Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure include headache, nausea, blurred vision, and altered mental status.
Fluid & Electrolytes Balance
The document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It covers key topics like the components of body fluids, fluid compartments, electrolytes, fluid movement through diffusion, osmosis and active transport, causes of fluid shifts, effects of fluid imbalances, edema, and fluid resuscitation approaches.
Body fluids and electrolytes+Edema.pdf
The document provides an overview of body fluids and electrolytes. It discusses the different fluid compartments, including intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluids. It describes the composition of each fluid compartment and the factors that influence fluid balance, such as age, sex, dehydration, and fluid infusion. The document also covers fluid exchange across capillary walls, the development of edema, and the mechanisms involved in maintaining water homeostasis and normal fluid balance.
Fluidelectrobalance 100225143758-phpapp01
Fluids and electrolytes are essential for normal body function. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate help regulate fluid balance and pH. There are three main fluid compartments - intracellular, interstitial, and intravascular. Fluids can shift between compartments through processes like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Imbalances can cause edema. Monitoring for edema, vital signs, and lab values is important to assess fluid status and guide treatment like fluid resuscitation.
Zeeshan Chemical Pathology.potx.pptx
Analysis of Different Fluid Inside our body Their Chemical, Macroscopic and Microscopic Examimation
Exudative and Transudative Pleural Fluid Pathophysiology
Hema I Chapter 14_CSF.ppt
This chapter discusses cell counts on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other body fluids. It defines CSF as the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, and outlines its role in protecting and nourishing the central nervous system. The chapter describes how to perform total and differential white blood cell counts on CSF and other fluids like pleural fluid. It provides normal ranges for cell counts in CSF and explains how elevated counts may indicate conditions like meningitis or hemorrhage. The chapter also discusses potential sources of error and quality control measures for accurate body fluid analysis.
White blood cells
White blood cells (WBCs), also known as leukocytes, are cells of the immune system that defend the body against infection and foreign substances. WBCs are produced in the bone marrow and found throughout the body, including in blood and lymph nodes. They have various roles like producing antibodies, surrounding and destroying bacteria, and have short lifecycles of a few days to weeks. A WBC count is used to measure the number of WBCs in the blood and can indicate conditions like infection, leukemia, or pregnancy.
cytology of body fluid
1. Cytology of body fluids involves examining fluids from various body cavities including cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, and synovial fluid. Specimen collection and laboratory analysis includes gross examination, cell counts, biochemical analysis, and microscopic examination.
2. Transudates and exudates are distinguished based on characteristics like protein content and cell differentials. Infection, inflammation, and malignancy can be identified by analyzing changes in fluid characteristics.
3. Cytology of body fluids provides diagnostic information for conditions affecting various organ systems. Proper collection and analysis of physical and chemical properties aids in differential diagnosis.
9637a2ed-9b43-4645-aba0-950b8bc23296.pdf
This document discusses several diagnostic challenges in body fluid analysis. It outlines pre-analytic challenges including differences in acceptance criteria across labs and lack of knowledge among clinicians about proper collection procedures. Analytic challenges include lack of trained staff and deviations between manual and automated methods. Post-analytic challenges involve correcting cell counts and protein levels in traumatic taps and distinguishing traumatic taps from CNS hemorrhage based on blood distribution in collection tubes. Proper collection and handling of CSF is also reviewed, highlighting the importance of centrifugation, culture techniques, and microscopic examination of cells and differentials.
Phlebotomy and Lipid Profile .pptx
This document provides information about lipid profile tests. It discusses that a lipid profile measures total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, and VLDL to assess heart disease risk. The process involves phlebotomy to draw blood, which is then analyzed using a biochemistry analyzer. Normal and abnormal ranges are provided for each lipid value. The conclusion notes that in India, heart attack deaths in the 30-60 age group increased over 6% from 2020 to 2021, totaling 19,744 people.
body fluids-converted (1)-1.pdf
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis involves laboratory tests performed on a CSF sample to examine conditions affecting the brain and spine. The analysis includes measuring pressure, proteins, glucose, cells, chemicals, and testing for bacteria, viruses, and other substances. It provides information on CSF composition and any infectious organisms or foreign materials present.
Tlc dlc
This document discusses total leukocyte count and differential counting. It describes the types of white blood cells including granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). The procedure for a total leukocyte count involves diluting a blood sample and counting cells under a microscope. A differential count identifies percentages of each type of white blood cell by examining stained blood smears under oil immersion lens. Normal ranges and abnormal findings are also outlined.
Peripheral blood smear [autosaved]
This document provides an overview of peripheral blood smear examination. Key points include:
- A peripheral smear can provide information about red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to help diagnose anemias and other hematological disorders.
- Proper collection, staining, and microscopic evaluation are important for accurate results. Common stains include Leishman's, Giemsa, and Wright stains.
- Features of red blood cells like size, shape, color, and inclusions provide clues to different anemias. White blood cell differentials help identify infections and disorders.
- Artifacts can occur but proper technique and examination of multiple fields helps distinguish real from artifactual findings.
Pleural effusion & nursing care
Pleural effusion is an excess collection of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can be caused by conditions like heart failure, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and cancer. Fluid buildup is due to increased production or decreased drainage and can be classified as a transudate or exudate based on its composition. Symptoms include chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, CT scans, and thoracentesis to analyze pleural fluid. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause as well as draining fluid and using chemicals or surgery to prevent reaccumulation.
Peripheral blood Smear Preparation
This document provides information about preparing and examining peripheral blood smears. It discusses how to make a good blood smear by ensuring the smear is evenly spread and covers most of the slide. The document also describes staining blood smears using the Leishman's stain method and examining smears under a microscope. Key things to observe during examination include the different types of white blood cells, red blood cell morphology, and any abnormal findings. Performing a manual differential count involves identifying 100 white blood cells and categorizing them by type.
Csf analysis presentation
Ceribrospinal Fluid Analysis is a very important investigations in all laboratories. You can asses this ppt for your routine laboratory work.
fluids.ppt
This document discusses fluids and electrolytes. It covers total body fluid compartments, including intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, intravascular fluid, and interstitial fluid. It describes fluid requirements and regulation, causes of hypovolemia, signs and symptoms, treatment with crystalloids and colloids. It also addresses osmolarity, factors that affect fluid distribution between compartments, and third-spacing of fluids.
Fluids and Electrolytes
This document discusses fluids and electrolytes, covering several key points in 3 sentences or less:
Fluids and electrolytes are essential for maintaining homeostasis, as water makes up 50-60% of the human body and is needed for transport of nutrients, wastes, and substances. Fluids enter and leave the body through various avenues like the intestines, kidneys, and skin and are regulated by mechanisms such as ADH and aldosterone to control water resorption and excretion. Imbalances in fluids can cause deficits or excesses that disrupt homeostasis and must be managed through monitoring intake and output, administering IV fluids, and addressing the underlying causes.
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by the choroid plexuses in the ventricles of the brain and circulates around the brain and spinal cord. It serves several important functions, including cushioning the central nervous system, transporting nutrients and waste, and maintaining homeostasis. CSF is analyzed through lumbar puncture to detect conditions like meningitis or tumors. Abnormalities in CSF properties like increased or decreased pressure, blood, protein or glucose levels can indicate underlying pathologies.
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More from Zahoor Ahmed
Presentation Shahbaz
Sysmex was the first company to use fluorescent flow cytometry for cell counting and detection of abnormal samples. The Sysmex XT-2000i is an automated hematology analyzer that uses fluorescent flow cytometry and other methods to analyze 24 parameters from a blood sample. It can process 80 samples per hour and store over 10,000 samples worth of data. The fluorescent flow cytometry provides accurate white blood cell, red blood cell, and platelet counts, which are essential for clinical decisions.
Platelet Transfusion Afshan
Platelets are blood cells that help control bleeding by collecting at sites of damaged blood vessels and initiating the clotting process. Platelet transfusions can be used prophylactically to prevent bleeding in thrombocytopenic patients with platelet counts below 5x109/L or therapeutically to treat active bleeding. One unit of platelets increases the platelet count by approximately 5x109/L but efficacy can be reduced by non-immune or immune causes. Potential risks of platelet transfusions include allergic reactions, febrile reactions, and transfusion-related acute lung injury.
Rflp
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique used to detect differences in DNA sequences among individuals. It involves cutting DNA with restriction enzymes, separating the fragments by size through gel electrophoresis, and comparing fragment lengths between individuals or populations. RFLP analysis was an early DNA profiling method and is still used for genome mapping, disease risk assessment, and paternity testing by detecting differences in restriction fragment sizes.
Presenatation On Restriction Enzyme
Restriction enzymes are proteins that cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. There are three main types of restriction enzymes. Type I enzymes require cofactors and have three subunits. Type II enzymes recognize palindromic sequences and are the most commonly used. They cut DNA into blunt or sticky ends. Type III enzymes recognize two separate sequences and cut further from the recognition site. Restriction enzymes are important tools in biotechnology and DNA manipulation.
Ppt
The document provides information about maintaining the Sysmex CA-1500 blood coagulation analyzer. It discusses the daily, weekly, and as-needed maintenance tasks required to keep the instrument in optimal operating condition. Daily maintenance includes cleaning probes, discarding used reaction tubes and waste, and running controls. Weekly maintenance consists of priming the hydraulic line and cleaning the instrument. Pressure adjustments are an example of as-needed maintenance. Proper maintenance is necessary to ensure the analyzer operates accurately and reliably.
Ttd
There are many transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases that can be spread through blood transfusions, including viruses, parasites, prions, and bacteria. Some of the most common include HIV, hepatitis B and C, West Nile virus, cytomegalovirus, human T-lymphotropic viruses, malaria, Chagas disease, babesiosis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and syphilis. These pathogens are screened for through various tests to help reduce the risk of transmission through blood transfusions, though some remain difficult to detect in donated blood.
Nosocomial Infection
Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections, can develop 48 hours or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge. They are caused by four main factors - crowded hospital conditions, new microorganisms, increasing number of immune-compromised patients, and increasing bacterial resistance. The most common modes of transmission are contact, droplet, vector-borne, airborne, and common vehicle. Common sites of infection include the urinary tract, lungs, bloodstream, and surgical sites. Prevention methods focus on isolation, sterilization, proper hand hygiene, and use of protective equipment like gloves and aprons.
Transcrption
Transcription is the process of copying DNA nucleotide sequences into RNA sequences. It involves RNA polymerase binding to a promoter sequence on DNA and synthesizing RNA using one DNA strand as a template. There are three main types of RNA produced - ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, and messenger RNA - which all play important roles in protein synthesis.
Technical Advances
Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) uses chromogen-labeled DNA probes to visualize gene copies in tissue sections. It allows quantification of gene copies and demonstrates gene status in tumors. CISH can be performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues and smears and shows high concordance with immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. HER2 CISH kits contain components for detecting HER2 gene amplification through specimen preparation, hybridization, detection, and analysis steps.
Shahbaz Str
This document discusses short tandem repeats (STRs) which are repeating sequences of 1-10 DNA bases that can be used as genetic markers. STRs are efficiently amplified by PCR and analyzed using fluorescent detection systems or silver-stained gels to identify alleles based on the number of repeats. STR testing results in peak patterns that are converted to genotypes for comparison between laboratories. STRs provide marker loci that can be used for linkage analysis to map genes, determine ancestry from Y-chromosome or surname tests, and for quality assurance such as confirming tissue samples.
Microbiology
CAP, or community-acquired pneumonia, is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that causes symptoms of acute infection. It is common worldwide and can affect people of all ages, though the elderly and those with underlying illnesses are at higher risk. The main symptoms include breathing problems, cough with sputum, fever, chest pain, and rapid breathing. The condition is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi being inhaled into the lungs. Treatment depends on factors like age, severity of illness, and underlying health conditions. Antibiotics are prescribed based on likely causative agents. Prevention involves treating underlying illnesses, vaccination, and not smoking.
Mpict New
The document summarizes the malarial parasite immunochromatography technique (MPICT). MPICT is a rapid diagnostic test that detects plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) in blood samples to diagnose malaria. It uses monoclonal antibodies that are specific for either P. falciparum or detect all four plasmodium species. The test procedure involves adding blood and buffer to wells, interpreting results based on appearance of bands within 20 minutes. MPICT provides a fast, easy and relatively inexpensive method for malaria diagnosis.
Rh Blood Group System
The document discusses the Rhesus blood group system, which was discovered in 1940 after testing human blood with rabbit antiserum against rhesus monkey red blood cells. It is one of the most polymorphic blood group systems, with over 45 antigens. The Rh system involves two closely linked genes, RHD and RHCE, which determine the presence of various antigens like D, C, c, E, and e. An Rh incompatibility during pregnancy can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn if a mother is Rh negative and carries an Rh positive baby.
Malaria Parasite
Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. There are four Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. The parasite's life cycle involves the mosquito as a vector and human host. Laboratory diagnosis of malaria is usually done by microscopic examination of blood smears to identify the parasite stages in red blood cells.
Massons Trichrome Stain
Masson's trichrome stain is a three-color staining protocol used to distinguish collagen from smooth muscle in histological samples. It works by using acid and dye solutions to differentially stain collagen fibers green and smooth muscle/cytoplasm red. The stain is commonly used to identify increased collagen deposition, such as in conditions like collagenous colitis that involve thickening of the subepithelial collagen layer in the intestine. When applied to samples, nuclei appear black/blue, muscle and cytoplasm appear red, and collagen appears green under microscopy.
Correlation Of Alpha Fetoprotein & Lf Ts In Liver
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and liver function tests (LFTs) are correlated in several liver diseases. Elevated AFP and LFT levels are seen in liver cancer, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. AFP is a tumor marker that is also elevated in liver diseases, while LFTs measure liver enzymes and bilirubin to detect liver injury or obstruction. When AFP and LFTs are both elevated, it often indicates a liver disorder such as cancer, hepatitis, or cirrhosis.
Presentation1
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix and using DNA polymerases to synthesize new strands that are complementary to the original strands. This results in two identical DNA molecules, each with one original strand and one new strand. The key stages are initiation of replication at the origin of replication, unwinding of the DNA strands by helicase, synthesis of new strands in the 5' to 3' direction by DNA polymerases, and ligation to finish the replication. DNA replication is semiconservative, meaning each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand.
A S S I N G M E N T
This document discusses B cell immunodeficiencies, which are antibody deficiency disorders caused by impaired B lymphocyte development or failure of B cells to respond to T cell signals. It describes several specific types of B cell immunodeficiencies, including X-linked agammaglobulinemia, Hyper-IgM syndrome, IgA deficiency, and Common variable immunodeficiency. These deficiencies are characterized by reduced levels of certain antibodies and increased susceptibility to recurrent bacterial infections.
Dna Mutations
DNA mutations can be classified into different types. Point mutations involve a change in a single nucleotide and can be further classified as missense, nonsense, or silent mutations depending on if they cause an amino acid change or premature protein termination. Frameshift mutations such as insertions, deletions, or inversions involve adding or removing nucleotides and cause the reading frame of the DNA to shift, resulting in a nonfunctional protein.
Culture Medias
Culture media can be classified based on consistency, nutrients, and function. Consistency includes solid, semi-solid, and liquid media. Nutritionally, media can be simple, complex, or synthetic. Functionally, media include basic, enriched, selective, indicator, transport, and identification types. Basic media contain only basic nutrients while enriched media add extra nutrients. Selective media inhibit some organisms' growth while allowing others. Transport media maintain viability during specimen storage.
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Fluid Dr 6th Sem
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- 14. PARACENTESIS
- 18. ARTHOCENTESIS
- 27. DILUTION FOR RBC FORMULA = no. of counted RBCs x multiplying factor 400 0.05 FLUID + 1.95 FORMAL CITRATE 1:40 200 0.05 FLUID + 0.95 FORMAL CITRATE 1:20 100 0.1 FLUID + 0.9 FORMAL CITRATE 1:10 20 0.1 FLUID + 0.1 FORMAL CITRATE 1:2 M.FACTOR QUANTITY OF REAGENTS RATIO
- 28. DILUTION FOR WBCs FORMULA = no. of counted WBCs ( L1 + L2 + L3 + L4) x multiplying factor 100 0.1 FLUID + 3.9 TURK’S SOLUTION 1:40 50 0.01 FLUID + 1.9 TURK’S SOLUTION 1:20 25 0.1 FLUID + 0.9 TURK’S SOLUTION 1:10 05 0.1 FLUID + 0.1 TURK’S SOLUTION 1:2 M.FACTOR QUANTITY OF REAGENTS RATIO