The document discusses bio-medical waste, its types and sources, health impacts, and management. It defines bio-medical waste as waste generated during diagnosis, treatment or testing of humans or animals. The major types are infectious, pathological, sharps, chemical, pharmaceutical, genotoxic, and radioactive waste. Hospitals and clinics are the main sources. Improper disposal can spread infections and contaminate water/air. Proper management includes segregation, collection, storage, transportation, and treatment usually by incineration, autoclaving or chemical treatment. Lack of awareness, training, funds and safety practices can lead to management failures.
India is likely to generate about 775.5 tons of medical wast per day by 2020, from the current level of 550.9 tons per day growing at CAGR about 7%.
Safe and effective management of waste is not only a legal necessity but also a social responsibility.
The nursing technique by which a patient with an infectious disease is prevented from infecting other people is called barrier nursing.Hand hygiene is the simplest, most effective measure for infection control.Contact Precautions
Airborne Precautions
Droplet Precautions
Three more elements have been added to standard precautions. They are:
4.1 Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
4.2 Safe injection practices
4.3Use of masks for insertion of catheters or injection into spinal or epidural areas
Hospital acquired infections: The different common sources of infection, their routes of spread and the growing antimicrobial resistance. Also includes a discussion on hospital Infection prevention and control guidelines and the universal and standard precautions.
The Ebola epidemic which has no existing cure warrants a unique approach from medicine; barrier nursing which emphasises control and prevention of further infection. For now, this method should be considered to gain control over the outbreak.
India is likely to generate about 775.5 tons of medical wast per day by 2020, from the current level of 550.9 tons per day growing at CAGR about 7%.
Safe and effective management of waste is not only a legal necessity but also a social responsibility.
The nursing technique by which a patient with an infectious disease is prevented from infecting other people is called barrier nursing.Hand hygiene is the simplest, most effective measure for infection control.Contact Precautions
Airborne Precautions
Droplet Precautions
Three more elements have been added to standard precautions. They are:
4.1 Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
4.2 Safe injection practices
4.3Use of masks for insertion of catheters or injection into spinal or epidural areas
Hospital acquired infections: The different common sources of infection, their routes of spread and the growing antimicrobial resistance. Also includes a discussion on hospital Infection prevention and control guidelines and the universal and standard precautions.
The Ebola epidemic which has no existing cure warrants a unique approach from medicine; barrier nursing which emphasises control and prevention of further infection. For now, this method should be considered to gain control over the outbreak.
The health of patients is important to hospitals making it imperative to properly dispose of biomedical waste. Having the proper biomedical waste containers is part of keeping patients safe from illnesses they could contract while in the hospital.
Impact of Biomedical Waste on City Environment :Case Study of Pune India.IOSR Journals
Indian cities are facing problem of Biomedical waste management in the wake of urban development. The number of healthcare facilities is increasing day by day resulting in large-scale generation of bio medical waste. It has been observed that inadequate disposal of biomedical waste is creating highly unhygienic environment and posing serious heath threat for inhabitants. Present paper discusses the issue of biomedical waste management from a wider perspective with special emphasis on chemical waste which is one of the most hazardous wastes in present context. Various types of biomedical waste with reference to generation, handling and disposal practices are presented. It includes study and analysis of the parameters which affect the quality of environment to explore their impact on city environments. The current practices of handling such waste is presented based on a study conducted in city of Pune, which is the second largest city in the state of Maharashtra, India. It is aimed to put forth the importance of adequate handling and treatment of biomedical waste with reference to healthy and hygienic living environment for inhabitants to live in.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO, 1947).
The mission of Good Pharmacy Practice is to provide Medication and Health care products & services to people and society to achieve good outcome from treatment.
FSSAI
Challenges and Shortcomings
and Definitions.
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has been set up under Food Safety Act, 2006 which solidifies different Acts and Orders that have until now taken care of food-related issues in different Ministries and Departments. FSSAI has been made for setting down science-based benchmarks for articles of food and to manage their production, deal, and import to guarantee accessibility of protected and healthy food for human utilization.
FSSAI-Food Safety and Standards Authority of India – is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. FSSAI was set up in 2006 under Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA).
A sales promotion is a marketing strategy in which a business uses a temporary campaign or offer to increase interest or demand in its product or service.
Sales promotion helps make personal selling and advertising more effective.
Typhoid Fever is an acute bacterial infection characterized by high fever caused by ingesting the food or water contaminated with faeces from an infected person.
FIRST AID
First aid is the provision of immediate care to a victim with an injury or illness, usually effected by a lay person, and performed within a limited skill range.
•First aid is normally performed until the injury or illness is satisfactorily dealt with (such as in the case of small cuts, minor bruises, and blisters) or until the next level of care, such as a paramedic or doctor, arrives.
•First aid is an emergency aid or treatment given to someone injured, suddenly ill, etc., before regular medical services arrive or can be reached.
Food can be defined as anything edible that can be solid, semisolid or liquid which when swallowed, digested and assimilated in the body, proves useful to it. These substances not only keep the person alive, but also provide energy used for growth and development, regulate the body processes and protect the body from diseases.
CONCEPT OF PREVENTION OF DISEASE
Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, traditionally called primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention”
CONCEPT OF PREVENTION OF DISEASE
Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, traditionally called primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention”
Prohibited Advertisements under the Drug & Magic remedies Act 1954:-
Prohibition of Advertisement of Certain Drugs for Treatment of Certain Diseases and Disorders:-
The procurement of miscarriage in women or prevention of conception in women; or
The maintenance or improvement of the capacity of human beings for sexual pleasure;
The correction of menstrual disorder in women; or
The diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of any disease, disorder or condition specified in the Schedule, or any other disease, disorder or condition which may be specified in the rules made under this Act (Sch. J).
State pharmacy council and joint state pharmacy council:
Under the Pharmacy Act each Sate Govt. is required to constitute a state pharmacy council for the maintenance of register of Pharmacists of the State and to monitor their professional activities.
Two or more states can also enter into an agreement to form a Joint State Pharmacy Council.
Removal of name of pharmacist from register:
The name of Pharmacist may be removed from register:
If his name has been entered into the register by error. OR
If he has been convicted of any offence in any professional respect which renders him unfit to be kept in the register. OR
At a person employed by him to work under him, in connection with any business of pharmacy has been convicted of an offence or held guilty of any such infamous conduct, if such person is a registered pharmacist, he is liable to remove his name from register.
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2. Medical care is vital for our life, health and well being, But the waste
generated from medical activities can be hazardous, toxic and even
lethal because of their high potential for diseases transmission.
The hazardous and toxic parts of waste from health care establishments
comprising infectious, bio-medical and radio-active material as well as sharps
(hypodermic needles, knives, scalpels etc.) constitute a grave risk, if these are
not properly treated/disposed or is allowed to get mixed with other municipal
waste.
3. ‘Bio-medical waste’ means any solid and/or liquid waste including
its container and any intermediate product, which is generated during
the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals
or in research pertaining thereto or in the production or testing
thereof.
Definition
4. What are the Types of Medical Waste?
1. Infectious wastes: These are materials contaminated by water and body
fluids, cultures and stocks of infectious organisms, and patient wastes
from isolation wards.
2. Pathological waste: These include tissue material of humans, organs,
fluids, and animal carcass.
3. Sharps waste: These include used needles, syringes, disposable scalpels
and blades.
4. Chemical waste: Materials like heavy metals in devices, solvents in
laboratory reagents and detergents.
5. Pharmaceutical waste: Waste materials that include unused,
contaminated, expired drugs and vaccines.
6. Genotoxic waste: Hazardous, mutagenic, carcinogenic and cytotoxic
drugs in cancer treatment and metabolites.
7. Radioactive waste: Products including radioactive diagnostic and
therapeutic materials.
8. Non-hazardous waste: Materials that are not biological, chemical or
radioactive hazards.
5. What are the Sources of Health-Care Waste?
The major sources of health care waste are:
1) Hospitals, nursing homes and health care facilities
2) Diagnostic research and laboratory centers
3) Blood bank/Autopsy and mortuary centers
4) Animal research centers
5) Palliative and rehabilitative centers
6) Blood bank and pathology centers
7. What are the Health Impacts of Health Care Waste?
1) Exposure to toxic chemicals like mercury, xylene and formalin can result
in chemical injuries among health personnel and patients in contact.
2) Improper disposal and lack of properly designed landfills result in contamination
of water and exposure to toxic wastes.
3) Inadequate incineration can result in toxic air pollution; the failure to use proper
filters adds to the release of such pollutants into the air. Incineration of chlorine
containing waste produces dioxins that are carcinogens.
4) Lack of segregation of the biomedical wastes can risk an exposure to sharps
among the workers of waste disposal and treatment. Even one needle stick injury
from an infected source patient can result in 30% risk of Hepatitis B virus, 1.8%
risk of Hepatitis C virus and 0.3% risk of Human immunodeficiency virus.
5) Open waste dumping results in piling up of the waste which attracts insects;
these dumps during in the rains become breeding areas for the insects and as
sources for vectors which spread infectious disease.
6) Pouring of the antibiotics into the drain results in the killing of required
microbes and altering the environment that helps in the breakdown of
biological matter in septic tanks.
•
8.
9. Why do Waste Management Practices Fail?
• Management of waste requires diligent knowledge and practice.
Though there are laws available and implemented, there still exists a
failure in proper waste disposal. Some of the concerns that require to
be addressed are:
1. Lack of awareness of health hazards related to health care waste.
2. Lack of training on proper waste disposal practices.
3. Absence of available constructed waste disposal systems.
4. A low priority level even after knowing the harmful effects of improper
waste disposal.
5. A lack of funds and resources towards constructing waste disposal
systems.
6. Occupational risks to health care waste exist but have not been efficiently
addressed.
10. Steps In The Management Of Biomedical Waste
Survey of waste
generated.
Segregation
of hospital
waste.
Collection &
Categorization
of waste.
Storage of
waste.( Not
beyond 48 hrs. )
Transportation
of waste.
Treatment of
waste.
11. COLOR WASTE TREATMENT
Yellow Human & Animal anatomical waste / Micro-
biology waste and soiled cotton/ dressings/
linen/beddings etc.
Incineration / Deep burial
Red Tubing's, Catheters, IV sets. Autoclaving / Microwaving /
Chemical treatment
Blue /
White
Waste sharps
( Needles, Syringes, Scalpels, blades etc.
Autoclaving / Microwaving /
Chemical treatment &
Destruction / Shredding
Black Discarded medicines/ cytotoxic drugs,
Incineration ash, Chemical waste.
Disposal in secured landfill.
14. • Incineration Technology: This is a high temperature thermal process
employing combustion of the waste under controlled condition for
converting them into inert material and gases.
• Autoclaving: An autoclave is a machine that provides a physical method
of sterilization by killing bacteria, viruses, and even spores present in the
material. In general, an autoclave is run at a temperature of 121° C for at
least 30 minutes
• Microwave irradiation: At a frequency of about 2450 MHz and a
wavelength of 12.24 cm, microwaves destroy the majority of
microorganisms.
• Chemical Methods: 1 % hypochlorite solution can be used for chemical
disinfection.