Trace elements occur in very low concentrations in rocks and provide important information about magmatic processes. They can be classified as compatible or incompatible based on whether they fit easily into mantle mineral crystal structures. Geochemical analysis of trace elements using techniques like XRF and ICP-MS allows determination of magma source and depth, identification of fractionating phases, and testing of models of magmatic differentiation. Trace elements are especially useful for rare earth elements, which indicate the type of basalt and can identify fractionating phases from REE patterns.
Texture of Ore Minerals; Importance of Studying Textures; Individual Grains Properties; Filling of voids; Texture Types; Genetically differentiated between Texture types; Secondary textures from replacement; Hypogene Texture; Supergene Texture; Primary texture formed from Melts; Primary texture of open-space deposition; Secondary textures from cooling; Secondary textures from deformation; TEXTURES OF ECONOMIC ORE DEPOSITS; Textures of Magmatic ores; Cumulus textures; Intergranular or intercumulus textures; Exsolution textures; Textures of hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns; Replacement textures; Open space filling textures; Textures characteristic of surfacial or near surface environments and processes; Criteria for identifying replacement textures; Vein and Veining have different Nature Features
Texture of Ore Minerals; Importance of Studying Textures; Individual Grains Properties; Filling of voids; Texture Types; Genetically differentiated between Texture types; Secondary textures from replacement; Hypogene Texture; Supergene Texture; Primary texture formed from Melts; Primary texture of open-space deposition; Secondary textures from cooling; Secondary textures from deformation; TEXTURES OF ECONOMIC ORE DEPOSITS; Textures of Magmatic ores; Cumulus textures; Intergranular or intercumulus textures; Exsolution textures; Textures of hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns; Replacement textures; Open space filling textures; Textures characteristic of surfacial or near surface environments and processes; Criteria for identifying replacement textures; Vein and Veining have different Nature Features
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name ophiolite derived from Greek root which means
Ophio : snake or serpent Litho : Stone
The green colour, structure and texture of sheared ultramafic rocks is similar to some serpents
Economically :
Massive Sulphide
It founded within pillow lava most of massive Sulphide associated in ophiolites have well developed Gossans (bright colored iron oxide, hydroxides, and sulfides) which is very rich in gold.
Chromite
Stratiform (be tabular or pencil shape) or podiform (irregular shape) within ultra-mafic rocks
These deposits are developed on serpentinite peridotite
Laterites (nickel and iron)
Asbestos
Talc
Magenesite
ophiolite sequence :
Sediments
Pillow Lavas
Dykes
Gabbros
Layered Gabbro
Layered Peridotite
Upper mantle
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name ophiolite derived from Greek root which means
Ophio : snake or serpent Litho : Stone
The green colour, structure and texture of sheared ultramafic rocks is similar to some serpents
Economically :
Massive Sulphide
It founded within pillow lava most of massive Sulphide associated in ophiolites have well developed Gossans (bright colored iron oxide, hydroxides, and sulfides) which is very rich in gold.
Chromite
Stratiform (be tabular or pencil shape) or podiform (irregular shape) within ultra-mafic rocks
These deposits are developed on serpentinite peridotite
Laterites (nickel and iron)
Asbestos
Talc
Magenesite
ophiolite sequence :
Sediments
Pillow Lavas
Dykes
Gabbros
Layered Gabbro
Layered Peridotite
Upper mantle
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
Role of Trace Elements In Petrogenesis
1. ROLE OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN
PETROGENESIS
GUIDED BY:
Prof. K.N. Prakash Narsimha
PRESENTED BY:
GOKUL ANAND
Mysore University
2. MAGMA
Hot or semi-fluid material below or within the earth crust
from which lava and other igneous rock is formed on
cooling.
Magma often collects in magma chambers that may
feed a volcano or turn into a pluton.
Besides molten rock, magma may also contain
suspended crystals, dissolved gas & sometimes gas
bubbles
Temperatures of most magmas are in the range
700ºC to 1300ºC
3. CLASSIFICATION OF MAGMA
Magma = liquid (molten rock) + crystals + dissolved gasses
(volatiles)
As result of melting of crust yield’s most Si rich magmas
that also contain considerable Al, Ca, Na, Fe, Mg, K and
several other elements in lesser quantity.
Melting of Earth’s upper mantle, which is composed of
rocks that contain mostly ferromagnesian silicates thus
magma from this sources contain comparatively less amount
of silica and more iron and magnesium contain.
5. GEOCHEMISTRY OF MAGMA
Major elements:
Comprise most of the rock
Expressed as weight (wt.) % oxides,
each >0.1% SiO2, Al2O3, FeO, MgO, CaO , Na2O, K2O, H2O.
Analysed by XRF, ICP-MS
Minor elements:
usually 0.1 - 1% ,
TiO2,MnO, P2O5 ,CO2.
Trace elements:
Present in concentrations <0.1 %
Expressed in ppm or ppb
Analysed by XRF, ICP-MS, INAA
Volatile elements:
H2O, CO2, SO4
Rare gases: He, Ar, Ne, etc.
Analysed by spectroscopy or mass spectrometry
7. Trace elements are those which occur in very low
concentrations in common rocks (usually < 0.1 % by
weight).
0
50
100
Trace Elements
8. Geochemical Analysis Of Trace Elements Can Be Done By
These
Techniques
X-ray Fluoresence Spectroscopy
(XRF)
Atomic Absorbtion Spectrometry
(AAS)
ICP-OCP-Optimus 5300
Spectrometer
9. Concentrations are commonly expressed in parts per
million(ppm)
For eg: chromium = 150ppm
Trace elements tend to concentrate in fewer
minerals, and are therefore more useful in
formulating models for magmatic differentiation, and
in some cases to predict the source of a particular
magma.
10. The concentration of trace elements will vary with
the rock type; whereas Ni and Cr show higher
concentrations in mafic and ultramafic rocks, Zr
and Rb are more concentrated in acidic rocks.
Eg. Potassium never forms its own phase in mid-ocean ridge
basalts (MORB), its concentration rarely exceeding 1500 ppm;
but K is certainly not a trace element in granites
Trace elements can be classified as compatible and
incompatible
11. TYPES OF TRACE ELEMENTS
Incompatible elements :
K, Rb, Cs, Ta, Nb, U, Th, Y, Hf, Zr, Most have a large
ionic radius.
Do not easily fit into the crystal structure of minerals in
the mantle.
Mantle minerals like olivine, pyroxene, spinel, & garnet
do not have crystallographic sites for large ions.
Compatible elements :
Ni, Cr, Co, V, and Sc, which have smaller ionic radii
Fit easily into the crystal structure of minerals in the
mantle.
Crystallographic sites that normally accommodate Mg,
13. Large Ion Lithophile Elements
The ionic radius is large These are incompatible.
They are more concentrated in liquid phase of the magma,
These are found in olivine Opx, Cpx and garnet largely
"incompatible“ particularly with respect to mantle phases
(Ol, Opx, Cpx, Gt, .. etc)
Examples: K, Rb, Sr and Ba.
14. Higher Field Strength Elements
These are also concentrated in liquid phase but are
compatible
They are seen in sphene, zircon and apatite (SZA)
They are basically Titanium, Th, U, Nb and Hf.
15. Transitional Elements
Small ionic radii, and are either bi- or tri-valent .
strongly partitioned in the solid phases that crystallize
during the early stages of magmatic evolution
"compatible" with mantle phases
Eg: Ni, Co, Cr, and Sc.
16. Rare Earth Elements
A group of elements comprising the 15 elements from
Lanthanum (At. no. 57) to Lutetium (At. No. 71)
- Yttrium (At. No. 39) and Scandium (At. no. 21) are also
sometimes included in this group.
17. Behaviour Of Trace Elements In Magmatic
Processes
When a mantle rock begins to melt, the incompatible elements will be
ejected preferentially from the solid and enter the liquid.
A low degree melting of a mantle rock will have high concentrations of
incompatible elements.
As melting proceeds the concentration of these incompatible elements
will decrease because
(1) there will be less of them to enter the melt, and
(2) their concentrations will become more and more diluted as other
elements enter the melt. Thus incompatible element concentrations will
decrease with increasing % melting.
18. Applications of trace elements and Rare Earth Elements to
Igneous Petro genesis
1- Testing models of magmatic differentiation using trace elements:
On calculating the concentrations of trace elements remaining in the
liquid determine how much partial melting is needed to produce a specific
magma from a given rock type
2- Determination of the depth of generation of a primary magma:
magmas produced by small degrees of partial melting
-at shallow depths will be depleted in Sr
-from intermediate depths will be depleted in V and Cr,
-from depths > 80 km will be depleted in HREE.
19. 3 - Prediction of the phases fractionating from a magma:
Identification of the phases which have fractionated from a magma
undergoing fractional crystallization.
Separation of:
(a)Plag depletes the remaining melt in Sr and Eu,
(b) Ol depletes it in Ni and Co,
(c) spinels deplete it in V, Cr and possibly Zn,
(d) K-spar in Ba and Rb, ... etc.
4- REE and REE diagrams:
REE are very useful for petrogenetic interpretations.
REE diagrams are also useful in identifying which phase or phases fractionate
from a magma,
In order to identify such phases, it is necessary to know which REE are
preferentially incorporated in which phases.
REE diagrams are also used to determine the type of basalt.
20. 5- Discriminant diagrams:
Trace elements can also be used to identify the paleotectonic setting of
some volcanic rocks (i.e. to determine where they were erupted).
In this case rather than use the absolute concentrations of trace elements
(which may have been affected by such post-magmatic processes as
weathering, alteration or metamorphism),ratios of relatively immobile trace
elements (as these are least affected by post magamatic processes.)
21. Trace elements are useful in formulating models for magmatic
differentiation, in predicting the source of a particular magma.
Trace elements occur in very low concentrations in common rocks.
Large ion lithophile elements (LILE) have large ionic radii, and low
charges.
High field strength elements (HFSE) excluded from mantle phases and
more concentrated in residual liquids.
Trace elements are useful for determination of the depth of generation of
a primary magma.
During crystal fractionation the ratios of incompatible elements show
little change, and that we can use this factor to distinguish between
crystal fractionation and partial melting.
Geochemical analysis of trace elements can be done by XRF,AAS & ICP
techniques.
Conclusion
22. Brian Mason and Carleton Moore B.,(1982) Principales Of Geochemistry. pp.75-
150
Gilbert Hanson N.,1980,Rare Earth Elements in Petrogenessis of igneous
systems:Ann.Rev.Eatrh Planet.Sci.v.8, pp.371-406
James Moneroe S.,and Reed Wicander, 2006, Changing Earth. pp.88-102
Joseph Arth G., 1976, Behavior of trace elements during magmatic processes: U.S.
Geol. Survey. v.4,no.1,pp.41-47
White W.M., 2009, Geochemistry. pp 258-312
en.wikipedia.org/transition_elements
REFERENCES