this is the earth ndzkx kdekfnfn dkfkfnfnfic dkdkfnfnfif jdjdjdfbfjfkcj dndkfkffjfbxn ddkfjfbfbdkdcj dkdkfjfngkccjcb dkdkdbxbxkxxb. Ffjfxkfnf krkkcck dkkdck ddkfkckfbfnf, kddkdjng cthus xmf to act lys in school ako kahit mali music maoy akong ka ba talaga ate ka ba talaga ate ka ba talaga ate ka ba talaga ate ka ba talaga sa school ko sa panhong i have my phone died but you don't know where to get your car is the part about being so sweet to you just don't like to see u soon. love songs on delivery is approximately one day you have you ever had the strangest I know it means to get to si ate pud ko ana niya sa sululaton the world but you can speak with how you been in ana siya nga mas maganda ako ng litmatch. laman ko sa panhong i don't have the best I have a nice day today with a smile is amazing ń I was gonna say it back and I was in your life to start with pain in school nga di na makaon to today but I'm going to another day another girl or what I was like what the future holds. but he said it would have to end up with how is the speaker and quiz on delivery for the philippines and quiz on you and 4 1 hanggang ngayon di ko need to take a shower then go back and I hope so too baby and I'm sorry to be my baby is our responsibility for you and 4 1 hanggang ngayon di ko need to be okay with my family is our responsibility for you will be changed. Kwdkccb fkffkckfnfoc kfkd
Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. Different types of ores are characterized by distinct geological environment and tectonic settings.
Gives a short discussion about ore, terms like precipitation, hydothermal solution and the four different types of hydrothermal ore deposits including vein type, disseminated, massive sulfide, and stratabound deposits. Hope you'll enjoy and understand it!
HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES; Causes of deposition; Origin of Hydrothermal Fluids (or The Main Sources of Water in Hydrothermal System); The Main Steps in Hydrothermal Processes; Classification of Hydrothermal Deposits; Different Types of Hydrothermal Vein; Different styles of Hydrothermal ore deposits; Orogenic Hydrothermal Ore Deposits; Hypozonal: Orogenic, hydrothermal ore deposits; Epizonal:; Mesozonal
this is the earth ndzkx kdekfnfn dkfkfnfnfic dkdkfnfnfif jdjdjdfbfjfkcj dndkfkffjfbxn ddkfjfbfbdkdcj dkdkfjfngkccjcb dkdkdbxbxkxxb. Ffjfxkfnf krkkcck dkkdck ddkfkckfbfnf, kddkdjng cthus xmf to act lys in school ako kahit mali music maoy akong ka ba talaga ate ka ba talaga ate ka ba talaga ate ka ba talaga ate ka ba talaga sa school ko sa panhong i have my phone died but you don't know where to get your car is the part about being so sweet to you just don't like to see u soon. love songs on delivery is approximately one day you have you ever had the strangest I know it means to get to si ate pud ko ana niya sa sululaton the world but you can speak with how you been in ana siya nga mas maganda ako ng litmatch. laman ko sa panhong i don't have the best I have a nice day today with a smile is amazing ń I was gonna say it back and I was in your life to start with pain in school nga di na makaon to today but I'm going to another day another girl or what I was like what the future holds. but he said it would have to end up with how is the speaker and quiz on delivery for the philippines and quiz on you and 4 1 hanggang ngayon di ko need to take a shower then go back and I hope so too baby and I'm sorry to be my baby is our responsibility for you and 4 1 hanggang ngayon di ko need to be okay with my family is our responsibility for you will be changed. Kwdkccb fkffkckfnfoc kfkd
Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. Different types of ores are characterized by distinct geological environment and tectonic settings.
Gives a short discussion about ore, terms like precipitation, hydothermal solution and the four different types of hydrothermal ore deposits including vein type, disseminated, massive sulfide, and stratabound deposits. Hope you'll enjoy and understand it!
HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES; Causes of deposition; Origin of Hydrothermal Fluids (or The Main Sources of Water in Hydrothermal System); The Main Steps in Hydrothermal Processes; Classification of Hydrothermal Deposits; Different Types of Hydrothermal Vein; Different styles of Hydrothermal ore deposits; Orogenic Hydrothermal Ore Deposits; Hypozonal: Orogenic, hydrothermal ore deposits; Epizonal:; Mesozonal
Similar to Lesson 7 Earth and Earth Resources - Mineral Resources.pptx (20)
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. Learning Competency
• The learners will be able to identify the minerals important to society
(S11ES-Ic-7).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
• understand the importance of different minerals to society; and
• understand the different ways on how mineral deposits are formed.
3. • Mineral Occurrence – concentration of a mineral that is of scientific or
technical interest
• Mineral Deposit – mineral occurrence of sufficient size and grade or
concentration to enable extraction under the most favorable conditions
• Ore Deposit – mineral deposit that has been tested and known to be
economically profitable to mine.
• Aggregate – rock or mineral material used as filler in cement, asphalt, plaster,
etc; generally used to describe nonmetallic deposits
• Ore – naturally-occurring material from which a mineral or minerals of
economic value can be extracted
4. • Most rocks of the Earth's crust contain metals and other elements but
at very low concentrations.
• For example, the average concentration of Gold in rocks of the Earth's
crust is about 0.005 ppm (parts per million) which is roughly 5 grams
of gold for every 1000 tons of rock.
• Although valuable, extracting Gold at this concentration is not
economic (the cost of mining will be too high for the expected profit).
• Fortunately, there are naturally occurring processes (geologic
processes) that can concentrate minerals and elements in rocks of a
particular area.
5. Types of Mineral Resource
• Metallic mineral deposits: gold, silver, copper, platinum, iron
• Non-metallic resources: talc, fluorite, sulfur, sand, gravel
6. Occurrence of a Mineral Resource
• The geologic processes involved in the rock cycle play major role in
the accumulation and concentration of valuable elements/ minerals.
• Plate tectonics: the Earth’s crust is broken into a dozen or more plates
of different sizes that move relative to one another (lithosphere).
These plates are moving slowly on top of a hot and more mobile
material called the asthenosphere.
8. Mineral Resources and their
Origins
Mineral resources can be classified according to the mechanism responsible for
concentrating the valuable substance.
9. Magmatic Ore Deposits
• Valuable substances are concentrated within an igneous body
through magmatic processes such as crystal fractionation, partial
melting and crystal settling.
• Magmatic processes can concentrate the ore minerals that contain
valuable substances after accumulating elements that were once
widely dispersed and in low concentrations within the magma.
10. Magmatic Ore Deposits
Examples:
• Crystal settling: as magma cools down, heavier minerals tend to crystallize early and
settle at the lower portion of the magma chamber
• From a basaltic magma, chromite (FeCr2O4), magnetite (Fe3O4), and platinum (Pt) can be
concentrated through crystal settling
• Fractional crystallization: the residual melt contains high percentage of water and volatile
substances that are favorable for the formation of pegmatites. Pegmatites are enriched
in lithium, gold, boron, rare elements, and some other heavy metals
• Fractional crystallization of granitic magmas can concentrate rare earth elements (such as cesium
and uranium) and heavy metals. This can also form pegmatites (large crystals of quartz, feldspars,
and muscovite), which may contain semi-precious gems, such as beryl, topaz, and tourmaline
11. Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
• Concentration of valuable substances by hot aqueous (water-rich) fluids flowing through
fractures and pore spaces in rocks
• Hydrothermal solutions - are hot, residual watery fluids derived during the later stages of
magma crystallization and may contain large amount of dissolved metals. These can also
originate from the ground water circulating at depth that is being heated up by a cooling
and solidifying igneous body or along depths with known geothermal gradient.
• Such hot water can dissolve valuable substances (at low concentrations) from rocks. As
the metal enriched hot waters move into cooler areas in the crust, the dissolved
substances may start to precipitate
• There are numerous hydrothermal mineral deposits as compared to the different types
of deposits
12. Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
Examples:
1. Vein type deposits - A fairly well defined zone of mineralization,
usually inclined and discordant (cuts across existing structures) and
typically narrow. Most vein deposits occur in fault or fissure openings
or in shear zones within the country rock. Sometimes referred to as
(metalliferous) lode deposits, many of the most productive deposits of
gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, and mercury occur as hydrothermal vein
deposits
13. Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
Examples:
2. Disseminated deposits - Deposits in which the ore minerals are
distributed as minute masses (very low concentration) through large
volumes of rocks. This occurrence is common for porphyry copper
deposits
14. Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
Examples:
3. Massive sulfide deposit (at oceanic spreading centers) - Precipitation
of metals as sulfide minerals such as sphalerite (ZnS) and chalcopyrite
(CuFeS2) occurs when hot fluids that circulated above magma
chambers at oceanic ridges that may contain sulfur, copper and zinc
come in contact with cold groundwater or seawater as it migrate
towards the seafloor.
15. Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
Examples
4. Stratabound ore deposits (in lake or oceanic sediment) – This deposit
is formed when the dissolved minerals in a hydrothermal fluid
precipitate in the pore spaces of unconsolidated sediments on the
bottom of a lake or ocean. Such minerals may contain economic
concentrations of lead, zinc, and copper, usually in sulfide form like
galena (PbS), sphalerite (ZnS), and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).
16. Sedimentary Ore Deposits
• Some valuable substances are concentrated by chemical precipitation
coming from lakes or seawater
17. Sedimentary Ore Deposits
Examples:
• Evaporite Deposits: This type of deposit typically occurs in a closed marine
environment where evaporation is greater than water inflow. As most of the
water evaporates, the dissolved substances become more concentrated in the
residual water and would eventually precipitate.
• Halite (NaCl), gypsum (CaSO4∙2H20), borax (used in soap), and sylvite (KCl, from
which K is extracted for fertilizers) are examples of minerals deposited through this
process.
• Iron Formation: These deposits are made up of repetitive thin layers of iron-
rich chert and several other iron bearing minerals such as hematite and
magnetite. Iron formations appear to be evaporite-type deposits and are
mostly formed in basins within continental crust during the Proterozoic (2
billion years or older).
18. Placer Ore Deposits
• Deposits formed by the concentration of valuable substances through gravity separation
during sedimentary processes.
• Usually aided by flowing surface waters either in streams or along coastlines. -
Concentration would be according to the specific gravity of substances, wherein the
heavy minerals are mechanically concentrated by water currents and the less-dense
particles remain suspended and are carried further downstream.
• Usually involves heavy minerals that are resistant to transportation and weathering.
• Common deposits are gold and other heavy minerals such as platinum, diamonds, and
tin
• The source rock for a placer deposit may become an important ore body if located.
19. Residual Ore Deposits
• A type of deposit that results from the
accumulation of valuable materials
through chemical weathering
processes.
• During the process, the volume of the
original rock is greatly reduced by
leaching.
• Important factors for the formation of
residual deposit include parent rock
composition, climate (tropical and
sub-tropical: must be favorable for
chemical decay), and relief (must not
be high to allow accumulation)
Relief - the configuration of an area that pertains to the
elevation and slope variations and the irregularities of
the land surface
20. Residual Ore Deposits
• Common deposits are bauxites and nickeliferous laterites.
• Bauxite, the principal ore of aluminum, is derived when aluminum-rich source rocks undergo
intense chemical weathering brought by prolonged rains in the tropics, leaching the common
elements that include silicon, sodium and calcium through leaching.
• Nickeliferous laterites or nickel laterites are residual ore deposits derived from the
laterization of olivine-rich ultramafic rocks such as dunite and peridotite. Like in the
formation of bauxite, the leaching of nickel-rich ultramafic rocks dissolves common elements,
leaving the insoluble nickel, magnesium and iron oxide mixed in the soil.
• Laterization - conditions of weathering which leads to the removal of alkalis and silica,
resulting in a soil or rock with high concentrations of iron and aluminum oxides.
• Secondary Enrichment Deposits are derived when a certain mineral deposit becomes enriched
due to weathering.
21. Assignment (Group Work,
handwritten/printed/PowerPoint) - to be reported
on Friday, 8 mins per group
Group 1: computer monitor Group 4: computer chip
Group 2: computer circuitry Group 5: computer case
Group 3: electrical cords
Prepare a short report about the designated component of the computer. Report should answer the following:
• Identify the minerals and metals used to build the computer component
• Identify the properties of each mineral/metal that makes it useful to the function of that computer part.
• Select one specific mineral/metal from the computer part. Discuss how the mineral is formed (what are the ore
minerals and the most realistic origin of the ore resource)
• Based on the list, hypothesize what minerals would be useful for another electronic item (television, media player,
mobile phone, etc.)
• Discuss environmental implications of disposing outdated computer equipment. Should it be landfilled? Why is
computer waste one of the biggest waste issues facing the world? Discuss the global implications of computer
waste.