Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.
Mass spectrometry basic principle & Instrumentationmanojjeya
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies chemicals in a sample by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio and abundance of gas-phase ions. It works by bombarding molecule samples with electrons to produce positively charged ions, which are then separated by mass and detected. Mass spectra plots show the relative abundance of ions and are used to determine molecular structure and composition.
This document discusses the applications of mass spectrometry. It can be used for structure elucidation, detection of impurities, quantitative analysis, drug metabolism studies, and clinical, toxicological and forensic applications. Mass spectrometry has qualitative uses like determining molecular weight, molecular formula, and compound structure through fragmentation patterns. It also has quantitative uses such as determining isotope abundance, isotope ratios, heat of vaporization, heat of sublimation, ionization potentials, and detecting impurities. Mass spectrometry can also be used to study ion-molecule reactions, identify unknown compounds, and analyze proteins.
MALDI is a soft ionization technique used in mass spectrometry to analyze large biomolecules. It works by co-crystallizing the analyte sample with a UV-absorbing matrix. A laser is used to excite the matrix, causing desorption and ionization of the analyte molecules. The ions are then analyzed by a mass spectrometer, typically a time-of-flight instrument. Careful sample preparation is important for reproducibility and performance. MALDI is widely used in pharmaceutical analysis and DNA sequencing due to its ability to characterize large organic and biomolecules.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (enzymology) Mohsin Shad
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to determine the structure of organic compounds. It works by applying a magnetic field to atomic nuclei, which resonate at radio frequencies characteristic of their chemical environment. NMR can characterize very small sample amounts without destruction. The principle relies on nuclear spin and how nuclei align in an external magnetic field. NMR instrumentation includes a magnet, coils, transmitter, receiver, and computer system. Chemical shifts are measured in parts per million relative to a standard. NMR has various applications including determining biomolecular structures in solution and studying chemical and dynamic properties of functional groups.
various parts of mAss spectroscopy, applications, principle, peaks, rules, typical mass spectra, various combinations, Fragmentation, rules of fragmentation and useful points which can help Chemical and analytical students and structural elucidation.
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
NMR spectroscopy is a technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to analyze atomic nuclei and study the physical and chemical properties of molecules. It provides detailed information about molecular structure by detecting hydrogen and other nuclei. The document discusses the basic principles of NMR, instrumentation, factors affecting chemical shifts, and applications in medicine such as anatomical imaging and tumor detection.
Mass spectrometry basic principle & Instrumentationmanojjeya
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies chemicals in a sample by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio and abundance of gas-phase ions. It works by bombarding molecule samples with electrons to produce positively charged ions, which are then separated by mass and detected. Mass spectra plots show the relative abundance of ions and are used to determine molecular structure and composition.
This document discusses the applications of mass spectrometry. It can be used for structure elucidation, detection of impurities, quantitative analysis, drug metabolism studies, and clinical, toxicological and forensic applications. Mass spectrometry has qualitative uses like determining molecular weight, molecular formula, and compound structure through fragmentation patterns. It also has quantitative uses such as determining isotope abundance, isotope ratios, heat of vaporization, heat of sublimation, ionization potentials, and detecting impurities. Mass spectrometry can also be used to study ion-molecule reactions, identify unknown compounds, and analyze proteins.
MALDI is a soft ionization technique used in mass spectrometry to analyze large biomolecules. It works by co-crystallizing the analyte sample with a UV-absorbing matrix. A laser is used to excite the matrix, causing desorption and ionization of the analyte molecules. The ions are then analyzed by a mass spectrometer, typically a time-of-flight instrument. Careful sample preparation is important for reproducibility and performance. MALDI is widely used in pharmaceutical analysis and DNA sequencing due to its ability to characterize large organic and biomolecules.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (enzymology) Mohsin Shad
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to determine the structure of organic compounds. It works by applying a magnetic field to atomic nuclei, which resonate at radio frequencies characteristic of their chemical environment. NMR can characterize very small sample amounts without destruction. The principle relies on nuclear spin and how nuclei align in an external magnetic field. NMR instrumentation includes a magnet, coils, transmitter, receiver, and computer system. Chemical shifts are measured in parts per million relative to a standard. NMR has various applications including determining biomolecular structures in solution and studying chemical and dynamic properties of functional groups.
various parts of mAss spectroscopy, applications, principle, peaks, rules, typical mass spectra, various combinations, Fragmentation, rules of fragmentation and useful points which can help Chemical and analytical students and structural elucidation.
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
NMR spectroscopy is a technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to analyze atomic nuclei and study the physical and chemical properties of molecules. It provides detailed information about molecular structure by detecting hydrogen and other nuclei. The document discusses the basic principles of NMR, instrumentation, factors affecting chemical shifts, and applications in medicine such as anatomical imaging and tumor detection.
Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) and its ApplicationsNisar Ali
In this slide ,You will get to learn Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) technique used in Mass Spectroscopy and its Various Application in Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis.
X ray, invisible, highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation of much shorter wavelength (higher frequency) than visible light. The wavelength range for X rays is from about 10-8 m to about 10-11 m, the corresponding frequency range is from about 3 × 1016 Hz to about 3 × 1019 Hz.
Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses two or more mass spectrometers coupled together to analyze chemical samples. There are two types - tandem in time and tandem in space. Tandem in time uses one instrument to select an ion for fragmentation and then analyze the daughter ions. Tandem in space uses separate instruments where the first selects an ion for fragmentation in the interaction cell, and the second analyzes the product ions. Common fragmentation techniques include collision induced dissociation, electron capture dissociation, and photodissociation. Tandem MS can be used to obtain product ion spectra to identify compounds or perform selected reaction monitoring for quantitative analysis.
X-ray crystallography uses X-ray diffraction patterns to determine the atomic structure of crystals. When X-rays hit a crystal, the electrons cause the X-rays to diffract into specific patterns. By measuring the angles and intensities of the diffracted X-rays, crystallographers can use Fourier transforms to produce a three-dimensional model of electron density within the crystal and determine the positions of atoms and chemical bonds. Researchers must first obtain a sufficiently large, pure, and regularly structured crystal of the material to be studied before collecting X-ray diffraction data and solving the crystal structure.
MALDI...
This Presentation Contain following...
#Introduction
#Matrix and examples
#Considerations of Matrix Material
#MALDI Sample Preparation
#Mechanism of MALDI
#Mass Spectrometer
#Reproducibility and Performance
#Uses of MALDI
#Conclusion
#References
Thanks For Help and Guidance of Mr. D.V. Mahuli Sir and Mr. V.T. Pawar Sir
X-ray crystallography is a technique used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.
Mass analyzers separate ionized molecules based on their mass-to-charge ratios. The main types are quadrupole, time-of-flight, magnetic sector, quadrupole ion trap, and ion cyclotron resonance. A quadrupole uses oscillating electric fields to selectively transmit ions through four rods. Time-of-flight separates ions by their time of flight through a field-free region, with lighter ions arriving first. Magnetic sector analyzers use magnetic and electric fields to curve ion trajectories based on m/z.
NMR spectroscopy uses radio waves to analyze organic molecules by identifying their carbon-hydrogen frameworks. 1H NMR determines hydrogen atoms and 13C NMR determines carbon atom types. When radio waves match the energy difference between nuclear spin states, energy is absorbed causing spin flipping. Fourier transform NMR provides higher sensitivity than continuous wave NMR by interrogating samples with all frequencies at once rather than one by one. NMR has applications in structure determination, drug design, metabolite analysis, and more. Recent 19F NMR studies on a cyan variant of GFP indicated conformational flexibility near the chromophore involving residue His148.
Mass spectrometry (MS) measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify molecules in mixtures. MS works by ionizing samples, separating the ions by mass using electric or magnetic fields, and detecting the ions. Common applications include proteomics. Modern MS techniques like MALDI and ESI allow analyzing large biomolecules like proteins by producing intact molecular ions. Time-of-flight, quadrupoles, and orbitraps are commonly used to separate ions by mass. MS provides sensitive, specific detection down to attomole levels and has become an important analytical tool across many fields.
Mass Analyzers for example Magnetic Sector Mass Analyzer, Double Focusing Mass Analyzer, Quadroupole Mass Analyzer, Time of Flight Mass Analyzer and Applications of Mass Analyzer were explained
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that can be used for chemical analysis such as measuring elemental composition, analyzing molecular structures, and determining isotopic ratios. It works by ionizing chemical compounds and separating the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Key components include an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. Common ionization sources are electron ionization, chemical ionization, and desorption ionization techniques like MALDI. Common mass analyzers include quadrupole, time-of-flight, and magnetic sector instruments. Chromatography techniques like gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography are often used with mass spectrometry to separate mixtures prior to analysis.
This document provides an overview of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It discusses the theory behind FTIR, which uses an interferometer to measure all infrared frequencies simultaneously rather than individually. The key components of an FTIR spectrometer are described, including the radiation source, interferometer, and various detector types. Advantages of FTIR over dispersive instruments include its simpler design, elimination of stray light issues, and ability to rapidly collect an entire infrared spectrum. Applications of FTIR spectroscopy are also mentioned.
Principle and instrumentation of UV-visible spectrophotometer.Protik Biswas
UV-visible spectrophotometry uses light in the ultraviolet and visible range to analyze substances. When light passes through a sample, some is absorbed and some is transmitted. The ratio of light entering versus exiting the sample is used to calculate absorbance, which follows Beer's Law - absorbance is directly proportional to concentration. A spectrophotometer consists of a light source, monochromator to isolate wavelengths, sample holder, and detector to measure transmitted light intensity and thus absorbance. This allows analysis of concentration for substances that absorb specific wavelengths of UV or visible light.
Mass spectrometry is a technique that uses high energy electrons to break molecules into fragments. It then measures the masses of the fragments to reveal information about the molecular structure. Key aspects of mass spectrometry include the ionization source, mass analyzer, and detector. Common ionization methods are electron impact, electrospray, and MALDI, with softer methods like electrospray and MALDI used for larger molecules like proteins. Mass analyzers separate the ions by mass to charge ratio and include quadrupoles, time-of-flight, and magnetic sectors. The detector then counts the ions to produce a mass spectrum.
This document provides an overview of mass spectrometry. It begins with introductions to spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. The basic principles of mass spectrometry are that molecules are ionized, the ions are accelerated and passed through electric and magnetic fields based on their mass-to-charge ratio, and detected. Common ionization techniques include electron ionization, chemical ionization, and desorption techniques like fast atom bombardment. The document describes different types of ions detected, such as molecular, fragment, and rearrangement ions. It also covers various mass analyzers used to separate ions such as magnetic sector, double focusing, and quadrupole analyzers.
The document provides an overview of mass spectrometry, including its basic principles, components, working principle, and various applications. Mass spectrometry involves ionizing chemical compounds and separating the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio, producing a mass spectrum that can be used to determine the elemental or isotopic composition of a sample. Key components include an ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. Common ionization methods are also described, such as electron impact, chemical ionization, electrospray ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is an analytical technique that measures the concentration of elements by detecting the amount of light absorbed by atoms in the gaseous state at specific wavelengths. It works by vaporizing and atomizing samples using a flame or graphite furnace, then measuring the absorption of light from a hollow cathode lamp at characteristic wavelengths. The instrument consists of a light source, atomizer, monochromator, detector, and readout system. Calibration curves of concentration versus absorption are used to determine unknown concentrations in samples. Potential interferences can affect the analysis and must be minimized. Atomic absorption spectroscopy has various applications in fields like metallurgy, pharmaceutical analysis, and biochemical analysis.
Mass spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze molecules. It involves ionizing molecules using electrons, accelerating the ions, and separating them based on their mass-to-charge ratio using electric or magnetic fields. The ions are then detected, producing a mass spectrum that is unique to each molecule and can be used to determine molecular structure. Mass spectroscopy requires only a small amount of sample and provides accurate molecular mass and elemental composition information. It is a destructive technique as the sample is consumed during ionization and fragmentation processes.
This document describes the key components and functioning of instrumentation used in x-ray diffraction. The main components are a radiation source like an x-ray tube, a collimator to narrow the beam, a monochromator to remove unwanted radiation, detectors like photographic film or counters, and associated electronics. X-ray tubes generate x-rays via the impact of electrons on a metal target. Collimators and monochromators shape and refine the x-ray beam before it interacts with the sample. Detectors then measure the diffraction pattern, with options including film, Geiger-Muller tubes, proportional counters, scintillators, and semiconductors.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uses the NMR phenomenon to study the physical, chemical, and biological properties of matter. NMR occurs when atomic nuclei are placed in a magnetic field and exposed to a second oscillating field. Only certain atomic nuclei experience NMR, depending on whether they have a quantum property called spin. NMR spectroscopy is valuable in chemistry for determining molecular structure. It is commonly used to map the carbon-hydrogen framework of organic molecules. More advanced NMR techniques also study protein structure and dynamics in biological chemistry.
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY.pptxJerlinMary2
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are analytical techniques used to determine molecular structure and composition. NMR spectroscopy uses radiofrequency pulses to analyze atomic nuclei and determine organic compound structures. Mass spectrometry ionizes molecules and sorts the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio to determine molecular mass and elemental composition. Both techniques provide essential information for applications in chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, and environmental analysis.
Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) and its ApplicationsNisar Ali
In this slide ,You will get to learn Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) technique used in Mass Spectroscopy and its Various Application in Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis.
X ray, invisible, highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation of much shorter wavelength (higher frequency) than visible light. The wavelength range for X rays is from about 10-8 m to about 10-11 m, the corresponding frequency range is from about 3 × 1016 Hz to about 3 × 1019 Hz.
Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses two or more mass spectrometers coupled together to analyze chemical samples. There are two types - tandem in time and tandem in space. Tandem in time uses one instrument to select an ion for fragmentation and then analyze the daughter ions. Tandem in space uses separate instruments where the first selects an ion for fragmentation in the interaction cell, and the second analyzes the product ions. Common fragmentation techniques include collision induced dissociation, electron capture dissociation, and photodissociation. Tandem MS can be used to obtain product ion spectra to identify compounds or perform selected reaction monitoring for quantitative analysis.
X-ray crystallography uses X-ray diffraction patterns to determine the atomic structure of crystals. When X-rays hit a crystal, the electrons cause the X-rays to diffract into specific patterns. By measuring the angles and intensities of the diffracted X-rays, crystallographers can use Fourier transforms to produce a three-dimensional model of electron density within the crystal and determine the positions of atoms and chemical bonds. Researchers must first obtain a sufficiently large, pure, and regularly structured crystal of the material to be studied before collecting X-ray diffraction data and solving the crystal structure.
MALDI...
This Presentation Contain following...
#Introduction
#Matrix and examples
#Considerations of Matrix Material
#MALDI Sample Preparation
#Mechanism of MALDI
#Mass Spectrometer
#Reproducibility and Performance
#Uses of MALDI
#Conclusion
#References
Thanks For Help and Guidance of Mr. D.V. Mahuli Sir and Mr. V.T. Pawar Sir
X-ray crystallography is a technique used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.
Mass analyzers separate ionized molecules based on their mass-to-charge ratios. The main types are quadrupole, time-of-flight, magnetic sector, quadrupole ion trap, and ion cyclotron resonance. A quadrupole uses oscillating electric fields to selectively transmit ions through four rods. Time-of-flight separates ions by their time of flight through a field-free region, with lighter ions arriving first. Magnetic sector analyzers use magnetic and electric fields to curve ion trajectories based on m/z.
NMR spectroscopy uses radio waves to analyze organic molecules by identifying their carbon-hydrogen frameworks. 1H NMR determines hydrogen atoms and 13C NMR determines carbon atom types. When radio waves match the energy difference between nuclear spin states, energy is absorbed causing spin flipping. Fourier transform NMR provides higher sensitivity than continuous wave NMR by interrogating samples with all frequencies at once rather than one by one. NMR has applications in structure determination, drug design, metabolite analysis, and more. Recent 19F NMR studies on a cyan variant of GFP indicated conformational flexibility near the chromophore involving residue His148.
Mass spectrometry (MS) measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify molecules in mixtures. MS works by ionizing samples, separating the ions by mass using electric or magnetic fields, and detecting the ions. Common applications include proteomics. Modern MS techniques like MALDI and ESI allow analyzing large biomolecules like proteins by producing intact molecular ions. Time-of-flight, quadrupoles, and orbitraps are commonly used to separate ions by mass. MS provides sensitive, specific detection down to attomole levels and has become an important analytical tool across many fields.
Mass Analyzers for example Magnetic Sector Mass Analyzer, Double Focusing Mass Analyzer, Quadroupole Mass Analyzer, Time of Flight Mass Analyzer and Applications of Mass Analyzer were explained
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that can be used for chemical analysis such as measuring elemental composition, analyzing molecular structures, and determining isotopic ratios. It works by ionizing chemical compounds and separating the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Key components include an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. Common ionization sources are electron ionization, chemical ionization, and desorption ionization techniques like MALDI. Common mass analyzers include quadrupole, time-of-flight, and magnetic sector instruments. Chromatography techniques like gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography are often used with mass spectrometry to separate mixtures prior to analysis.
This document provides an overview of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It discusses the theory behind FTIR, which uses an interferometer to measure all infrared frequencies simultaneously rather than individually. The key components of an FTIR spectrometer are described, including the radiation source, interferometer, and various detector types. Advantages of FTIR over dispersive instruments include its simpler design, elimination of stray light issues, and ability to rapidly collect an entire infrared spectrum. Applications of FTIR spectroscopy are also mentioned.
Principle and instrumentation of UV-visible spectrophotometer.Protik Biswas
UV-visible spectrophotometry uses light in the ultraviolet and visible range to analyze substances. When light passes through a sample, some is absorbed and some is transmitted. The ratio of light entering versus exiting the sample is used to calculate absorbance, which follows Beer's Law - absorbance is directly proportional to concentration. A spectrophotometer consists of a light source, monochromator to isolate wavelengths, sample holder, and detector to measure transmitted light intensity and thus absorbance. This allows analysis of concentration for substances that absorb specific wavelengths of UV or visible light.
Mass spectrometry is a technique that uses high energy electrons to break molecules into fragments. It then measures the masses of the fragments to reveal information about the molecular structure. Key aspects of mass spectrometry include the ionization source, mass analyzer, and detector. Common ionization methods are electron impact, electrospray, and MALDI, with softer methods like electrospray and MALDI used for larger molecules like proteins. Mass analyzers separate the ions by mass to charge ratio and include quadrupoles, time-of-flight, and magnetic sectors. The detector then counts the ions to produce a mass spectrum.
This document provides an overview of mass spectrometry. It begins with introductions to spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. The basic principles of mass spectrometry are that molecules are ionized, the ions are accelerated and passed through electric and magnetic fields based on their mass-to-charge ratio, and detected. Common ionization techniques include electron ionization, chemical ionization, and desorption techniques like fast atom bombardment. The document describes different types of ions detected, such as molecular, fragment, and rearrangement ions. It also covers various mass analyzers used to separate ions such as magnetic sector, double focusing, and quadrupole analyzers.
The document provides an overview of mass spectrometry, including its basic principles, components, working principle, and various applications. Mass spectrometry involves ionizing chemical compounds and separating the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio, producing a mass spectrum that can be used to determine the elemental or isotopic composition of a sample. Key components include an ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. Common ionization methods are also described, such as electron impact, chemical ionization, electrospray ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is an analytical technique that measures the concentration of elements by detecting the amount of light absorbed by atoms in the gaseous state at specific wavelengths. It works by vaporizing and atomizing samples using a flame or graphite furnace, then measuring the absorption of light from a hollow cathode lamp at characteristic wavelengths. The instrument consists of a light source, atomizer, monochromator, detector, and readout system. Calibration curves of concentration versus absorption are used to determine unknown concentrations in samples. Potential interferences can affect the analysis and must be minimized. Atomic absorption spectroscopy has various applications in fields like metallurgy, pharmaceutical analysis, and biochemical analysis.
Mass spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze molecules. It involves ionizing molecules using electrons, accelerating the ions, and separating them based on their mass-to-charge ratio using electric or magnetic fields. The ions are then detected, producing a mass spectrum that is unique to each molecule and can be used to determine molecular structure. Mass spectroscopy requires only a small amount of sample and provides accurate molecular mass and elemental composition information. It is a destructive technique as the sample is consumed during ionization and fragmentation processes.
This document describes the key components and functioning of instrumentation used in x-ray diffraction. The main components are a radiation source like an x-ray tube, a collimator to narrow the beam, a monochromator to remove unwanted radiation, detectors like photographic film or counters, and associated electronics. X-ray tubes generate x-rays via the impact of electrons on a metal target. Collimators and monochromators shape and refine the x-ray beam before it interacts with the sample. Detectors then measure the diffraction pattern, with options including film, Geiger-Muller tubes, proportional counters, scintillators, and semiconductors.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uses the NMR phenomenon to study the physical, chemical, and biological properties of matter. NMR occurs when atomic nuclei are placed in a magnetic field and exposed to a second oscillating field. Only certain atomic nuclei experience NMR, depending on whether they have a quantum property called spin. NMR spectroscopy is valuable in chemistry for determining molecular structure. It is commonly used to map the carbon-hydrogen framework of organic molecules. More advanced NMR techniques also study protein structure and dynamics in biological chemistry.
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY.pptxJerlinMary2
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are analytical techniques used to determine molecular structure and composition. NMR spectroscopy uses radiofrequency pulses to analyze atomic nuclei and determine organic compound structures. Mass spectrometry ionizes molecules and sorts the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio to determine molecular mass and elemental composition. Both techniques provide essential information for applications in chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, and environmental analysis.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an analytical chemistry technique that was first demonstrated in 1946 and has since become an indispensable tool for research chemists. NMR spectroscopy works by placing a sample in a strong magnetic field and using radio waves to excite the atomic nuclei, which then emit radio signals that are detected and analyzed. The signals produced are characteristic of different atomic environments in a molecule, allowing NMR to determine molecular structure and identity. Common applications of NMR spectroscopy include determining the structure of organic molecules, quantitatively analyzing mixtures, and studying molecular properties and interactions.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a crucial analytical tool for organic chemists. The research in the organic lab has been significantly improved with the aid of the NMR.
This document provides an overview of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), including its history, principles, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. NMR was first described in 1938 and involves aligning nuclear spins in a magnetic field and perturbing that alignment with radio pulses. It is used in medicine for MRI, in chemistry to determine molecular structures, and in petroleum exploration to analyze rock porosity and fluid content. Advantages include specific measurement of fluids, while disadvantages include sensitivity to ions and limited depth of signal penetration.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that uses the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei to determine the structure of organic molecules. NMR spectroscopy works by applying a strong magnetic field to a sample and using radio waves to excite the magnetic nuclei, then measuring the radio signals emitted as the nuclei relax. The two most common types of NMR are proton NMR and carbon-13 NMR. NMR spectroscopy has many applications in fields like chemistry, medicine, and biochemistry, allowing researchers to determine molecular structures, image tissues and organs, study metabolic processes, and more.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) involves aligning atomic nuclei in a magnetic field and perturbing them with radio waves. It provides information on molecular structure. NMR is used in medicine for MRI, in chemistry to determine molecular structures, and in petroleum exploration to analyze rock properties. It has advantages of directly measuring fluid properties but also limitations such as sensitivity to ions and shallow depth of penetration.
This document provides an overview of magnetic resonance techniques for non-destructive testing, specifically nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It discusses the basic principles of how NMR and MRI work, including using magnetic fields and radio waves to detect atomic nuclei like hydrogen protons. Applications mentioned include material characterization, medical imaging, and purity analysis. The instrumentation for both techniques is also described.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that exploits the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei to determine the structure and purity of molecules. NMR works by placing a sample in a strong magnetic field, which causes the magnetic nuclei in the sample to absorb and emit radio frequency radiation. The signal produced provides information about the molecular structure based on factors like chemical shifts and spin-spin splitting. NMR has applications in chemistry, medicine, and other fields such as determining molecular structures, imaging tissues for medical diagnosis via MRI, and assessing purity in quality control.
NMR spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to characterize organic molecules. It exploits the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. When placed in a strong magnetic field, atomic nuclei absorb and emit radio frequency radiation. The frequency depends on the magnetic field strength and chemical environment of the nucleus. NMR spectroscopy is used for a variety of applications including analysis of mixtures, elemental analysis, structure determination, and pharmaceutical analysis such as drug identification, quantification, and quality control. It provides both static structural information and dynamic information about molecular motion.
NMR Spectroscopy is a powerful technique that can provide detailed information on the topology, dynamics and three-dimensional structure of molecules in solution and the solid state
NMR spectroscopy is an analytical technique that uses the magnetic properties of certain nuclei, such as 1H and 13C, to characterize organic molecules. It was independently developed in the 1940s-1950s by groups at Harvard and Stanford, with Nobel Prizes awarded. There are two main types - 1H NMR studies hydrogen atoms and 13C NMR studies carbon atoms. The instrument uses a strong magnet to align nuclear spins, radio waves to excite them, and detectors to measure the radiofrequency energy emitted as the spins relax. NMR provides information about a molecule's structure through analysis of peak positions in its spectrum.
NMR spectroscopy involves applying a strong magnetic field to atomic nuclei and observing the electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted during transitions between nuclear spin energy levels. It provides information about the structure of molecules by detecting hydrogen and carbon isotopes. The first NMR spectrum was published in 1946 by Bloch and Purcell, who received the Nobel Prize for their work developing NMR spectroscopy. It has become an important tool for organic chemists to determine molecular structure.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uses radio waves to determine molecular structure by analyzing the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. It works by placing a sample in a strong magnetic field, which causes the magnetic nuclei in the sample to absorb and emit radio signals. Analyzing these signals provides information on the molecular structure, such as identifying carbon-hydrogen frameworks in organic molecules. NMR is used in fields like organic chemistry, biochemistry, and medical research to study molecular structure and interactions.
This document discusses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which is used to characterize organic molecules. It provides details on:
1) The two main types of NMR spectroscopy used - 1H NMR determines hydrogen atoms and 13C NMR determines carbon atom types.
2) NMR works by applying radio waves to induce changes in nuclear spins of elements like 1H and 13C within a molecule.
3) Factors that influence the NMR signal/chemical shift of atoms, including electronegativity, hybridization, and aromaticity.
Nuclear magnetic resonance by ayush kumawatAyush Kumawat
This document provides an overview of a presentation on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy. The presentation covers the history of NMR, principles, instrumentation, techniques and applications of NMR spectroscopy. It discusses key topics such as NMR spectra, spin quantum number, chemical shift, spin-spin coupling and solvents used. The presentation was given by Ayush Kumawat, a 7th semester B.Pharma student under the guidance of Dr. Priyadarshini Kamble at BHUPAL NOBEL’S COLLEGE OF PHARMACY in Udaipur.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) GULSHAN.pptxGULSHAN KUMAR
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy is a non-destructive analytical technique that is used to probe the nature and characteristics of molecular structure.
NMR, principle and instrumentation by kk sahu sirKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
History
Principle
Assembly
Solvents
Chemical shift
Factors affecting chemical shift
2D NMR
NOE effect
NOESY
COSY
Application
Conclusion
References
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that exploits the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. It can be used to determine the structure of organic molecules and is useful in fields like chemistry, medicine, and the petroleum industry. NMR works by applying a strong magnetic field to align atomic nuclei, then applying a second radio frequency field to excite the nuclei and cause them to emit electromagnetic radiation that is detected and analyzed. The frequency of this radiation depends on the chemical environment of the nuclei.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that exploits the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. It can be used to determine the structure of organic molecules and identify unknown compounds. NMR works by applying a strong magnetic field to align atomic nuclei, then applying a second radio frequency field to excite the nuclei and cause them to emit electromagnetic radiation that is detected and analyzed. The frequency of this radiation depends on the chemical environment of each nuclear species in the molecule. NMR provides detailed information about molecular structure and interactions.
Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genome, which is the complete set of genetic material present in its DNA. This includes all the genes, non-coding regions, and regulatory sequences. Genomics involves sequencing and analyzing the DNA to identify genes, variations (such as single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs), and other structural features of the genome.
How Genomics & Data analysis are intertwined each other (1).pdfNusrat Gulbarga
Genomics and data analysis are closely linked because genomics generates vast amounts of data, which requires sophisticated computational and analytical tools to process and interpret. Genomics involves sequencing, assembling, and annotating the genome, which produces large datasets that require bioinformatics and computational analysis. Data analysis techniques such as machine learning, statistical analysis, and data visualization are critical for interpreting genomic data, identifying patterns, and making meaningful conclusions. In turn, genomic data analysis helps to advance our understanding of genetics, biology, and disease, leading to new discoveries and advances in medicine, agriculture, and other fields. Without data analysis, genomic research would be limited in its ability to extract insights from the vast amounts of genomic data that are generated. Genomics and data analysis are intertwined because genomics generates vast amounts of data that require advanced computational and statistical methods to interpret and analyze. Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genetic makeup, including DNA sequences, gene expression patterns, and epigenetic modifications. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies, genomics has generated an enormous amount of data that requires sophisticated computational tools to analyze and interpret.
Data analysis plays a crucial role in genomics because it helps to identify genetic variations and their functional significance, understand gene expression patterns, and predict the effects of genetic modifications. Sophisticated statistical methods and machine learning algorithms are used to analyze genomic data and identify patterns, associations, and correlations. Data analysis also plays a critical role in personalized medicine, where genomic data is used to identify individualized treatments for patients based on their genetic makeup. Overall, genomics and data analysis are intertwined because they complement each other and are both essential for understanding the complexities of the genetic code and its effects on health and disease. Genomics and data analysis are intertwined because genomics is the study of the entire genetic material of an organism, and data analysis is necessary to interpret and make sense of the vast amount of genomic data generated. Genomics involves sequencing, assembling, and analyzing DNA, RNA, and protein sequences. The resulting data are massive, complex, and require advanced computational tools and techniques to be analyzed effectively. Data analysis helps to identify genes, regulatory elements, and mutations that are responsible for specific traits or diseases. It also helps to compare genomic sequences across different species and populations. Without data analysis, it would be impossible to extract useful information from the vast amount of genomic data produced by sequencing technologies.
Newtons law of motion ~ II sem ~ m sc bioinformaticsNusrat Gulbarga
In the first law, an object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it. In the second law, the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration. In the third law, when two objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.
Cheminformatics (sometimes referred to as chemical informatics or chemoinformatics) focuses on storing, indexing, searching, retrieving, and applying information about chemical compounds. ... Virtual libraries can contain information on likely synthesis methods and predicted stability of the reaction products.
Genomes, omics and its importance, general features III semesterNusrat Gulbarga
'Omic' technologies are primarily aimed at the universal detection of genes (genomics), mRNA (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics) and metabolites (metabolomics) in a specific biological sample. ... Mass spectrometry is the most common method used for the detection of analytes in proteomic and metabolomic research.
Architecture of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and tissuesNusrat Gulbarga
The cells of all prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess two basic features: a plasma membrane, also called a cell membrane, and cytoplasm. However, the cells of prokaryotes are simpler than those of eukaryotes. For example, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
Proteomics is the study of the entire complement of proteins in a cell or organism. It involves identifying, characterizing, and quantifying proteins and understanding their functions. Key techniques in proteomics include protein separation methods like 2D gel electrophoresis, protein detection methods like mass spectrometry, and protein analysis methods like x-ray crystallography. Proteomics has many applications in medicine such as disease diagnosis and drug development. It can also be used to study biological processes like aging and diseases like diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.
Water has unusual properties that make it essential for life. It has a high heat capacity allowing it to absorb large amounts of heat with only small changes in temperature, helping regulate temperatures for living things. Water also has an unusually high boiling point and freezing point compared to similar molecules its size, existing as a liquid over a wide range of temperatures that are livable. These unique properties are crucial for biological and chemical processes on Earth.
Cheese is a dairy product, derived from milk and produced in wide ranges of flavors, textures and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. It comprises proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep.
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used.
Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies.
Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire
computer system
Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function, and it revolves around the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life. Focusing on the cell permits a detailed understanding of the tissues and organisms that cells compose.
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA.
The document provides an overview of cell signaling and signal transduction. It discusses how cells communicate with each other via signaling molecules, both over short and long ranges. The key modes of cell signaling are introduced as autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and juxtacrine signaling. The document then examines the processes of signal transduction, how signals are transmitted across and within cells to elicit responses. Specific topics covered include the synthesis and release of signaling molecules, signal detection by receptors, and the cellular changes induced by receptor-signal complexes.
Necrosis is the death of body tissue. It occurs when too little blood flows to the tissue. This can be from injury, radiation, or chemicals. Necrosis cannot be reversed. When large areas of tissue die due to a lack of blood supply, the condition is called gangrene
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. In particular, it describes how thermal energy is converted to and from other forms of energy and how it affects matter.
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes.
Database administration refers to the whole set of activities performed by a database administrator to ensure that a database is always available as needed. Other closely related tasks and roles are database security, database monitoring and troubleshooting, and planning for future growth
These organs synthesize and secrete specific biochemical messengers, known as hormones, into the blood in a synchronized collaboration with the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system to regulate metabolism, growth, development, and reproduction (Figure 15-1).
Apoptosis is an orderly process in which the cell's contents are packaged into small packets of membrane for “garbage collection” by immune cells. Apoptosis removes cells during development, eliminates potentially cancerous and virus-infected cells, and maintains balance in the body.
The cytoskeleton and cell motility from karp chapter 9Nusrat Gulbarga
In addition to playing this structural role, the cytoskeleton is responsible for cell movements. These include not only the movements of entire cells, but also the internal transport of organelles and other structures (such as mitotic chromosomes) through the cytoplasm.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
NMR .pdf
1. NMR Spectroscopy- Definition, Principle, Steps, Parts, Uses
What is NMR?
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy
or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local
magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.
It is a spectroscopy technique that is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the
radiofrequency region 4 to 900 MHz by nuclei of the atoms.
Over the past fifty years, NMR has become the preeminent technique for determining the
structure of organic compounds.
Of all the spectroscopic methods, it is the only one for which a complete analysis and
interpretation of the entire spectrum is normally expected.
2. Principle of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
1. The principle behind NMR is that many nuclei have spin and all nuclei are electrically
charged. If an external magnetic field is applied, an energy transfer is possible between the
base energy to a higher energy level (generally a single energy gap).
2. The energy transfer takes place at a wavelength that corresponds to radio frequencies and
when the spin returns to its base level, energy is emitted at the same frequency.
3. The signal that matches this transfer is measured in many ways and processed in order to yield
an NMR spectrum for the nucleus concerned.
Working of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
The sample is placed in a magnetic field and the NMR signal is produced by excitation of the
nuclei sample with radio waves into nuclear magnetic resonance, which is detected with
sensitive radio receivers.
The intra-molecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance
frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its
individual functional groups.
As the fields are unique or highly characteristic to individual compounds, NMR spectroscopy
is the definitive method to identify monomolecular organic compounds.
Besides identification, NMR spectroscopy provides detailed information about the structure,
dynamics, reaction state, and chemical environment of molecules.
The most common types of NMR are proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy, but it is
applicable to any kind of sample that contains nuclei possessing spin.
Instrumentation of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
1. Sample holder: Glass tube with 8.5 cm long, 0.3 cm in diameter.
2. Permanent magnet: It provides a homogeneous magnetic field at 60-100 MHZ
3. Magnetic coils: These coils induce a magnetic field when current flows through them
4. Sweep generator: To produce an equal amount of magnetic field pass through the sample
5. Radio frequency transmitter: A radio transmitter coil transmitter that produces a short
powerful pulse of radio waves
3. 6. Radio frequency receiver: A radio receiver coil that detects radio frequencies emitted as
nuclei relax to a lower energy level
7. Read out systems: A computer that analyses and records the data.
Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. NMR
spectroscopy is the use of the NMR phenomenon to study the physical, chemical, and biological
properties of matter.
It is an analytical chemistry technique used in quality control.
It is used in research for determining the content and purity of a sample as well as
its molecular structure. For example, NMR can quantitatively analyze mixtures containing
known compounds.
NMR spectroscopy is routinely used by chemists to study chemical structure using simple
one-dimensional techniques. Two-dimensional techniques are used to determine the structure
of more complicated molecules.
These techniques are replacing x-ray crystallography for the determination of protein
structure.
Time domain NMR spectroscopy techniques are used to probe molecular dynamics in
solution.
Solid state NMR spectroscopy is used to determine the molecular structure of solids.
Other scientists have developed NMR methods-of measuring diffusion coefficients.
Read Also:
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Amazing 27 Things under the Microscope with Diagrams.
Bacteria- Definition, Structure, Shapes, Sizes, Classification.