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% XLMVH WQEPP JEQMP] 162. OMRIWMR
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E WSPYFPI TVSXIMR GSQTPI GEPPIH H]REGXMR 188. 'LETXIV8LI']XSWOIPIXSRERH'IPP1SXMPMX]
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SJ QMGVSXYFYPIW ETTIEV SRI EJXIV ERSXLIV 257. *MKYVI
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4,=7-30 40%28 4,=7-303+= = %1)6-'%2 73'-)8=
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4)61-77-32 3* %1)6-'%2 73'-)8= 3* 40%28 -303+-787 -2
8,) *361%8 8)833/ :-% '34=6-+,8 '0)%6%2') ')28)6
261. *MKYVI F
XLEX WLS[ RI[P] JSVQIH
QMGVSXYFYPIW FVERGLMRK EX ER ERKPI SJJ XLI WMHIW SJ
TVIIMWXMRK QMGVSXYFYPIW 3RGI JSVQIH XLI HEYKLXIV QM
GVSXYFYPIW EVI PMOIP] WIZIVIH JVSQ XLI TEVIRX QMGVSXYFYPI
ERH MRGSVTSVEXIH MRXS XLI TEVEPPIP FYRHPIW XLEX IRGMVGPI
XLI GIPP 262. *MKYVIW E
%W XLI GIPP ETTVSEGLIW QMXSWMW XLI QMGVSXYFYPIW HMWET
TIEV JVSQ QSWX SJ XLI GSVXI PIEZMRK SRP] E WMRKPI XVERW
ZIVWI FERH GEPPIH XLI TVITVSTLEWI FERH XLEX IRGMVGPIW XLI
GIPP PMOI E FIPX 263. *MKYVI WXEKI
8LI TVITVSTLEWI
FERH QEVOW XLI WMXI SJ XLI JYXYVI HMZMWMSR TPERI
%W XLI GIPP TVSKVIWWIW MRXS QMXSWMW XLI TVITVSTLEWI FERH
MW PSWX ERH QMGVSXYFYPIW VIETTIEV MR XLI JSVQ SJ XLI QM
XSXMG WTMRHPI 264. *MKYVI WXEKI
%JXIV XLI GLVSQSWSQIW LEZI FIIR WITEVEXIH XLI QMXSXMG
WTMRHPI HMWETTIEVW ERH MW VITPEGIH F] E FYRHPI SJ QMGVS
XYFYPIW GEPPIH XLI TLVEKQSTPEWX 265. *MKYVI WXEKI
[LMGL TPE]W E VSPI MR XLI JSVQEXMSR SJ XLI GIPP [EPP XLEX
WITEVEXIW XLI X[S HEYKLXIV GIPPW 266. WII *MKYVI
8LIWI HVEQEXMG GLERKIW MR XLI WTEXMEP SVKERM^EXMSR SJ QMGVS
XYFYPIW EVI XLSYKLX XS FI EGGSQTPMWLIH F] E GSQFMREXMSR SJ
X[S WITEVEXI QIGLERMWQW 268. XLI HMWEWWIQFP] SJ IMWXMRK QMGVSXYFYPIW ERH
VIEWWIQFP] SJ RI[ SRIW MR HMJJIVIRX VIKMSRW SJ XLI GIPP -R XLI
PEXXIV GEWI XLI QMGVSXYFYPIW XLEX QEOI YT XLI TVITVSTLEWI FERH
EVI JSVQIH JVSQ XLI WEQI WYFYRMXW XLEX E JI[ QMRYXIW IEVPMIV
[IVI TEVX SJ XLI GSVXMGEP EVVE] SV FIJSVI XLEX XLI TLVEKQSTPEWX
8LI 9RHIVP]MRK EWMW SJ 1MGVSXYFYPI (]REQMGW -RWMKLX
MRXS JEGXSVW XLEX MRµYIRGI XLI VEXIW SJ QMGVSXYFYPI EWWIQFP]
ERH HMWEWWIQFP] GEQI MRMXMEPP] JVSQ WXYHMIW GEVVMIH SYX MR
ZMXVS 8LI ´VWX WYGGIWWJYP ETTVSEGL XS XLI MR ZMXVS EWWIQFP] SJ
QMGVSXYFYPIW [EW XEOIR MR F] 6MGLEVH ;IMWIRFIVK SJ
8IQTPI 9RMZIVWMX] 6IEWSRMRK XLEX GIPP LSQSKIREXIW WLSYPH
TSWWIWW EPP XLI QEGVSQSPIGYPIW VIUYMVIH JSV XLI EWWIQFP]
TVSGIWW ;IMWIRFIVK SFXEMRIH XYFYPMR TSP]QIVM^EXMSR MR GVYHI
FVEMR LSQSKIREXIW EX ' F] EHHMRK 1K
+84 ERH
)+8% 269. [LMGL FMRHW 'E
ER MRLMFMXSV SJ TSP]QIVM^EXMSR
;IMWIRFIVK JSYRH XLEX QMGVSXYFYPIW GSYPH FI HMWEWWIQFPIH
ERH VIEWWIQFPIH SZIV ERH SZIV WMQTP] F] PS[IVMRK ERH VEMWMRK
XLI XIQTIVEXYVI SJ XLI MRGYFEXMSR QMXYVI *MKYVI WLS[W
XLVII QMGVSXYFYPIW XLEX [IVI EWWIQFPIH MR XLI XIWX XYFI JVSQ
TYVM´IH XYFYPMR 3RI SJ XLI XLVII QMGVSXYFYPIW MR XLMW ´KYVI
GSRXEMRW SRP] TVSXS´PEQIRXW 270. EW MRHMGEXIH F] MXW XLMRRIV HM
EQIXIV
-X MW RSX YRITIGXIH XLEX QMGVSXYFYPIW EWWIQFPIH MR
ZMXVS QMKLX LEZI EFRSVQEP TVSXS´PEQIRX RYQFIVW FIGEYWI
XLI] PEGO E TVSTIV XIQTPEXI 271. *MKYVI G
RSVQEPP] TVSZMHIH
F] XLI XYFYPMR VMRK GSQTPIIW MR ZMZS -R ZMXVS EWWIQFP] SJ
QMGVSXYFYPIW MW EMHIH KVIEXP] F] XLI EHHMXMSR SJ 1%4W SV F]
TMIGIW SJ QMGVSXYFYPIW SV WXVYGXYVIW XLEX GSRXEMR QMGVSXYFYPIW
272. *MKYVI
[LMGL WIVZI EW XIQTPEXIW JSV XLI EHHMXMSR SJ JVII
WYFYRMXW -R XLIWI MR ZMXVS WXYHMIW XYFYPMR WYFYRMXW EVI EHHIH
TVMQEVMP] XS XLI TPYW IRH SJ XLI IMWXMRK TSP]QIV
)EVP] MR ZMXVS WXYHMIW IWXEFPMWLIH XLEX +84 MW VIUYMVIH JSV
QMGVSXYFYPI EWWIQFP] %WWIQFP] SJ XYFYPMR HMQIVW VIUYMVIW
XLEX E +84 QSPIGYPI FI FSYRH XS XLI XYFYPMR WYFYRMX
%W
MX XYVRW SYX XYFYPMR MW RSX SRP] E WXVYGXYVEP TVSXIMR MX MW EPWS
ER IR^]QI E +84EWI +84 L]HVSP]WMW MW RSX VIUYMVIH JSV XLI
EGXYEP MRGSVTSVEXMSR SJ XLI HMQIV SRXS XLI IRH SJ E QMGVS
XYFYPI 6EXLIV XLI +84 MW L]HVSP]^IH XS +(4 WLSVXP] EJXIV
XLI HMQIV MW MRGSVTSVEXIH MRXS E QMGVSXYFYPI ERH XLI VIWYPXMRK
+(4 VIQEMRW FSYRH XS XLI EWWIQFPIH TSP]QIV %JXIV E HMQIV
MW VIPIEWIH JVSQ E QMGVSXYFYPI HYVMRK HMWEWWIQFP] ERH IRXIVW
276. E
8LI QMGVS
KVETLW WLS[ E TSVXMSR SJ E PMZI GYPXYVIH XSFEGGS GIPP XLEX MW ITVIWWMRK
µYSVIWGIRXP] PEFIPIH +*4XYFYPMR (YVMRK XLI TIVMSH SJ SFWIVZEXMSR ER
IMWXMRK QMGVSXYFYPI SJ XLI GSVXI RYGPIEXIW XLI EWWIQFP] SJ E HEYKLXIV
QMGVSXYFYPI [LMGL KVS[W SYX[EVH JSVQMRK E =WLETIH FVERGL 8LI
IRH SJ E RI[P] JSVQIH QMGVSXYFYPI MW MRHMGEXIH F] XLI EVVS[LIEH XLI
FVERGLTSMRX F] XLI EVVS[ 277. F
)PIGXVSR QMGVSKVETL SJ E QMGVSXYFYPI [MXL
X[S HEYKLXIV QMGVSXYFYPIW FVERGLMRK JVSQ MXW WYVJEGI 8LI FVERGLIH
QMGVSXYFYPIW [IVI EWWIQFPIH MR E GIPPJVII W]WXIQ GSRXEMRMRK XYFYPMR
WYFYRMXW EV Q 278. G
% WGLIQEXMG QSHIP WLS[MRK LS[ RI[ QMGVS
XYFYPIW EVI RYGPIEXIH EX XLI WMXIW SJ XYFYPMR TVIWIRX SR XLI WYVJEGI
SJ ER IMWXMRK QMGVSXYFYPI 279. % *631 8%/%7,- 196%8% )8 %0
2%896) ')00 -30 6)46-28)( = 4)61-77-32 *631
1%'1-00%2 490-7,)67 08(
% QSPIGYPI SJ +84 MW EPWS FSYRH XS XLI XYFYPMR WYFYRMX FYX MX MW RSX
IGLERKIEFPI ERH MX MW RSX L]HVSP]^IH JSPPS[MRK WYFYRMX MRGSVTSVEXMSR 8LI
TSWMXMSRW SJ XLI KYERMRI RYGPISXMHIW MR XLI XYFYPMR LIXIVSHMQIV EVI WLS[R
MR *MKYVI G
280. 1MGVSXYFYPIW
XLI WSPYFPI TSSP XLI +(4 MW VITPEGIH F] E RI[ +848LMW RY
GPISXMHI IGLERKI ©VIGLEVKIWª XLI HMQIV EPPS[MRK MX XS WIVZI
SRGI EKEMR EW E FYMPHMRK FPSGO JSV TSP]QIVM^EXMSR
IGEYWI MX MRGPYHIW +84 L]HVSP]WMW EWWIQFP] SJ E QMGVS
XYFYPI MW RSX ER MRITIRWMZI GIPPYPEV EGXMZMX] ;L] LEW WYGL E
GSWXP] TSP]QIVM^EXMSR TEXL[E] IZSPZIH# 8S ERW[IV XLMW UYIW
XMSR MX MW YWIJYP XS GSRWMHIV XLI IJJIGX SJ +84 L]HVSP]WMW SR
QMGVSXYFYPI WXVYGXYVI ;LIR E QMGVSXYFYPI MW KVS[MRK XLI
TPYW IRH MW WIIR YRHIV XLI IPIGXVSR QMGVSWGSTI EW ER STIR WLIIX
XS [LMGL +84HMQIVW EVI EHHIH 281. WXIT *MKYVI E F
*MKYVI 1MGVSXYFYPIW EWWIQFPIH MR XLI XIWX XYFI )PIGXVSR
QMGVSKVETL SJ JVS^IR YR´IH QMGVSXYFYPIW XLEX LEH TSP]QIVM^IH MR
ZMXVS 8LI MRHMZMHYEP TVSXS´PEQIRXW ERH XLIMV KPSFYPEV XYFYPMR WYFYRMXW
EVI ZMWMFPI 2SXI XLEX XLI QMHHPI SJ XLI XLVII QMGVSXYFYPIW GSRXEMRW
SRP] TVSXS´PEQIRXW 282. '3968)7= 3* 6 , ;%() -278-898 ()
-303+-) 7869'896%0) +6)230) *6%2')
%SRIQI
IRH SJ ESRIQEP
QMGVSXYFYPIW
IRH SJ
EWWIQFPIH
QMGVSXYFYPIW
8YFI GPSWYVI
'EXEWXVSTLI
+(4 HMQIVW
+84 HMQIVW
285. F
*MKYVI 8LI EWWIQFP] SJ XYFYPMR SRXS ER IMWXMRK QMGVSXYFYPEV
WXVYGXYVI )PIGXVSR QMGVSKVETL WLS[MRK XLI MR ZMXVS EWWIQFP] SJ FVEMR
XYFYPMR SRXS XLI TPYW IRHW SJ XLI QMGVSXYFYPIW SJ ER ESRIQI JVSQ E
'LPEQ]HSQSREW µEKIPPYQ 286. '3968)7= 3* 0 - -2()6 %2( .3)0 0
637)2%91
*MKYVI 8LI WXVYGXYVEP GET QSHIP SJ H]REQMG MRWXEFMPMX]
%GGSVHMRK XS XLI QSHIP XLI KVS[XL SV WLVMROEKI SJ E QMGVSXYFYPI
HITIRHW SR XLI WXEXI SJ XLI XYFYPMR HMQIVW EX XLI TPYW IRH SJ XLI
QMGVSXYFYPI 8YFYPMR+84 HMQIVW EVI HITMGXIH MR VIH 8YFYPMR+(4
HMQIVW EVI HITMGXIH MR FPYI -R E KVS[MRK QMGVSXYFYPI 287. WXIT
XLI XMT
GSRWMWXW SJ ER STIR WLIIX GSRXEMRMRK XYFYPMR+84 WYFYRMXW -R WXIT
XLI XYFI LEW FIKYR XS GPSWI JSVGMRK XLI L]HVSP]WMW SJ XLI FSYRH +84
-R WXIT XLI XYFI LEW GPSWIH XS MXW IRH PIEZMRK SRP] XYFYPMR+(4
WYFYRMXW +(4XYFYPMR WYFYRMXW LEZI E GYVZIH GSRJSVQEXMSR GSQTEVIH
XS XLIMV +84FSYRH GSYRXIVTEVXW [LMGL QEOIW XLIQ PIWW EFPI XS ´X
MRXS E WXVEMKLX TVSXS´PEQIRX 8LI WXVEMR VIWYPXMRK JVSQ XLI TVIWIRGI SJ
+(4XYFYPMR WYFYRMXW EX XLI TPYW IRH SJ XLI QMGVSXYFYPI MW VIPIEWIH EW
XLI TVSXS´PEQIRXW GYVP SYX[EVH JVSQ XLI XYFYPI ERH YRHIVKS
GEXEWXVSTLMG WLVMROEKI 289. F
'V]S)1 MQEKI SJ XLI KVS[MRK IRH
SJ E QMGVSXYFYPI WLS[MRK E GYVZIH STIR WLIIX 290. G
'V]S)1 MQEKI SJ
XLI WLVMROMRK IRH SJ E QMGVSXYFYPI WLS[MRK SYX[EVHP] GYVZIH TVSXS´PE
QIRXW 291. % % % ,=1%2
) /%67)28- ')00 =
4)61-77-32 3* ')00 46)77 ')00 = ')00 46)77 6)463(9')(
;-8, 4)61-77-32 3* ')00 46)77 -2 8,) *361%8 .3962%0 :-%
'34=6-+,8 '0)%6%2') ')28)6 ' '3968)7= 3* 8,31%7
19)00)66)-',)68 8 9 (6)7()2 1)(-'%0 8,)36)8-'%0
')28)6 292. 18
%2( %28,32= % ,=1%2 1% 40%2'/
-278-898) 3* 130)'90%6 ')00 -303+= %2( +)2)8-'7
293. 'LETXIV8LI']XSWOIPIXSRERH'IPP1SXMPMX]
(YVMRK XMQIW SJ VETMH QMGVSXYFYPI KVS[XL XYFYPMR HMQIVW EVI
EHHIH QSVI VETMHP] XLER XLIMV +84 GER FI L]HVSP]^IH 8LI
TVIWIRGI SJ E GET SJ XYFYPMR+84 HMQIVW EX XLI TPYW IRHW SJ
XLI TVSXS´PEQIRXW MW XLSYKLX XS JEZSV XLI EHHMXMSR SJ QSVI
WYFYRMXW ERH XLI KVS[XL SJ XLI QMGVSXYFYPI ,S[IZIV QMGVS
XYFYPIW [MXL STIR IRHW EW MR WXIT *MKYVI E EVI XLSYKLX
XS YRHIVKS E WTSRXERISYW VIEGXMSR XLEX PIEHW XS GPSWYVI SJ XLI
XYFI 294. WXITW ERH
-R XLMW QSHIP XYFI GPSWYVI MW EGGSQTERMIH
F] XLI L]HVSP]WMW SJ XLI FSYRH +84 [LMGL KIRIVEXIW WYFYRMXW
XLEX GSRXEMR +(4FSYRH XYFYPMR +(4XYFYPMR WYFYRMXW LEZI
E HMJJIVIRX GSRJSVQEXMSR JVSQ XLIMV +84XYFYPMR TVIGYVWSVW
ERH EVI PIWW WYMXIH XS ´X MRXS E WXVEMKLX TVSXS´PEQIRX 8LI VI
WYPXMRK QIGLERMGEP WXVEMR HIWXEFMPM^IW XLI QMGVSXYFYPI 8LI
WXVEMR IRIVK] MW VIPIEWIH EW XLI TVSXS´PEQIRXW GYVP SYX[EVH
JVSQ XLI TPYW IRH SJ XLI XYFYPI ERH YRHIVKS GEXEWXVSTLMG HI
TSP]QIVM^EXMSR 295. *MKYVI E WXIT G
8LYW MX [SYPH
ETTIEV XLEX +84 L]HVSP]WMW MW E JYRHEQIRXEP GSQTSRIRX SJ
XLI H]REQMG UYEPMX] SJ QMGVSXYFYPIW 8LI WXVEMR IRIVK] WXSVIH
MR E QMGVSXYFYPI EW E VIWYPX SJ +84 L]HVSP]WMW QEOIW XLI QM
GVSXYFYPI MRLIVIRXP] YRWXEFPI ERH¨MR XLI EFWIRGI SJ SXLIV WXE
FMPM^MRK JEGXSVW WYGL EW 1%4W¨GETEFPI SJ HMWEWWIQFPMRK WSSR
EJXIV MXW JSVQEXMSR 1MGVSXYFYPIW GER WLVMRO VIQEVOEFP] JEWX
IWTIGMEPP] MR ZMZS [LMGL EPPS[W E GIPP XS HMWEWWIQFPI MXW QMGVS
XYFYPEV G]XSWOIPIXSR ZIV] VETMHP]
8LI H]REQMG GLEVEGXIV SJ XLI QMGVSXYFYPEV G]XSWOIPIXSR
MRWMHI E GIPP GER FI VIZIEPIH F] QMGVSMRNIGXMRK PEFIPIH XYFYPMR
MRXS E GYPXYVIH GIPP 8LI PEFIPIH WYFYRMXW EVI VETMHP] MRGSVTS
VEXIH MRXS XLI TVIIMWXMRK QMGVSXYFYPIW SJ XLI G]XSWOIPIXSR
IZIR MR XLI EFWIRGI SJ QSVTLSPSKMGEP GLERKI 296. *MKYVI
-J
MRHMZMHYEP QMGVSXYFYPIW EVI SFWIVZIH YRHIV E µYSVIWGIRGI
QMGVSWGSTI XLI] ETTIEV XS KVS[ WPS[P] JSV E TIVMSH SJ XMQI
ERH XLIR WLVMRO VETMHP] ERH YRITIGXIHP] EW MPPYWXVEXIH F] XLI
QMGVSXYFYPI FIMRK JSPPS[IH MR *MKYVI IGEYWI XLI
W[MXGL JVSQ KVS[XL XS WLVMROEKI 297. ER IZIRX XIVQIH GEXEWXVSTLI
SGGYVW [MXL LMKL JVIUYIRG] MR ZMZS QSWX QMGVSXYFYPIW HMWET
TIEV JVSQ XLI GIPP MR E QEXXIV SJ QMRYXIW ERH EVI VITPEGIH F]
RI[ QMGVSXYFYPIW XLEX KVS[ SYX JVSQ XLI GIRXVSWSQI
-R 8MQSXL] 1MXGLMWSR ERH 1EVG /MVWGLRIV SJ XLI
9RMZIVWMX] SJ 'EPMJSVRME 7ER *VERGMWGS VITSVXIH SR XLI TVST
IVXMIW SJ MRHMZMHYEP QMGVSXYFYPIW ERH TVSTSWIH XLEX QMGVS
XYFYPI FILEZMSV MR ZMZS GSYPH FI ITPEMRIH F] E TLIRSQIRSR
XLI] XIVQIH H]REQMG MRWXEFMPMX] (]REQMG MRWXEFMPMX] I
*MKYVI (]REQMG MRWXEFMPMX] 8LMW WIVMIW SJ TLSXSKVETLW WLS[W
XLI GLERKIW MR PIRKXL SJ E WMRKPI QMGVSXYFYPI MR XLI KVS[XL GSRI SJ E
RIYVSR 8LI GIPP [EW QMGVSMRNIGXIH [MXL µYSVIWGIRXP] PEFIPIH XYFYPMR EX
WYJ´GMIRXP] PS[ GSRGIRXVEXMSR XS TVSHYGI KVIIR µYSVIWGIRX WTIGOPIW
EPSRK XLI PIRKXL SJ QMGVSXYFYPIW %W HMWGYWWIH SR TEKI WYGL
WTIGOPIW TVSZMHI ´IH VIJIVIRGI TSMRXW XLEX GER FI JSPPS[IH SZIV XMQI
)EGL SJ XLI ]IPPS[ LSVM^SRXEP PMRIW GSRRIGXW SRI SJ XLIWI WTIGOPIW JVSQ
SRI XMQI TSMRX XS ERSXLIV 8LI FPYI PMRI MRHMGEXIW XLI ETTVSMQEXI TPYW
IRH SJ XLI QMGVSXYFYPI EX ZEVMSYW XMQI TSMRXW *VSQ XS EFSYX WIG
SRHW XLI QMGVSXYFYPI YRHIVKSIW E KVEHYEP EHHMXMSR SJ XYFYPMR WYFYRMXW
EX MXW TPYW IRH 8LIR JVSQ EFSYX XS WIGSRHW XLI QMGVSXYFYPI
ITIVMIRGIW VETMH WLVMROEKI 298. *631 %2(6); ; 7',%)*)6 29690
/%-6 %2( 4%90 *367',)6 =%0) 92-:)67-8= . ')00 -30
*-+ 6)463(9')( ;-8, 4)61-77-32 3* 8,)
63'/)*)00)6 92-:)67-8= 46)77
*MKYVI 1MGVSXYFYPI H]REQMGW MR PMZMRK GIPPW 8LMW GYPXYVIH
´FVSFPEWX [EW MRNIGXIH [MXL E WQEPP ZSPYQI SJ XYFYPMR XLEX LEH FIIR
GSZEPIRXP] PMROIH XS FMSXMR E WQEPP QSPIGYPI [LSWI PSGEXMSR MR XLI GIPP
MW VIEHMP] HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK µYSVIWGIRX ERXMFMSXMR ERXMFSHMIW
%TTVSMQEXIP] SRI QMRYXI JSPPS[MRK MRNIGXMSR XLI GIPPW [IVI ´IH ERH
XLI PSGEXMSR SJ FMSXMR]PEXIH XYFYPMR XLEX LEH FIIR MRGSVTSVEXIH MRXS MR
WSPYFPI QMGVSXYFYPIW [EW HIXIVQMRIH -X MW IZMHIRX JVSQ XLMW
µYSVIWGIRGI QMGVSKVETL XLEX IZIR HYVMRK TIVMSHW EW WLSVX EW SRI
QMRYXI XYFYPMR WYFYRMXW EVI [MHIP] MRGSVTSVEXIH EX XLI KVS[MRK IRHW
SJ G]XSWOIPIXEP QMGVSXYFYPIW 299. *631 1%6' /-67',2)6 . ')00
-30 '3:)6 3* 23 6)463(9')( ;-8, 4)61-77-32
3* 8,) 63'/)*)00)6 92-:)67-8= 46)77
301. XLEX KVS[MRK ERH WLVMROMRK QMGVS
XYFYPIW GER GSIMWX MR XLI WEQI VIKMSR SJ E GIPP ERH 303. WXSGLEWXMGEPP]
FIX[IIR KVS[MRK ERH WLSVXIRMRK TLEWIW EW MR
*MKYVI (]REQMG MRWXEFMPMX] MW ER MRLIVIRX TVSTIVX] SJ
XLI QMGVSXYFPI MXWIPJ ERH QSVI WTIGM´GEPP] SJ XLI TPYW IRH SJ
XLI QMGVSXYFYPI %W MRHMGEXIH MR *MKYVI MX MW XLI TPYW IRH
[LIVI WYFYRMXW EVI EHHIH HYVMRK KVS[XL ERH PSWX HYVMRK
WLVMROEKI 8LMW HSIW RSX QIER XLEX H]REQMG MRWXEFMPMX] GER
RSX FI MRµYIRGIH F] IXIVREP JEGXSVW *SV IEQTPI GIPPW GSR
XEMR E HMZIVWI EVVE] SJ TVSXIMRW 305. *MKYVI
7SQI SJ
XLIWI 8-4W VIKYPEXI XLI VEXI SJ XLI QMGVSXYFYPI¬W KVS[XL SV
WLVMROEKI SV XLI JVIUYIRG] SJ MRXIVGSRZIVWMSR FIX[IIR XLI
X[S TLEWIW 3XLIV 8-4W QIHMEXI XLI EXXEGLQIRX SJ XLI TPYW
IRH SJ XLI QMGVSXYFYPI XS E WTIGM´G GIPPYPEV WXVYGXYVI WYGL EW
XLI OMRIXSGLSVI SJ E QMXSXMG GLVSQSWSQI HYVMRK GIPP HMZMWMSR
SV XLI EGXMR G]XSWOIPIXSR SJ XLI GSVXI HYVMRK ZIWMGPI XVERW
TSVX 3RGI E WYFGIPPYPEV WXVYGXYVI MW EXXEGLIH XS XLI TPYW IRH SJ
E QMGVSXYFYPI XLI H]REQMG TVSTIVXMIW SJ XLI QMGVSXYFYPI GER
IIVX JSVGI SR XLEX WXVYGXYVI 4SP]QIVM^EXMSR SJ E QMGVSXYFYPI
GER TYWL SR ER EXXEGLIH SFNIGX [LIVIEW HITSP]QIVM^EXMSR SJ
E QMGVSXYFYPI GER TYPP SR ER EXXEGLIH SFNIGX *SV MRWXERGI XLMW
X]TI SJ TYPPMRK JSVGI TPE]W E QENSV VSPI MR XLI WIKVIKEXMSR SJ
GLVSQSWSQIW HYVMRK GIPP HMZMWMSR 306. 7IGXMSR
(]REQMG MRWXEFMPMX] TVSZMHIW E QIGLERMWQ F] [LMGL XLI
TPYW IRHW SJ QMGVSXYFYPIW GER VETMHP] ITPSVI XLI G]XSTPEWQ
JSV ETTVSTVMEXI WMXIW SJ EXXEGLQIRX %XXEGLQIRX XIQTSVEVMP]
WXEFMPM^IW QMGVSXYFYPIW ERH EPPS[W XLI GIPP XS FYMPH XLI GSQ
TPI G]XSWOIPIXEP RIX[SVOW HMWGYWWIH MR XLMW GLETXIV (]REQMG
MRWXEFMPMX] EPWS EPPS[W GIPPW XS VIWTSRH VETMHP] XS GLERKMRK
GSRHMXMSRW XLEX VIUYMVI VIQSHIPMRK SJ XLI QMGVSXYFYPEV G]
XSWOIPIXSR 3RI SJ XLI QSWX HVEQEXMG IEQTPIW SJ WYGL VI
QSHIPMRK SGGYVW EX QMXSWMW [LIR XLI QMGVSXYFYPIW SJ XLI
G]XSWOIPIXSR EVI HMWEWWIQFPIH ERH VIQSHIPIH MRXS E FMTSPEV
QMXSXMG WTMRHPI 8LMW VISVKERM^EXMSR MW EWWSGMEXIH [MXL E
QEVOIH GLERKI MR QMGVSXYFYPI WXEFMPMX] QMGVSXYFYPIW MR MR
XIVTLEWI GIPPW LEZI LEPJPMZIW XLEX EVI § XMQIW PSRKIV XLER
QMGVSXYFYPIW MR QMXSXMG GIPPW 9RPMOI XLI QMGVSXYFYPIW SJ XLI
QMXSXMG WTMRHPI SV G]XSWOIPIXSR XLI QMGVSXYFYPIW SJ XLI SV
KERIPPIW XS FI HMWGYWWIH FIPS[ PEGO H]REQMG EGXMZMX] ERH MR
WXIEH EVI LMKLP] WXEFPI
'MPME ERH *PEKIPPE 7XVYGXYVI ERH *YRGXMSR
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SJ E QMGVSWGSTI ERH XVMIH XS OIIT E TVSXS^SER JVSQ W[MQQMRK
SYX SJ XLI ´IPH SJ ZMI[ GER ETTVIGMEXI XLI EGXMZMX] SJ GMPME ERH
µEKIPPE 'MPME ERH µEKIPPE EVI LEMVPMOI QSXMPI SVKERIPPIW XLEX
TVSNIGX JVSQ XLI WYVJEGI SJ E ZEVMIX] SJ IYOEV]SXMG GIPPW EGXI
VME EPWS TSWWIWW WXVYGXYVIW VIJIVVIH XS EW µEKIPPE FYX TVSOEV]
SXMG µEKIPPE EVI WMQTPI ´PEQIRXW XLEX FIEV RS IZSPYXMSREV]
VIPEXMSRWLMT XS XLIMV IYOEV]SXMG GSYRXIVTEVXW 307. WII *MKYVI
8LI HMWGYWWMSR XLEX JSPPS[W TIVXEMRW SRP] XS XLI IYOEV]SXMG
SVKERIPPIW
'MPME ERH µEKIPPE EVI IWWIRXMEPP] XLI WEQI WXVYGXYVI 1SWX
FMSPSKMWXW YWI SRI SV XLI SXLIV XIVQ FEWIH SR XLI X]TI SJ GIPP
JVSQ [LMGL XLI SVKERIPPI TVSNIGXW ERH MXW TEXXIVR SJ QSZI
QIRX %GGSVHMRK XS XLMW HMWXMRGXMSR E GMPMYQ GER FI PMOIRIH XS
ER SEV EW MX QSZIW XLI GIPP MR E HMVIGXMSR TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI
GMPMYQ MXWIPJ -R MXW TS[IV WXVSOI XLI GMPMYQ MW QEMRXEMRIH MR E
VMKMH WXEXI 308. *MKYVI E
EW MX TYWLIW EKEMRWX XLI WYVVSYRHMRK
QIHMYQ -R MXW VIGSZIV] WXVSOI XLI GMPMYQ FIGSQIW µIMFPI
SJJIVMRK PMXXPI VIWMWXERGI XS XLI QIHMYQ 'MPME XIRH XS SGGYV MR
PEVKI RYQFIVW SR E GIPP¬W WYVJEGI ERH XLIMV FIEXMRK EGXMZMX] MW
YWYEPP] GSSVHMREXIH 309. *MKYVI F
-R QYPXMGIPPYPEV SVKER
MWQW GMPME QSZI µYMH ERH TEVXMGYPEXI QEXIVMEP XLVSYKL ZEVMSYW
XVEGXW 310. *MKYVI G
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MXLIPMYQ PMRMRK XLI VIWTMVEXSV] XVEGX TVSTIPW QYGYW ERH
XVETTIH HIFVMW E[E] JVSQ XLI PYRKW 2SX EPP GMPME EVI QSXMPI
QER] GIPPW SJ XLI FSH] GSRXEMR E WMRKPI RSRQSXMPI GMPMYQ
311. GEPPIH E TVMQEV] GMPMYQ
XLEX MW XLSYKLX XS LEZI E WIRWSV]
JYRGXMSR QSRMXSVMRK XLI QIGLERMGEP ERH GLIQMGEP TVSTIVXMIW
SJ IXVEGIPPYPEV µYMHW 7SQI SJ XLI VSPIW SJ WMRKPI QSXMPI ERH
RSRQSXMPI GMPME EVI HMWGYWWIH MR XLI EGGSQTER]MRK ,YQER
4IVWTIGXMZI
*PEKIPPE X]TMGEPP] SGGYV WMRKP] SV MR TEMVW ERH ILMFMX E ZE
VMIX] SJ HMJJIVIRX FIEXMRK TEXXIVRW 312. [EZIJSVQW
HITIRHMRK SR
XLI GIPP X]TI *SV IEQTPI XLI WMRKPIGIPPIH EPKE TMGXYVIH MR
*MKYVI E TYPPW MXWIPJ JSV[EVH F] [EZMRK MXW X[S µEKIPPE MR
ER EW]QQIXVMG QERRIV XLEX VIWIQFPIW XLI FVIEWXWXVSOI SJ E
LYQER W[MQQIV 313. *MKYVI F
8LMW WEQI EPKEP GIPP GER EPWS
TYWL MXWIPJ XLVSYKL XLI QIHMYQ YWMRK E W]QQIXVMG FIEX VI
WIQFPMRK XLEX SJ E WTIVQ 314. WLS[R MR *MKYVI
8LI HIKVII
SJ EW]QQIXV] MR XLI TEXXIVR SJ XLI FIEX MR XLI EPKEP GIPP MW VIK
YPEXIH F] XLI MRXIVREP GEPGMYQ MSR GSRGIRXVEXMSR
*MKYVI MRHMRK SJ E QMGVSXYFYPI TPYWIRH XVEGOMRK TVSXIMR
315. 8-4
8LI QMGVSKVETL WLS[W E PMZI MQEKI SJ E LYQER PYRK ´FVS
FPEWX ITVIWWMRK Q'LIVV]PEFIPIH XYFYPMR