Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. In particular, it describes how thermal energy is converted to and from other forms of energy and how it affects matter.
This document discusses the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The zeroth law defines temperature as a property of a system such that systems in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.
2) The first law states that energy is conserved and can change forms but not be created or destroyed. It defines the relationship between changes in internal energy of a system and heat/work.
3) The second law states that the entropy of an isolated system never decreases, and perpetual motion machines of the second kind are impossible. It relates entropy to heat transfer.
4) The third law states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant minimum value as temperature approaches absolute zero.
The document summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form.
2) The second law states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases.
3) The third law states that the entropy of a system approaches a minimum, zero, as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
4) There is no universally accepted fourth law, but some proposals include the Onsager reciprocal relations regarding heat and matter flow parameters.
Thermodynamic laws describe the flows and interchanges of heat, energy and matter.
Almost all chemical and biochemical processes are as a result of transformation of energy.
Laws can provide important insights into metabolism and bioenergetics.
The energy exchanges between the system and the surroundings balance each other.
There is a hierarchy of energetics among organisms
This document discusses spontaneous and nonspontaneous reactions. It explains that a spontaneous reaction favors the formation of products under specified conditions, while a nonspontaneous reaction does not favor the formation of products under the same conditions. It provides the example that photosynthesis is a nonspontaneous reaction that requires an input of energy. The document also discusses entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy in the context of spontaneous reactions.
THE CONCEPT OF ENTHALPY, ENTROPY AND FREE ENERGYRIYASAMSON
1) The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including enthalpy, entropy, and free energy.
2) Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a system and depends on internal energy and pressure-volume work. Entropy quantifies the disorder or randomness in a system.
3) Free energy determines whether chemical reactions occur spontaneously and accounts for both enthalpy and entropy changes. Reactions are spontaneous when the change in free energy is negative.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the Golgi apparatus. It notes that the Golgi apparatus was discovered in 1898 by Camillo Golgi and is present in all eukaryotic cells. It has a central stack of flattened, interconnecting sacs called cisternae. The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and lipids from the ER, carrying out functions like secretion, synthesis, sulfation, phosphorylation, and apoptosis. It packages molecules into vesicles which are transported within the cell.
hermodynamics is the branch of physics that has to do with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, irrespective of the composition or specific properties of the material or system in question. The laws of thermodynamics are explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering.
This document discusses the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The zeroth law defines temperature as a property of a system such that systems in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.
2) The first law states that energy is conserved and can change forms but not be created or destroyed. It defines the relationship between changes in internal energy of a system and heat/work.
3) The second law states that the entropy of an isolated system never decreases, and perpetual motion machines of the second kind are impossible. It relates entropy to heat transfer.
4) The third law states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant minimum value as temperature approaches absolute zero.
The document summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form.
2) The second law states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases.
3) The third law states that the entropy of a system approaches a minimum, zero, as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
4) There is no universally accepted fourth law, but some proposals include the Onsager reciprocal relations regarding heat and matter flow parameters.
Thermodynamic laws describe the flows and interchanges of heat, energy and matter.
Almost all chemical and biochemical processes are as a result of transformation of energy.
Laws can provide important insights into metabolism and bioenergetics.
The energy exchanges between the system and the surroundings balance each other.
There is a hierarchy of energetics among organisms
This document discusses spontaneous and nonspontaneous reactions. It explains that a spontaneous reaction favors the formation of products under specified conditions, while a nonspontaneous reaction does not favor the formation of products under the same conditions. It provides the example that photosynthesis is a nonspontaneous reaction that requires an input of energy. The document also discusses entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy in the context of spontaneous reactions.
THE CONCEPT OF ENTHALPY, ENTROPY AND FREE ENERGYRIYASAMSON
1) The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including enthalpy, entropy, and free energy.
2) Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a system and depends on internal energy and pressure-volume work. Entropy quantifies the disorder or randomness in a system.
3) Free energy determines whether chemical reactions occur spontaneously and accounts for both enthalpy and entropy changes. Reactions are spontaneous when the change in free energy is negative.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the Golgi apparatus. It notes that the Golgi apparatus was discovered in 1898 by Camillo Golgi and is present in all eukaryotic cells. It has a central stack of flattened, interconnecting sacs called cisternae. The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and lipids from the ER, carrying out functions like secretion, synthesis, sulfation, phosphorylation, and apoptosis. It packages molecules into vesicles which are transported within the cell.
hermodynamics is the branch of physics that has to do with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, irrespective of the composition or specific properties of the material or system in question. The laws of thermodynamics are explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering.
The document summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The zeroth law establishes thermal equilibrium and allows for temperature measurement.
2) The first law states that energy is conserved and heat and work are interchangeable.
3) The second law says that entropy always increases in spontaneous processes and disorder increases.
4) The third law establishes that entropy reaches zero at absolute zero temperature.
1) Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of energy transduction and storage in living cells, along with the chemical processes underlying energy changes.
2) The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved, while the second law states that entropy increases over time as energy spreads out.
3) Living organisms are open systems that maintain internal order by taking in free energy from nutrients or sunlight and releasing entropy as heat to the environment.
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
This document provides an introduction to a thermodynamics course. It defines thermodynamics as the study of heat and work transfer on a specified system. A system is any part of the universe being studied, separated from its surroundings by a real or imaginary boundary. The document outlines different types of systems (isolated, closed, open) and phases of matter (solid, liquid, gas). It also defines important thermodynamic concepts like state, equilibrium, properties, processes, the laws of thermodynamics, and heat transfer including latent heat and phase changes.
Gibbs free energy (G) is a measure of chemical energy that can be used to determine the direction of chemical reactions and the equilibrium of products and reactants. G depends on the enthalpy (H) and entropy (S) of the system according to the equation G = H - TS. A reaction will proceed in the direction that lowers the Gibbs free energy and will reach equilibrium when the Gibbs free energies of products and reactants are equal. The change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) can be calculated from the standard Gibbs free energies of formation (ΔG°f) of products and reactants.
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that studies heat, work, and energy. It is governed by four main laws:
1) The zeroth law establishes that thermal equilibrium is transitive.
2) The first law states that energy is conserved and the change in a system's internal energy equals heat added minus work done.
3) The second law specifies that entropy always increases for isolated systems undergoing spontaneous processes and heat cannot be fully converted to work.
4) The third law affirms that entropy reaches a minimum, zero for perfect crystals, as temperature approaches absolute zero.
activation energy of biological systemKAUSHAL SAHU
SOME GENERAL TERM
FREE ENERGY
ENDERGONIC REACTION
EXERGONIC REACTION
ACTIVATION ENERGY
DEFINITION
TRANSITION STATE
WHERE DOES ACTIVATION ENERGY COME FROM?
DETERMINING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY THROUGH ARREHINIUS EQUATION
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON ACTIVATION ENERGY
NEGATIVE ACTIVATION ENERGY
EFFECTS OF ENZYMES ON ACTIVATION ENERGY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The Oparin-Haldane theory proposed that organic evolution began when simple organic compounds formed in the primordial oceans and aggregated into coacervates - self-replicating droplets surrounded by membranes. These coacervates were the first living cells, which evolved over time into more complex life forms including monerans, protistans, fungi, plants and animals as the early Earth cooled and chemical reactions became possible in the reducing atmosphere.
This document provides an overview of enzymes, including their chemistry, classification, mechanisms of action, kinetics, inhibition, and activation. It begins with the basic introduction that enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions. It then covers enzyme structure and components like cofactors. The major sections explain classification of enzymes based on reaction type, mechanisms like induced fit and catalytic types, kinetics concepts like Michaelis-Menten modeling and factors affecting reaction rates, and types of inhibition like competitive and noncompetitive. The document aims to comprehensively summarize the key topics relating to enzymes.
Ultracentrifugation is a technique that uses high centrifugal forces generated by rotational speeds of up to 150,000 rpm to separate particles in solution based on differences in size, shape, density, and viscosity. It is an important tool in biochemical research used to isolate molecules like DNA, RNA, lipids, and separate organelles from cells. There are two main types - analytical ultracentrifugation which studies molecular interactions and properties, and preparative ultracentrifugation which isolates and purifies particles using techniques like density gradient centrifugation. Proper rotor selection and maintenance of the centrifuge are important for safe and effective use of this technique.
Tang 01b enthalpy, entropy, and gibb's free energymrtangextrahelp
1. Enthalpy (H) is a measure of the total energy of a system at constant pressure. It can be used to determine if a chemical reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
2. Entropy (S) is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system. Reactions that increase disorder have a positive change in entropy.
3. Gibbs free energy (G) takes into account both enthalpy and entropy to determine if a reaction is spontaneous. A reaction is spontaneous if the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is negative.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy in living systems. The document discusses three main points:
1) It summarizes the first and second laws of thermodynamics as they apply to biological systems - the first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form, while the second law states that entropy increases over time as energy is dissipated.
2) It explains how living cells take in energy and transform it into chemical or mechanical work through various energy coupling reactions, making all cells "energy parasites".
3) It discusses how thermodynamic concepts like Gibbs free energy, entropy, and thermal energy are relevant to understanding biochemical processes in cells and the flow of energy that maintains life.
The document summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The first law states that energy is conserved and the change in a system's internal energy equals heat added minus work done.
2) The second law involves heat spontaneously flowing from hot to cold and is the basis for engines, refrigerators, and air conditioners.
3) The third law states that entropy approaches zero as temperature approaches absolute zero.
4) The zeroth law concerns thermal equilibrium between objects in contact.
Objective of the study:-Introduction, Resting Membrane Potential, concept of selective Permeability of membrane, Nernst Equation, Example, Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation and its significance
Enthalpy (H) is the sum of internal energy (U) plus pressure-volume work. ΔH is the heat of reaction under constant pressure, while ΔU is the heat under constant volume. Thermochemistry studies the heat absorbed or released during chemical reactions. Combustion reactions are exothermic, releasing heat. Enthalpy is a state function that can be used to determine if a reaction is exothermic or endothermic based on the sign of the enthalpy change.
The document discusses cell membranes and transport across membranes. It notes that plasma membranes are composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates arranged in a fluid mosaic structure. Transport across membranes can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport. Active transport uses carrier proteins and ATP hydrolysis to move substances against their concentration gradient. A key example is the sodium-potassium pump, which transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for 2 potassium ions into the cell, contributing to the cell's membrane potential.
The document discusses the Hill equation, which was formulated by Archibald Hill in 1910 to describe the sigmoidal oxygen binding curve of hemoglobin. The Hill equation can be used to describe the fraction of a macromolecule saturated by a ligand as a function of the ligand's concentration. It is useful for determining the degree of cooperativity between ligand binding sites. A Hill coefficient of n > 1 indicates positively cooperative binding, n < 1 indicates negatively cooperative binding, and n = 1 indicates noncooperative binding.
1. Essentials of thermodynamics-1.pptx BSNshahbazsahbi8
This document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics and their applications in biophysics. It introduces biophysics as applying physics principles to biological systems. Thermodynamics provides a framework to understand energy transformations in living organisms. The three laws of thermodynamics - zeroth law regarding thermal equilibrium, first law of energy conservation, and second law of entropy increase - are explained. The third law is also introduced. Examples are given of how these laws apply to biological processes like cellular respiration, protein folding, and temperature regulation. Biological thermodynamics is defined as studying biochemical dynamics controlled by energy processes like ATP hydrolysis and enzyme kinetics.
SCIENCE EXPLAINS THE CAUSES OF THE FINITUDE OF EVERYTHING.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to scientifically demonstrate that living beings and planets like the Earth, stars like the Sun and the Universe we live in will come to an end due to entropy because they will evolve over time to a state of disorder. Entropy is commonly associated with the degree of disorder in a system. The greater the disorder of a thermodynamic system, the greater its entropy. All forms of life have a net increase in entropy. To sustain life, it is necessary to transfer energy to the living being. If you fail to do so, the organism soon dies and always tends towards the destruction of the order it had, that is, towards disorder or an increase in entropy. Planet Earth increases its entropy due to the increased exploitation of its resources, deforestation, pollution, among other sources of degradation. The greater this degradation, the greater the entropy of the planet, which could reach such a high stage that life on Earth will no longer be possible. The Sun's death will occur when it is in an advanced phase of its life and all its fuel, hydrogen, is consumed. The thermal death of the Universe will occur when it reaches its state of maximum entropy (state of thermodynamic equilibrium) and darkness reigns in the Universe, marking its "death". Based on the above, all living beings, all planets, all stars and the Universe, which constitute thermodynamic systems, will end when their respective entropies reach the maximum value. To avoid the end of human beings as a species, it is necessary to make scientific and technological advances that ensure human life outside Earth and identify the existence of parallel universes to open the possibility for human beings to survive the end of our Universe by heading to parallel universes.
The document summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The zeroth law establishes thermal equilibrium and allows for temperature measurement.
2) The first law states that energy is conserved and heat and work are interchangeable.
3) The second law says that entropy always increases in spontaneous processes and disorder increases.
4) The third law establishes that entropy reaches zero at absolute zero temperature.
1) Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of energy transduction and storage in living cells, along with the chemical processes underlying energy changes.
2) The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved, while the second law states that entropy increases over time as energy spreads out.
3) Living organisms are open systems that maintain internal order by taking in free energy from nutrients or sunlight and releasing entropy as heat to the environment.
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
This document provides an introduction to a thermodynamics course. It defines thermodynamics as the study of heat and work transfer on a specified system. A system is any part of the universe being studied, separated from its surroundings by a real or imaginary boundary. The document outlines different types of systems (isolated, closed, open) and phases of matter (solid, liquid, gas). It also defines important thermodynamic concepts like state, equilibrium, properties, processes, the laws of thermodynamics, and heat transfer including latent heat and phase changes.
Gibbs free energy (G) is a measure of chemical energy that can be used to determine the direction of chemical reactions and the equilibrium of products and reactants. G depends on the enthalpy (H) and entropy (S) of the system according to the equation G = H - TS. A reaction will proceed in the direction that lowers the Gibbs free energy and will reach equilibrium when the Gibbs free energies of products and reactants are equal. The change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) can be calculated from the standard Gibbs free energies of formation (ΔG°f) of products and reactants.
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that studies heat, work, and energy. It is governed by four main laws:
1) The zeroth law establishes that thermal equilibrium is transitive.
2) The first law states that energy is conserved and the change in a system's internal energy equals heat added minus work done.
3) The second law specifies that entropy always increases for isolated systems undergoing spontaneous processes and heat cannot be fully converted to work.
4) The third law affirms that entropy reaches a minimum, zero for perfect crystals, as temperature approaches absolute zero.
activation energy of biological systemKAUSHAL SAHU
SOME GENERAL TERM
FREE ENERGY
ENDERGONIC REACTION
EXERGONIC REACTION
ACTIVATION ENERGY
DEFINITION
TRANSITION STATE
WHERE DOES ACTIVATION ENERGY COME FROM?
DETERMINING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY THROUGH ARREHINIUS EQUATION
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON ACTIVATION ENERGY
NEGATIVE ACTIVATION ENERGY
EFFECTS OF ENZYMES ON ACTIVATION ENERGY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The Oparin-Haldane theory proposed that organic evolution began when simple organic compounds formed in the primordial oceans and aggregated into coacervates - self-replicating droplets surrounded by membranes. These coacervates were the first living cells, which evolved over time into more complex life forms including monerans, protistans, fungi, plants and animals as the early Earth cooled and chemical reactions became possible in the reducing atmosphere.
This document provides an overview of enzymes, including their chemistry, classification, mechanisms of action, kinetics, inhibition, and activation. It begins with the basic introduction that enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions. It then covers enzyme structure and components like cofactors. The major sections explain classification of enzymes based on reaction type, mechanisms like induced fit and catalytic types, kinetics concepts like Michaelis-Menten modeling and factors affecting reaction rates, and types of inhibition like competitive and noncompetitive. The document aims to comprehensively summarize the key topics relating to enzymes.
Ultracentrifugation is a technique that uses high centrifugal forces generated by rotational speeds of up to 150,000 rpm to separate particles in solution based on differences in size, shape, density, and viscosity. It is an important tool in biochemical research used to isolate molecules like DNA, RNA, lipids, and separate organelles from cells. There are two main types - analytical ultracentrifugation which studies molecular interactions and properties, and preparative ultracentrifugation which isolates and purifies particles using techniques like density gradient centrifugation. Proper rotor selection and maintenance of the centrifuge are important for safe and effective use of this technique.
Tang 01b enthalpy, entropy, and gibb's free energymrtangextrahelp
1. Enthalpy (H) is a measure of the total energy of a system at constant pressure. It can be used to determine if a chemical reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
2. Entropy (S) is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system. Reactions that increase disorder have a positive change in entropy.
3. Gibbs free energy (G) takes into account both enthalpy and entropy to determine if a reaction is spontaneous. A reaction is spontaneous if the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is negative.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy in living systems. The document discusses three main points:
1) It summarizes the first and second laws of thermodynamics as they apply to biological systems - the first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form, while the second law states that entropy increases over time as energy is dissipated.
2) It explains how living cells take in energy and transform it into chemical or mechanical work through various energy coupling reactions, making all cells "energy parasites".
3) It discusses how thermodynamic concepts like Gibbs free energy, entropy, and thermal energy are relevant to understanding biochemical processes in cells and the flow of energy that maintains life.
The document summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The first law states that energy is conserved and the change in a system's internal energy equals heat added minus work done.
2) The second law involves heat spontaneously flowing from hot to cold and is the basis for engines, refrigerators, and air conditioners.
3) The third law states that entropy approaches zero as temperature approaches absolute zero.
4) The zeroth law concerns thermal equilibrium between objects in contact.
Objective of the study:-Introduction, Resting Membrane Potential, concept of selective Permeability of membrane, Nernst Equation, Example, Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation and its significance
Enthalpy (H) is the sum of internal energy (U) plus pressure-volume work. ΔH is the heat of reaction under constant pressure, while ΔU is the heat under constant volume. Thermochemistry studies the heat absorbed or released during chemical reactions. Combustion reactions are exothermic, releasing heat. Enthalpy is a state function that can be used to determine if a reaction is exothermic or endothermic based on the sign of the enthalpy change.
The document discusses cell membranes and transport across membranes. It notes that plasma membranes are composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates arranged in a fluid mosaic structure. Transport across membranes can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport. Active transport uses carrier proteins and ATP hydrolysis to move substances against their concentration gradient. A key example is the sodium-potassium pump, which transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for 2 potassium ions into the cell, contributing to the cell's membrane potential.
The document discusses the Hill equation, which was formulated by Archibald Hill in 1910 to describe the sigmoidal oxygen binding curve of hemoglobin. The Hill equation can be used to describe the fraction of a macromolecule saturated by a ligand as a function of the ligand's concentration. It is useful for determining the degree of cooperativity between ligand binding sites. A Hill coefficient of n > 1 indicates positively cooperative binding, n < 1 indicates negatively cooperative binding, and n = 1 indicates noncooperative binding.
1. Essentials of thermodynamics-1.pptx BSNshahbazsahbi8
This document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics and their applications in biophysics. It introduces biophysics as applying physics principles to biological systems. Thermodynamics provides a framework to understand energy transformations in living organisms. The three laws of thermodynamics - zeroth law regarding thermal equilibrium, first law of energy conservation, and second law of entropy increase - are explained. The third law is also introduced. Examples are given of how these laws apply to biological processes like cellular respiration, protein folding, and temperature regulation. Biological thermodynamics is defined as studying biochemical dynamics controlled by energy processes like ATP hydrolysis and enzyme kinetics.
SCIENCE EXPLAINS THE CAUSES OF THE FINITUDE OF EVERYTHING.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to scientifically demonstrate that living beings and planets like the Earth, stars like the Sun and the Universe we live in will come to an end due to entropy because they will evolve over time to a state of disorder. Entropy is commonly associated with the degree of disorder in a system. The greater the disorder of a thermodynamic system, the greater its entropy. All forms of life have a net increase in entropy. To sustain life, it is necessary to transfer energy to the living being. If you fail to do so, the organism soon dies and always tends towards the destruction of the order it had, that is, towards disorder or an increase in entropy. Planet Earth increases its entropy due to the increased exploitation of its resources, deforestation, pollution, among other sources of degradation. The greater this degradation, the greater the entropy of the planet, which could reach such a high stage that life on Earth will no longer be possible. The Sun's death will occur when it is in an advanced phase of its life and all its fuel, hydrogen, is consumed. The thermal death of the Universe will occur when it reaches its state of maximum entropy (state of thermodynamic equilibrium) and darkness reigns in the Universe, marking its "death". Based on the above, all living beings, all planets, all stars and the Universe, which constitute thermodynamic systems, will end when their respective entropies reach the maximum value. To avoid the end of human beings as a species, it is necessary to make scientific and technological advances that ensure human life outside Earth and identify the existence of parallel universes to open the possibility for human beings to survive the end of our Universe by heading to parallel universes.
Bioenergetics is the study of energy transformations that occur in living cells. It examines how cells acquire chemical energy from nutrients and transform that energy to power biological processes through reactions like oxidative phosphorylation. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as the main energy currency, being produced from energy sources and broken down to release energy for cellular work. Thermodynamic principles like the first and second laws govern these energy transformations, requiring a constant total energy while increasing entropy as energy is dissipated into less useful forms like heat.
Entropy in physics, biology and in thermodynamicsjoshiblog
Entropy is a measure of probability and the "disorder" of a system.
Disorder refers to is really the number of different microscopic states a system can be in, given that the system has a particular fixed composition, volume, energy, pressure, and temperature.
the exact definition is
Entropy = (Boltzmann's constant k) x logarithm of number of possible states
= k log(N).
The first law of thermodynamics defines the relationship between the various forms of energy present in a system (kinetic and potential), the work which the system performs and the transfer of heat.
We can imagine thermodynamic processes which conserve energy but which never occur in nature.
For example, if we bring a hot object into contact with a cold object, we observe that the hot object cools down and the cold object heats up until an equilibrium is reached. The transfer of heat goes from the hot object to the cold object.
According to the second law of thermodynamics, in any process that involves a cycle, the entropy of the system will either stay the same or increase. When the cyclic process is reversible then the entropy will not change. When the process is irreversible, then entropy will increases.
The second law states that there exists a useful state variable called entropy S. The change in entropy delta S is equal to the heat transfer delta Q divided by the temperature T.
delta S = delta Q / T
Order can be produced with an expenditure of energy, and the order associated with life on the earth is produced with the aid of energy from the sun.
For example, plants use energy from the sun in tiny energy factories called chloroplasts Using chlorophyll in the process called photosynthesis, they convert the sun's energy into storable form in ordered sugar molecules. In this way, carbon and water in a more disordered state are combined to form the more ordered sugar molecules.
In animal systems there are also small structures within the cells called mitochondria which use the energy stored in sugar molecules from food to form more highly ordered structures.
Ecosystems maintain themselves through the cycling of energy and nutrients obtained from external sources like the sun. Primary producers like plants use photosynthesis to produce organic materials from solar energy, forming the base of the trophic structure. While primary producers absorb most energy from the sun, decomposers process large amounts of organic material and release more energy, making them more important than producers in terms of energy flow through the ecosystem.
This document provides information about ecology notes on energy and material cycling in ecosystems. It discusses the key roles of energy and various biogeochemical cycles, including the carbon, nitrogen, water, oxygen, and phosphorus cycles. The three main points covered are:
1) Energy flows through ecosystems in a one-way path and is required by organisms but is lost as heat or low-temperature emissions. The laws of thermodynamics govern energy flow.
2) Biogeochemical cycles recirculate essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, water, oxygen, and phosphorus between organisms and the environment. These cycles are important for maintaining life.
3) Human activities can disrupt natural cycles, like increasing carbon dioxide levels
Thermodynamics describes the flow of energy in biological systems. Cells use ATP to store and transport chemical energy for metabolic reactions. ATP is regenerated by breaking down nutrients through oxidative phosphorylation, storing energy from food in ATP's phosphate bonds. Metabolism consists of anabolic and catabolic pathways which use ATP to drive the building up and breaking down of molecules. Biochemical pathways organize these reactions, and feedback inhibition regulates pathway activity based on product levels. Overall, thermodynamics governs how living things transform energy to carry out functions through intricate metabolic processes at the cellular level.
3 thermodynamics fall Energy 101 fall 2015Lonnie Gamble
1. The document discusses the laws of thermodynamics, including that energy cannot be created or destroyed according to the first law, but tends to disperse and lose usefulness according to the second law of increasing entropy. The third law states that at absolute zero, entropy approaches zero and all activity ceases.
2. Solar energy provides a high quality energy source to offset the increasing entropy of systems on Earth and allows for regeneration through photosynthesis. Meditation also offsets entropy effects in the mind and body.
3. A deep understanding of thermodynamics illustrates why perpetual motion is impossible and why energy must be continually replenished to maintain order in systems.
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, work, temperature, and energy. The laws of thermodynamics describe how energy changes in a system and whether it can do work. The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another. The second law states that entropy increases in irreversible processes and remains constant in reversible ones. Free energy determines if a process is spontaneous. Biological systems require constant energy to maintain order and live, demonstrating the laws of thermodynamics.
Chapter 31-energy-and-enzymes-mcgraw-hill-higher-education, from Millar and H...Yo yo Nody khan
1. Energy drives all life processes at the cellular level and exists in two forms: kinetic energy which is actively involved in work and potential energy which is stored for future use. Cells obtain energy through chemical reactions obeying the laws of thermodynamics.
2. Enzymes are protein catalysts that greatly increase the rate of chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy required. Enzyme structure allows for specific binding of substrate molecules in the active site.
3. Factors like temperature and pH can affect enzyme shape and activity by disrupting bonds critical for structure and function. Cofactors and coenzymes are additional non-protein molecules that facilitate enzyme catalysis.
The document discusses thermodynamics in ecology. It explains that the sun provides the energy that drives photosynthesis, the most important chemical reaction. It introduces concepts like food chains, food webs, and how energy enters ecosystems. It defines thermodynamics as the study of how energy causes movement and changes with temperature, pressure and volume. It outlines the first law of thermodynamics that energy cannot be created or destroyed, just changed forms, and the second law that entropy increases and energy is lost as heat in all conversions. Finally, it states that life requires a continuous expenditure of energy.
1. The document discusses metabolism and energy transformations in living organisms. It covers topics like metabolic pathways, ATP, the laws of thermodynamics, free energy, and exergonic and endergonic reactions.
2. Key points include that metabolic pathways convert energy from one form to another through chemical reactions, and that cellular respiration and photosynthesis involve exergonic and endergonic reactions, respectively.
3. The first and second laws of thermodynamics state that energy cannot be created or destroyed, and that entropy increases over time as energy is transferred or transformed.
The document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It begins by explaining the basic concepts of energy flow, including the types of energy (e.g., solar, chemical, electrical), trophic levels, and the transfer of energy between producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers. Around 10% of energy is transferred between each trophic level, with the majority being lost, limiting food chains to 4-6 links. Primary producers, such as plants and algae, harness solar or chemical energy. Decomposers break down organic matter and release nutrients. Overall, the summary outlines the key stages and processes by which energy is transferred through ecosystems from primary producers up the food chain.
Systems consist of interacting elements that form a complex whole. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on whether they exchange matter, energy, or both. Energy flows through systems and is lost during transformations from one form to another, as stated by the second law of thermodynamics. Ecosystems are open systems that maintain dynamic equilibrium through negative feedback loops, with energy driving materials through processes of transfer and transformation.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations in biological systems. The document defines the key concepts of thermodynamics including the various forms of energy (kinetic, potential, etc.), the types of systems (open, closed, isolated), and the laws of thermodynamics. The three main laws discussed are: 1) the first law of thermodynamics which states that energy is conserved, 2) the second law which states that entropy increases over time as energy becomes less available, and 3) the third law regarding entropy approaching a minimum at absolute zero temperature. Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and the concepts of exergonic and endergonic reactions in biology are also summarized.
thermodynamics. in physical world outside and inside the living body. important factor for heat and energy for the living.
different forms of energy, kinetic energy and pottential energy.
different forms of system, open and closed. laws of thermodynamics and gibbs free energy. entrophy and enthalphy
- Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that applies principles and methods of physics to chemical systems. It covers various topics including thermodynamics, kinetics, quantum chemistry, and spectroscopy.
- The four main branches of physical chemistry are thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, and kinetics. Thermodynamics studies heat and equilibrium properties, while kinetics examines reaction rates.
- The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transfer in chemical systems. The first law states that energy is conserved, while the second law says entropy increases over time as energy is dispersed.
1. Chemical reactions can be either exergonic or endergonic, with exergonic reactions releasing energy and endergonic reactions requiring energy.
2. The laws of thermodynamics state that energy is conserved but tends to dissipate such that entropy increases over time, making energy less usable.
3. The second law of thermodynamics explains that living organisms require a constant input of energy to maintain life functions against the natural increase in entropy.
Energy Flow in Environment : Ecological EnergeticsKamlesh Patel
What is Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work,
Radiant, Chemical, thermal, mechanical, nuclear, electrical.
What is Energy Flow:
The existence of flora and fauna in ecosystem depends upon the cycle of minerals and flow of energy. Energy is needed for all the biotic activities. The only source of this energy is the sun. The entrance, transformation and diffusion of energy in ecosystem are governed by laws of thermodynamics.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.
Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genome, which is the complete set of genetic material present in its DNA. This includes all the genes, non-coding regions, and regulatory sequences. Genomics involves sequencing and analyzing the DNA to identify genes, variations (such as single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs), and other structural features of the genome.
How Genomics & Data analysis are intertwined each other (1).pdfNusrat Gulbarga
Genomics and data analysis are closely linked because genomics generates vast amounts of data, which requires sophisticated computational and analytical tools to process and interpret. Genomics involves sequencing, assembling, and annotating the genome, which produces large datasets that require bioinformatics and computational analysis. Data analysis techniques such as machine learning, statistical analysis, and data visualization are critical for interpreting genomic data, identifying patterns, and making meaningful conclusions. In turn, genomic data analysis helps to advance our understanding of genetics, biology, and disease, leading to new discoveries and advances in medicine, agriculture, and other fields. Without data analysis, genomic research would be limited in its ability to extract insights from the vast amounts of genomic data that are generated. Genomics and data analysis are intertwined because genomics generates vast amounts of data that require advanced computational and statistical methods to interpret and analyze. Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genetic makeup, including DNA sequences, gene expression patterns, and epigenetic modifications. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies, genomics has generated an enormous amount of data that requires sophisticated computational tools to analyze and interpret.
Data analysis plays a crucial role in genomics because it helps to identify genetic variations and their functional significance, understand gene expression patterns, and predict the effects of genetic modifications. Sophisticated statistical methods and machine learning algorithms are used to analyze genomic data and identify patterns, associations, and correlations. Data analysis also plays a critical role in personalized medicine, where genomic data is used to identify individualized treatments for patients based on their genetic makeup. Overall, genomics and data analysis are intertwined because they complement each other and are both essential for understanding the complexities of the genetic code and its effects on health and disease. Genomics and data analysis are intertwined because genomics is the study of the entire genetic material of an organism, and data analysis is necessary to interpret and make sense of the vast amount of genomic data generated. Genomics involves sequencing, assembling, and analyzing DNA, RNA, and protein sequences. The resulting data are massive, complex, and require advanced computational tools and techniques to be analyzed effectively. Data analysis helps to identify genes, regulatory elements, and mutations that are responsible for specific traits or diseases. It also helps to compare genomic sequences across different species and populations. Without data analysis, it would be impossible to extract useful information from the vast amount of genomic data produced by sequencing technologies.
Newtons law of motion ~ II sem ~ m sc bioinformaticsNusrat Gulbarga
In the first law, an object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it. In the second law, the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration. In the third law, when two objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.
Cheminformatics (sometimes referred to as chemical informatics or chemoinformatics) focuses on storing, indexing, searching, retrieving, and applying information about chemical compounds. ... Virtual libraries can contain information on likely synthesis methods and predicted stability of the reaction products.
Genomes, omics and its importance, general features III semesterNusrat Gulbarga
'Omic' technologies are primarily aimed at the universal detection of genes (genomics), mRNA (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics) and metabolites (metabolomics) in a specific biological sample. ... Mass spectrometry is the most common method used for the detection of analytes in proteomic and metabolomic research.
Architecture of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and tissuesNusrat Gulbarga
The cells of all prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess two basic features: a plasma membrane, also called a cell membrane, and cytoplasm. However, the cells of prokaryotes are simpler than those of eukaryotes. For example, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
Proteomics is the study of the entire complement of proteins in a cell or organism. It involves identifying, characterizing, and quantifying proteins and understanding their functions. Key techniques in proteomics include protein separation methods like 2D gel electrophoresis, protein detection methods like mass spectrometry, and protein analysis methods like x-ray crystallography. Proteomics has many applications in medicine such as disease diagnosis and drug development. It can also be used to study biological processes like aging and diseases like diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.
Water has unusual properties that make it essential for life. It has a high heat capacity allowing it to absorb large amounts of heat with only small changes in temperature, helping regulate temperatures for living things. Water also has an unusually high boiling point and freezing point compared to similar molecules its size, existing as a liquid over a wide range of temperatures that are livable. These unique properties are crucial for biological and chemical processes on Earth.
Cheese is a dairy product, derived from milk and produced in wide ranges of flavors, textures and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. It comprises proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep.
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used.
Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies.
Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire
computer system
Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function, and it revolves around the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life. Focusing on the cell permits a detailed understanding of the tissues and organisms that cells compose.
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA.
The document provides an overview of cell signaling and signal transduction. It discusses how cells communicate with each other via signaling molecules, both over short and long ranges. The key modes of cell signaling are introduced as autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and juxtacrine signaling. The document then examines the processes of signal transduction, how signals are transmitted across and within cells to elicit responses. Specific topics covered include the synthesis and release of signaling molecules, signal detection by receptors, and the cellular changes induced by receptor-signal complexes.
Necrosis is the death of body tissue. It occurs when too little blood flows to the tissue. This can be from injury, radiation, or chemicals. Necrosis cannot be reversed. When large areas of tissue die due to a lack of blood supply, the condition is called gangrene
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes.
Database administration refers to the whole set of activities performed by a database administrator to ensure that a database is always available as needed. Other closely related tasks and roles are database security, database monitoring and troubleshooting, and planning for future growth
These organs synthesize and secrete specific biochemical messengers, known as hormones, into the blood in a synchronized collaboration with the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system to regulate metabolism, growth, development, and reproduction (Figure 15-1).
Apoptosis is an orderly process in which the cell's contents are packaged into small packets of membrane for “garbage collection” by immune cells. Apoptosis removes cells during development, eliminates potentially cancerous and virus-infected cells, and maintains balance in the body.
The cytoskeleton and cell motility from karp chapter 9Nusrat Gulbarga
In addition to playing this structural role, the cytoskeleton is responsible for cell movements. These include not only the movements of entire cells, but also the internal transport of organelles and other structures (such as mitotic chromosomes) through the cytoplasm.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
3. Thermodynamics is a Greek word which
means flow of heat energy in physical, chemical
and biological reactions.
• Thermodynamics is a branch of science
which deals with study of different
forms of energy and their interconversions
• It deals with energy changes in physical and chemical processes
INTRODUCTION
6. ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Thermal Equilibrium
“If two
thermodynamic
systems are each
in thermal
equilibrium with
a third, then they
are in thermal
equilibrium with
each other”.
7. When two bodies A and B are separately in thermal
equilibrium with a third body, they in turn are in
equilibrium with each other
8. We leave two cups of coffee (where one is observably hotter than
the other) on the kitchen table and we just leave them there.
After 30 minutes what will we notice about the two cups of coffee?
They will both cool down and will seemingly both have the
same temperature.
9.
10. As the temperature is increased this mercury
expands since the area of the tube is constant.
Due to this expansion, the height is increased.
Now, the increase in the height of the mercury
label shows the changes in temperature and
basically helps us to measure it.
EXAMPLE
Lets consider a common example which we use in
our day-to-day life i.e; thermometer having mercury
in a tube
11. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Law of Conservation of Energy
12. First law of thermodynamics is also
known as the law of conservation
of energy.
This states that “Energy can be neither
created nor destroyed. However, energy
can change forms, and energy can flow
from one place to another. The total energy
of an isolated system does not change”.
13. How does a hot cup of coffee get cold?
HOW ICE MELTS…?
14. All biological organisms require energy to survive.
Cells, for example, perform a number of important processes. These processes
require energy.
In photosynthesis, the energy is supplied by the sun. Light energy is absorbed
by cells in plant leaves and converted to chemical energy.
The chemical energy is stored in the form of glucose, which is used to form
complex carbohydrates necessary to build plant mass.
The energy stored in glucose can also be released through cellular respiration.
This process allows plant and animal organisms to access the energy stored in
carbohydrates, lipids, and other macromolecules through the production of
ATP.
This energy is needed to perform cell functions such as DNA replication,
mitosis, meiosis, cell movement, endocytosis, exocytosis, and apoptosis.
First Law of Thermodynamics in Biological Systems
15. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Law of Increased Energy
16. Out of these Clausius statement, Kelvin statement and Principle of
Carathéodory are the three most prominent classical statements.
Clausius statement:
”Heat cannot transfer from a low-temperature body to the high-
temperature body until unless there is an external force on the system”.
Kelvin-Plank’s Statement:
”It is impossible to build a device to operate on a cycle to receives heat
from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work”.
Carathéodory’s Statement:
This is also known as the Principle of Carathéodory.
This law is completely on the mathematical axiomatic foundation.
In every neighbourhood of any state entropy(S) of an adiabatically enclosed
system, there are states inaccessible from entropy(S).
17.
18. As with other biological processes, the transfer of energy is not 100 percent efficient.
In photosynthesis, for example, not all of the light energy is absorbed by the plant.
Some energy is reflected and some is lost as heat. The loss of energy to the
surrounding environment results in an increase of disorder or entropy.
Unlike plants and other photosynthetic organisms, animals cannot generate energy
directly from the sunlight. They must consume plants or other animal organisms for
energy.
The higher up an organism is on the food chain, the less available energy it receives
from its food sources.
Much of this energy is lost during metabolic processes performed by the producers
and primary consumers that are eaten.
Therefore, much less energy is available for organisms at higher trophic levels.
(Trophic levels are groups that help ecologists understand the specific role of all
living things in the ecosystem).
The lower the available energy, the less number of organisms can be supported.
Second Law of Thermodynamics in Biological Systems
20. “The temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, its
entropy becomes constant, or the change in entropy is zero”.
The third law of thermodynamics predicts the properties of a system and
the behavior of entropy in a unique environment known as absolute
temperature.
The entropy of a bounded or isolated system becomes constant as its
temperature approaches absolute temperature (absolute zero).
21. Living systems require constant energy input to maintain their highly
ordered state. Cells, for example, are highly ordered and have low
entropy.
In the process of maintaining this order, some energy is lost to the
surroundings or transformed. So while cells are ordered, the
processes performed to maintain that order result in an increase in
entropy in the cell's/organism's surroundings.
The transfer of energy causes entropy in the universe to increase
THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
22. The study of internal biochemical dynamics as:
ATP hydrolysis, protein stability, DNA binding,
membrane diffusion, enzyme kinetics, and
other such essential energy controlled
pathways.
BIOLOGICAL THERMODYNAMICS
23. “Engineering Thermodynamics” by M Achuthan
“Fundamentals of Thermodynamics” by R E Sonntag and C
Borgnakke and G J Van Wylen
“Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Applications” by Muller
Bioenergetics and Thermodynamics | Plants
Laws of Thermodynamics in Bioenergetics (With Diagram)
REFERENCES