Database administration refers to the whole set of activities performed by a database administrator to ensure that a database is always available as needed. Other closely related tasks and roles are database security, database monitoring and troubleshooting, and planning for future growth
Managing large chain of Hotels and ERP database comprises of core areas such as HRMS & PIP.HRMS (Human Resource Management System), which further includes areas such as Soft Joining, Promotion, Transfer, Confirmation, Leave Attendance and Exit, etc. PIP (Payroll Information Portal), wherein employees can view their individual Salary details, submit investment declaration, Reimbursement claim & CTC structuring, etc. Management of Large Chain of Hotels and ERP Database in AWS Cloud involves continuous monitoring with regards to the areas such as Performance of resource usages and optimization techniques relating to the use of PL/SQL. High Availability (HA) of data is accomplished through the Backup and Recovery mechanism and security of the data by Encryption & Decryption mechanism.
An overview of the Database Management System, various uses and applications of database, internal architecture of popular RDBMS servers and thier features
Managing large chain of Hotels and ERP database comprises of core areas such as HRMS & PIP.HRMS (Human Resource Management System), which further includes areas such as Soft Joining, Promotion, Transfer, Confirmation, Leave Attendance and Exit, etc. PIP (Payroll Information Portal), wherein employees can view their individual Salary details, submit investment declaration, Reimbursement claim & CTC structuring, etc. Management of Large Chain of Hotels and ERP Database in AWS Cloud involves continuous monitoring with regards to the areas such as Performance of resource usages and optimization techniques relating to the use of PL/SQL. High Availability (HA) of data is accomplished through the Backup and Recovery mechanism and security of the data by Encryption & Decryption mechanism.
An overview of the Database Management System, various uses and applications of database, internal architecture of popular RDBMS servers and thier features
A Review of Data Access Optimization Techniques in a Distributed Database Man...Editor IJCATR
In today's computing world, accessing and managing data has become one of the most significant elements. Applications as
varied as weather satellite feedback to military operation details employ huge databases that store graphics images, texts and other
forms of data. The main concern in maintaining this information is to access them in an efficient manner. Database optimization
techniques have been derived to address this issue that may otherwise limit the performance of a database to an extent of vulnerability.
We therefore discuss the aspects of performance optimization related to data access in distributed databases. We further looked at the
effect of these optimization techniques
Big Data is used to store huge volume of both structured and unstructured data which is so large and is
hard to process using current / traditional database tools and software technologies. The goal of Big Data
Storage Management is to ensure a high level of data quality and availability for business intellect and big
data analytics applications. Graph database which is not most popular NoSQL database compare to
relational database yet but it is a most powerful NoSQL database which can handle large volume of data in
very efficient way. It is very difficult to manage large volume of data using traditional technology. Data
retrieval time may be more as per database size gets increase. As solution of that NoSQL databases are
available. This paper describe what is big data storage management, dimensions of big data, types of data,
what is structured and unstructured data, what is NoSQL database, types of NoSQL database, basic
structure of graph database, advantages, disadvantages and application area and comparison of various
graph database.
Active Directory Introduction
Active Directory Basics
Components of Active Directory
Active Directory hierarchical structure.
Active Directory Database.
Flexible Single Master Operations (FSMO)Role
Active Directory Services.
Some useful Tool
A database management system (DBMS) is a software application that allows users to store, organize, and manage large amounts of data in a structured and efficient manner. DBMS provides a centralized repository for data that can be accessed and manipulated by multiple users and applications simultaneously.
The primary functions of a DBMS include data storage, data retrieval, data security, and data integrity. DBMS allows users to define, create, and manipulate data using a variety of tools and interfaces, such as SQL queries, forms, and reports.
DBMS typically include features such as transaction management, concurrency control, backup and recovery, and query optimization to ensure the efficient and reliable operation of the system.
DBMS can be categorized into different types based on their architecture, such as relational, object-oriented, and NoSQL. Each type of DBMS has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the choice of DBMS depends on the specific requirements of the application.
Overall, a DBMS plays a critical role in managing large and complex data sets, and it is an essential tool for organizations that need to store, access, and analyze large volumes of data efficiently and effectively.
The database management system presentation is based on core basic concepts of database and how its works and runs .It is very easy to understand presentation for beginners to give and share so what are you waiting for grab this presentation and learn about data and database .
A Review of Data Access Optimization Techniques in a Distributed Database Man...Editor IJCATR
In today's computing world, accessing and managing data has become one of the most significant elements. Applications as
varied as weather satellite feedback to military operation details employ huge databases that store graphics images, texts and other
forms of data. The main concern in maintaining this information is to access them in an efficient manner. Database optimization
techniques have been derived to address this issue that may otherwise limit the performance of a database to an extent of vulnerability.
We therefore discuss the aspects of performance optimization related to data access in distributed databases. We further looked at the
effect of these optimization techniques
Big Data is used to store huge volume of both structured and unstructured data which is so large and is
hard to process using current / traditional database tools and software technologies. The goal of Big Data
Storage Management is to ensure a high level of data quality and availability for business intellect and big
data analytics applications. Graph database which is not most popular NoSQL database compare to
relational database yet but it is a most powerful NoSQL database which can handle large volume of data in
very efficient way. It is very difficult to manage large volume of data using traditional technology. Data
retrieval time may be more as per database size gets increase. As solution of that NoSQL databases are
available. This paper describe what is big data storage management, dimensions of big data, types of data,
what is structured and unstructured data, what is NoSQL database, types of NoSQL database, basic
structure of graph database, advantages, disadvantages and application area and comparison of various
graph database.
Active Directory Introduction
Active Directory Basics
Components of Active Directory
Active Directory hierarchical structure.
Active Directory Database.
Flexible Single Master Operations (FSMO)Role
Active Directory Services.
Some useful Tool
A database management system (DBMS) is a software application that allows users to store, organize, and manage large amounts of data in a structured and efficient manner. DBMS provides a centralized repository for data that can be accessed and manipulated by multiple users and applications simultaneously.
The primary functions of a DBMS include data storage, data retrieval, data security, and data integrity. DBMS allows users to define, create, and manipulate data using a variety of tools and interfaces, such as SQL queries, forms, and reports.
DBMS typically include features such as transaction management, concurrency control, backup and recovery, and query optimization to ensure the efficient and reliable operation of the system.
DBMS can be categorized into different types based on their architecture, such as relational, object-oriented, and NoSQL. Each type of DBMS has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the choice of DBMS depends on the specific requirements of the application.
Overall, a DBMS plays a critical role in managing large and complex data sets, and it is an essential tool for organizations that need to store, access, and analyze large volumes of data efficiently and effectively.
The database management system presentation is based on core basic concepts of database and how its works and runs .It is very easy to understand presentation for beginners to give and share so what are you waiting for grab this presentation and learn about data and database .
I'm Muhammad Sharif Database administrator and Database system Engineer from SKMCHRC Lahore.
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Muhammad Sharif book Database systems handbook SKMCHRC Lahore, Pakistan.
I'm database admin and database developer having many years of database experience from many organizations like skmchrc is one of them.
This book is totally copyright of Muhammad Sharif.
Book Title: 'Database systems hanbook' written by Muhammad Sharif
Other name are:
DBMS
RDBMS
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
RELATIONAL DATABASE SYSTEM
Hey Muhammad Sharif book Database systems handbook SKMCHRC Lahore, Pakistan.
I'm database admin and database developer having many years of database experience from many organizations like skmchrc is one of them.
This book is totally copyright of Muhammad Sharif.
Book Title: 'Database systems hanbook' written by Muhammad Sharif
Other name are:
DBMS
RDBMS
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
RELATIONAL DATABASE SYSTEM
Database Management allow person to organize, store and retrieve data from a computer. How database management contributes to achieving your business growth.
For more details visit: https://www.konverge.co.in/what-is-database-management/
Database management system is a computer software system that has been designed to manage databases, Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access among others are examples of DBMS.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/ZEcPAc
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People mostly search as Database systems handbook by Muhammad Sharif dba.
Thanking You.
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People mostly search as Database systems handbook by Muhammad Sharif dba.
Thanking You.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.
Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genome, which is the complete set of genetic material present in its DNA. This includes all the genes, non-coding regions, and regulatory sequences. Genomics involves sequencing and analyzing the DNA to identify genes, variations (such as single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs), and other structural features of the genome.
How Genomics & Data analysis are intertwined each other (1).pdfNusrat Gulbarga
Genomics and data analysis are closely linked because genomics generates vast amounts of data, which requires sophisticated computational and analytical tools to process and interpret. Genomics involves sequencing, assembling, and annotating the genome, which produces large datasets that require bioinformatics and computational analysis. Data analysis techniques such as machine learning, statistical analysis, and data visualization are critical for interpreting genomic data, identifying patterns, and making meaningful conclusions. In turn, genomic data analysis helps to advance our understanding of genetics, biology, and disease, leading to new discoveries and advances in medicine, agriculture, and other fields. Without data analysis, genomic research would be limited in its ability to extract insights from the vast amounts of genomic data that are generated. Genomics and data analysis are intertwined because genomics generates vast amounts of data that require advanced computational and statistical methods to interpret and analyze. Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genetic makeup, including DNA sequences, gene expression patterns, and epigenetic modifications. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies, genomics has generated an enormous amount of data that requires sophisticated computational tools to analyze and interpret.
Data analysis plays a crucial role in genomics because it helps to identify genetic variations and their functional significance, understand gene expression patterns, and predict the effects of genetic modifications. Sophisticated statistical methods and machine learning algorithms are used to analyze genomic data and identify patterns, associations, and correlations. Data analysis also plays a critical role in personalized medicine, where genomic data is used to identify individualized treatments for patients based on their genetic makeup. Overall, genomics and data analysis are intertwined because they complement each other and are both essential for understanding the complexities of the genetic code and its effects on health and disease. Genomics and data analysis are intertwined because genomics is the study of the entire genetic material of an organism, and data analysis is necessary to interpret and make sense of the vast amount of genomic data generated. Genomics involves sequencing, assembling, and analyzing DNA, RNA, and protein sequences. The resulting data are massive, complex, and require advanced computational tools and techniques to be analyzed effectively. Data analysis helps to identify genes, regulatory elements, and mutations that are responsible for specific traits or diseases. It also helps to compare genomic sequences across different species and populations. Without data analysis, it would be impossible to extract useful information from the vast amount of genomic data produced by sequencing technologies.
Newtons law of motion ~ II sem ~ m sc bioinformaticsNusrat Gulbarga
In the first law, an object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it. In the second law, the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration. In the third law, when two objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.
Cheminformatics (sometimes referred to as chemical informatics or chemoinformatics) focuses on storing, indexing, searching, retrieving, and applying information about chemical compounds. ... Virtual libraries can contain information on likely synthesis methods and predicted stability of the reaction products.
Genomes, omics and its importance, general features III semesterNusrat Gulbarga
'Omic' technologies are primarily aimed at the universal detection of genes (genomics), mRNA (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics) and metabolites (metabolomics) in a specific biological sample. ... Mass spectrometry is the most common method used for the detection of analytes in proteomic and metabolomic research.
Architecture of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and tissuesNusrat Gulbarga
The cells of all prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess two basic features: a plasma membrane, also called a cell membrane, and cytoplasm. However, the cells of prokaryotes are simpler than those of eukaryotes. For example, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins. Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, with many functions. The proteome is the entire set of proteins that is produced or modified by an organism or system. Proteomics has enabled the identification of ever increasing numbers of protein.
Cheese is a dairy product, derived from milk and produced in wide ranges of flavors, textures and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. It comprises proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep.
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used.
Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies.
Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire
computer system
Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function, and it revolves around the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life. Focusing on the cell permits a detailed understanding of the tissues and organisms that cells compose.
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA.
In biology, cell signaling or cell-cell communication, governs the basic activities of cells and coordinates multiple-cell actions. A signal is an entity that codes or conveys information. Biological processes are complex molecular interactions that involve a lot of signals.
Necrosis is the death of body tissue. It occurs when too little blood flows to the tissue. This can be from injury, radiation, or chemicals. Necrosis cannot be reversed. When large areas of tissue die due to a lack of blood supply, the condition is called gangrene
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. In particular, it describes how thermal energy is converted to and from other forms of energy and how it affects matter.
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes.
These organs synthesize and secrete specific biochemical messengers, known as hormones, into the blood in a synchronized collaboration with the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system to regulate metabolism, growth, development, and reproduction (Figure 15-1).
Apoptosis is an orderly process in which the cell's contents are packaged into small packets of membrane for “garbage collection” by immune cells. Apoptosis removes cells during development, eliminates potentially cancerous and virus-infected cells, and maintains balance in the body.
The cytoskeleton and cell motility from karp chapter 9Nusrat Gulbarga
In addition to playing this structural role, the cytoskeleton is responsible for cell movements. These include not only the movements of entire cells, but also the internal transport of organelles and other structures (such as mitotic chromosomes) through the cytoplasm.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
1. TO P I C
D ATA B A S E M A N A G E M E N T T O O L S , T H E K E R N E L , T H E D ATA
D I C T I O N A R Y, D B A , T H E U T I L I T I E S
U N D E R T H E G U I D A N C E O F
M S . T E J E S H W I N I
P R E S E N T E D B Y
N U S R AT M G
B I 1 9 1 0 0 2
KARNATAKA STATE-AKKAMAHADEVI WOMEN’S
UNIVERSITY VIJAYPUR,
DEPARTMENT OF BIOINFORMATICS.
MSC III SEM 2020
D ATA B A S E M A N A G E M E N T S Y S T E M
PAPER CODE : BI. HCT- 3.1
2. INDEX
• JUST A GLANCE
• ORACLE ~ DATABASE MANAGEMENT TOOLS
• THE KERNEL
• DATA DICTIONARY
• DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
• THE UTILITIES
3. Data:
Data are nothing but facts, text that have meaning in the user’s environment.
Database:
An organized collection of logically related data.
Database Dictionary:
A Data Dictionary is a collection of names, definitions, and attributes
about data elements that are being used or captured in a database, information system,
or part of a research project.
Metadata:
Data that describes the properties or characteristics of other data.
Database Administrator:
The person who is responsible for physical database design and for dealing with
technical issues such as security enforcement, Database performance, Backup and
recovery associated with managing a Database.
JUST A MINUTE PLEASE
4. Oracel ~ DATABASE MANAGEMENT TOOLS
1. MySQL
One of the most useful database management tools is MySQL.
MySQL is used by top companies like Google, LinkedIn, YouTube,
PayPal and Twitter, just to name a few.
2. SQL Server Management Studio :
It combines a powerful set of user-friendly graphical tools and variety of
script editors to provide access and management for SQL Server.
It includes an all-in-one solution to profile and tune database performance.
SSMS can be used by developers and database administrators of all skill levels.
3. Oracle RDBMS
The Oracle database is the most widely used object-relational database management software.
The latest version of the tool incorporates cloud computing and it supports multiple Windows,
Linux and UNIX versions.
It is secure, supports large databases, occupies less space and reduces
CPU time to process data.
5. 4. DevOps:
The most useful database management framework is DevOps.
The database is known today for heavyweight processes that hinder
performance, such as manual reviews and ticketing.
5. MICROSOFT ACCESS :
Microsoft Access is a Database Management System (DBMS) from
Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine
with a graphical user interface and software development tools.
6. PostgreSQL:
PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source object-relational database
system.
It has more than 15 years of active development phase and a proven
architecture that has earned it a strong reputation for reliability, data
integrity, and correctness.
6. The kernel data structures are very important as they
store data about the current state of the system.
For example, if a new process is created in the system, a
kernel data structure is created that contains the details
about the process.
Most of the kernel data structures are only accessible by
the kernel and its subsystems. They may contain data as
well as pointers to other data structures.
THE KERNEL
7. Kernel Components
The kernel stores and organizes a lot of information.
So it has data about which processes are running in the system, their
memory requirements, files in use etc.
To handle all this, three important structures are used.
These are process table, file table and v node/ i node information.
8. PROCESS TABLE
The process table stores information about all the processes running in the
system.
These include the storage information, execution status, file information
etc.
When a process forks a child, its entry in the process table is duplicated
including the file information and file pointers. So the parent and the child
process share a file.
9. FILE TABLE
The file table contains entries about all the files in the system. If two or more
processes use the same file, then they contain the same file information and
the file descriptor number.
Each file table entry contains information about the file such as file status
(file read or file write), file offset etc. The file offset specifies the position
for next read or write into the file.
The file table also contains v-node and i-node pointers which point to the
virtual node and index node respectively.
These nodes contain information on how to read a file.
10. V-Node and I-Node Tables
Both the v-node and i-node are references to the storage system of the
file and the storage mechanisms.
They connect the hardware to the software.
The v-node is an abstract concept that defines the method to access file
data without worrying about the actual structure of the system.
The i-node specifies file access information like file storage device,
read/write procedures etc.
11. What is a data dictionary?
◇ It is an integral part of a database.
◇ It holds information about the database and the
data that it stores.
◇A data dictionary is a “virtual database” containing
metadata (data about data).
META DATA
Metadata is defined as data providing information about one or
more aspects of the data.
12.
13. WHY DATADICTIONARY?
Authorization
Report
Easy
Searchable
Catalogue
Easy to search data in huge
database.
Provides quick report on the data and
hence making the data management
easy.
Record what data belongs
to whom.
A central catalogue for metadata.
DBA can easily able to track any
chaos in the database.
14. Disadvantages of Data
Dictionary?
Creating a new data dictionary is a very big task. It will take years to create
one.
The cost of data dictionary will be bit high as it includes its initial build and
hardware charges as well as cost of maintenance.
Requires management commitment, which is not easy to achieve, particularly where the
benefits are intangible and long term.
It needs careful planning, defining the exact requirements designing its
contents testing, implementation and evaluation.
.
15. Viewing Information inthe
Data Dictionary
◇ Although you are not allowed to modify the
dictionary yourself, you can DESCRIBE and
SELECT from Dictionary tables.
◇ For example, to see information about all the tables
that you have privileges to use:
DESCRIBE ALL_TABLES
◇ The output from this shows that many columns of
data are held about each table. You decide you only
want to see the name and owner, so you enter:
SELECT table_name, owner FROM ALL_TABLES;
16. DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
• DBA is a resource that supervises both the database and the use of the DBMS.
• DBA is usually a group, but sometimes it refers to the database administrator.
Who is DBA ??
A database administrator is a person responsible for the
• installation
configuration
upgradation
administration
monitoring and maintenance of databases.
18. DBA Tasks
• Database design
• Performance monitoring and tuning
• Database availability
• Security
• Backup and recovery
• Data integrity
• Release migration
19. WHY DBA IS POPULAR?
Data is essential for the operation of any organization.
Database are created to organize these data.
Better the design and utility of database, the better isthe
organization.
For a better database, we need a skilled database administrator
to manage data properly.
DBA FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
20. TYPES OF DBA
• System DBA
• Database architect
• Database analyst
• Data modeler
• Application DBA
• Task-orientated DBA
• Performance analyst
• Data warehouse administrator
21. LIFE AS A DBA
DBA is expected to be available for 24*7.
Must be an expert in Database technology.
DBA is expected to know everything about everything.
(i.e.) SQL queries, OS, Network protocols, handling advanced tools,
computer hardware, etc,.
DBA is often blamed if any fault occurs.
They are forced to prove that database designed by him is not fault.
22. DBAs are assisted with database administration tools.
DBA is challenging and interesting job.
One of the highest paid jobs in IT industry.
SALARY
Average salary in India Rs 1,70,0010.
Maximum salary in India is above Rs 9,86,000.
23. DBAQUERIES
Some of the frequent queries executed by DBA:
CREATE USER statement to create and configure an database user.
ALTER DATABASE statement to open/mount a database.
BACKUP statement to take backup of controlfiles.
RECOVER statement to recover the saved control files.
Sample query:
create directory my_dir as '/home/oracle/andyb‘;
24. DATABASE ADMINISTRATION TOOLS
SQL Server Management Studio is a software application first launched
with the Microsoft SQL Server 2005 that is used for configuring,
managing, and administering all components within Microsoft SQLServer.
Adminer is a tool for managing content in MySQLdatabases.
"Light-weight" - released in a form of a single file, approx160KB in size.
User-friendly interface .
25. DBA CERTIFICATION INFORMATION
DBMS WEBSITES
Oracle http://www.oracle.com/education/certification
Microsoft SQL Server http://www.microsoft.com/trainingandservices
IBM DB2 http://www.ibm.com/certify
Sybase Adaptive Server Http://www.sybase.com/education/profcert
• Microsoft Certified DatabaseAdministrator
• Oracle DBA Certified Professional.
• PostgreSQL CertifiedAdministrator
26. Loading : -
• A loading utility is used to load existing data files-such as text files or
sequential files-into the database.
• Usually, the current (source) format of the data file and the desired (target)
database file structure are specified to the utility, which then automatically
reformats the data and stores it in the database.
• With the proliferation of DBMSs, transferring data from one DBMS to another
is becoming common in many organizations.
• Some vendors are offering products that generate the appropriate loading
programs, given the existing source and target database storage descriptions
(internal schemas). Such tools are also called conversion tools.
THE UTILITIES
27. Backup:-
A backup utility creates a backup copy of the database, usually by dumping the
entire database onto tape.
The backup copy can be used to restore the database in case of catastrophic
failure.
Incremental backups are also often used, where only changes since the previous
backup are recorded.
Incremental backup is more complex but saves space.
28. File Reorganization:-
This utility can be used to reorganize a database file into a different file
organization to improve performance.
Performance Monitoring:-
Such a utility monitors database usage and provides statistics to the DBA.
The DBA uses the statistics in making decisions such as whether or not to
reorganize files to improve performance.
29. Conclusion
A database management system (DBMS) is a software package designed to
define, manipulate, retrieve and manage data in a database.
The kernel data structures are very important as they store data about the
current state of the system.
The ideal data dictionary is automated, interactive, online and
evolutionary.
The data dictionary should be tied into a number of systems programs
so that when an item is updated or deleted from the data dictionary, it
is automatically updated or deleted from the data base.
The data dictionary may also be used to create screens, reports and
forms.
A database utility is generally a single purpose program for moving and/or
verifying database pages; examples include load, unload, import, export, reorg,
check, dbcc, copy and recover
30. REFERENCES
Ramakrishnan, R. 2003. Database management System,
McGraw Hills, Boston.
Palinski, J. A. 2003. Oracle SQL and PL/SQL Handbook.
Pearson education Asia.