Nitration of benzene !
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
19 likes•10,956 views
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Unit 1 -Reaction of benzene with Mechanism
Reactions of benzene
-Nitration of Benzene
-Sulphonation
-Halogenation
-Friedel Craft Alkylation
-Friedel Craft Acylation
AROMATIC ACID PPT.pptx
1. Aromatic acids contain one or more carboxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic ring. The acidity of aromatic acids is influenced by electron withdrawing and donating groups on the ring through inductive or resonance effects.
2. Electron withdrawing groups increase the acidity of benzoic acid by stabilizing the anion through resonance. Electron donating groups decrease acidity by increasing the electron density of the aromatic ring.
3. Aromatic acids undergo various reactions including salt formation, esterification, acylation, reduction, decarboxylation, and electrophilic substitution.
Aromatic amines
This document discusses aromatic amines and their properties and synthesis. It defines aromatic amines as those where nitrogen is attached directly to an aromatic ring. It notes that aromatic amines are less basic than aliphatic amines due to resonance stabilization of the aromatic ring. Several methods for synthesizing aromatic amines are described, including reduction of nitrobenzene, reductive amination of carbonyl groups, and reduction of nitriles. The Hofmann rearrangement, which converts a primary amide to a primary amine, is also summarized.
Basicity of amines B-pharmacy
1) Amines act as bases according to both Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry theories due to their ability to donate a lone pair of electrons or accept a proton.
2) The basicity of amines depends on factors such as the stability of the conjugate acid formed, inductive effects, and hydrogen bonding capabilities. In general, aliphatic amines are stronger bases than aromatic amines.
3) Within aliphatic amines, the order of basicity from strongest to weakest is typically tertiary > secondary > primary > ammonia in the gas phase. In aqueous solution, primary amines are stronger bases due to hydrogen bonding of the conjugate acid form.
Structure of benzene
The document discusses the structure of benzene. It describes Kekulé's proposal in 1865 that benzene has a ring structure with alternating single and double bonds between the six carbon atoms. This resonance structure accounts for benzene's stability and its tendency to undergo substitution rather than addition reactions. The orbital model of benzene involves sp2 hybridization of the carbon atoms and delocalization of the pi electrons above and below the plane of the ring, contributing to its additional stability over cyclohexatriene.
Benzene Preparation & Properties
Benzene can be prepared through several methods including:
1) Cyclic polymerization of ethyne which was first done by passing ethyne through a red hot iron tube.
2) Decarboxylation of aromatic acids such as sodium benzoate.
3) Reduction of phenol by passing its vapors over heated zinc dust.
4) Hydrolysis of benzene sulphonic acid with superheated steam.
Benzene is a colorless, highly inflammable liquid with a characteristic smell and boiling point of 80°C. It undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions where a hydrogen is replaced by an electrophile such as halogen or nitrate which is facilitated by
Benzene and its derivatives- According to PCI Syllabus
Benzene history, nomenclature, orbital structure, resonance structure, kekule structure,synthetic evidences, structural and analytical evidences, Directive effect of benzene, structure and uses of DDT, BHC, saccharine
Cycloalkanes stability
This document discusses cycloalkanes, which are alkanes with some carbon atoms arranged in a ring. It covers the nomenclature, conformations, and relative stabilities of various cycloalkanes including cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, and cyclohexane. The most stable conformation of cyclohexane is the chair conformation, where all carbon-hydrogen bonds are staggered, minimizing angle and torsional strain. Substituted cyclohexanes can also adopt chair conformations, with substituents in either axial or equatorial positions.
Recommended
Unit 1 -Reaction of benzene with Mechanism
Reactions of benzene
-Nitration of Benzene
-Sulphonation
-Halogenation
-Friedel Craft Alkylation
-Friedel Craft Acylation
AROMATIC ACID PPT.pptx
1. Aromatic acids contain one or more carboxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic ring. The acidity of aromatic acids is influenced by electron withdrawing and donating groups on the ring through inductive or resonance effects.
2. Electron withdrawing groups increase the acidity of benzoic acid by stabilizing the anion through resonance. Electron donating groups decrease acidity by increasing the electron density of the aromatic ring.
3. Aromatic acids undergo various reactions including salt formation, esterification, acylation, reduction, decarboxylation, and electrophilic substitution.
Aromatic amines
This document discusses aromatic amines and their properties and synthesis. It defines aromatic amines as those where nitrogen is attached directly to an aromatic ring. It notes that aromatic amines are less basic than aliphatic amines due to resonance stabilization of the aromatic ring. Several methods for synthesizing aromatic amines are described, including reduction of nitrobenzene, reductive amination of carbonyl groups, and reduction of nitriles. The Hofmann rearrangement, which converts a primary amide to a primary amine, is also summarized.
Basicity of amines B-pharmacy
1) Amines act as bases according to both Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry theories due to their ability to donate a lone pair of electrons or accept a proton.
2) The basicity of amines depends on factors such as the stability of the conjugate acid formed, inductive effects, and hydrogen bonding capabilities. In general, aliphatic amines are stronger bases than aromatic amines.
3) Within aliphatic amines, the order of basicity from strongest to weakest is typically tertiary > secondary > primary > ammonia in the gas phase. In aqueous solution, primary amines are stronger bases due to hydrogen bonding of the conjugate acid form.
Structure of benzene
The document discusses the structure of benzene. It describes Kekulé's proposal in 1865 that benzene has a ring structure with alternating single and double bonds between the six carbon atoms. This resonance structure accounts for benzene's stability and its tendency to undergo substitution rather than addition reactions. The orbital model of benzene involves sp2 hybridization of the carbon atoms and delocalization of the pi electrons above and below the plane of the ring, contributing to its additional stability over cyclohexatriene.
Benzene Preparation & Properties
Benzene can be prepared through several methods including:
1) Cyclic polymerization of ethyne which was first done by passing ethyne through a red hot iron tube.
2) Decarboxylation of aromatic acids such as sodium benzoate.
3) Reduction of phenol by passing its vapors over heated zinc dust.
4) Hydrolysis of benzene sulphonic acid with superheated steam.
Benzene is a colorless, highly inflammable liquid with a characteristic smell and boiling point of 80°C. It undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions where a hydrogen is replaced by an electrophile such as halogen or nitrate which is facilitated by
Benzene and its derivatives- According to PCI Syllabus
Benzene history, nomenclature, orbital structure, resonance structure, kekule structure,synthetic evidences, structural and analytical evidences, Directive effect of benzene, structure and uses of DDT, BHC, saccharine
Cycloalkanes stability
This document discusses cycloalkanes, which are alkanes with some carbon atoms arranged in a ring. It covers the nomenclature, conformations, and relative stabilities of various cycloalkanes including cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, and cyclohexane. The most stable conformation of cyclohexane is the chair conformation, where all carbon-hydrogen bonds are staggered, minimizing angle and torsional strain. Substituted cyclohexanes can also adopt chair conformations, with substituents in either axial or equatorial positions.
Diazotisation and coupling reaction
1. Diazotization is a reaction where an aryl amine like aniline reacts with nitrous acid to form an unstable diazonium ion intermediate.
2. Coupling reactions involve this diazonium ion reacting with compounds containing activating groups like phenol or aniline to form an azo product by joining the two aryl groups.
3. The coupling reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution that proceeds through a two-step mechanism where the diazonium ion attacks the aromatic ring in the first slow step.
SN1 Reaction
SN1 reactions follow first-order kinetics. They proceed through a carbocation intermediate and can undergo carbocation rearrangement. The reaction is non-stereospecific, resulting in a racemic mixture of products with 50% inversion and 50% retention of configuration. Carbocation stability is influenced by inductive, hyperconjugation, and resonance effects. The reactivity of the substrate depends on the stability of the carbocation and follows the order of tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl substrates. The reaction requires a good leaving group and is favored in polar protic solvents.
Sache mohr theory
Sachse-Mohr theory proposes that cyclic compounds like cyclohexane are not planar rings with strained carbon-carbon bonds, but rather exist in puckered, three-dimensional conformations that allow the carbon atoms to maintain their normal tetrahedral geometry and bond angles of 109.5 degrees without strain. Ernst Mohr later applied this theory to decalin, identifying its cis- and trans-isomers, supporting Sachse's hypothesis. The theory explains the observed stability of rings with six or more carbons and is now generally accepted.
Structure aromaticity and Huckels rule
This document defines aromaticity and its key rules. Aromatic molecules have complete delocalization of pi electrons in a planar, conjugated ring system containing 4n+2 pi electrons, as defined by Huckel's rule. Examples of aromatic molecules include benzene and naphthalene. Anti-aromatic molecules have higher energy and contain a 4n pi electron system that is not fully delocalized.
Friedel craft reaction
this is a seminarr on the friedel craft alkylation an d acylation.this is alll about the presentation you can get here
Naphthalene by Mr. Pradeep Swarnkar
Naphthalene is an aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of two fused benzene rings. It is isolated from coal tar, where it makes up 6-10% of the fraction. Naphthalene crystallizes as white plates with a strong odor. It sublimes readily and is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Naphthalene undergoes substitution and addition reactions similarly to benzene, though it is somewhat less aromatic. Resonance structures show that the C1-C2 bond has more double bond character, making it shorter than the C2-C3 bond. Naphthalene has several industrial and medical uses including in the production of naphthols, dyes, beta blocker drugs
Activating and deactivating group
Activating groups donate electrons to the benzene ring through resonance or inductive effects, increasing its electron density and reactivity toward electrophilic substitution. Common ortho-para directing and activating groups include -NH2, -NHR, -O-, -OH, -OCH3, and -CH3. Deactivating groups withdraw electrons from the benzene ring through resonance or inductive effects, decreasing its electron density and reactivity. Common meta directing and deactivating groups are halogens (-Cl, -Br) and nitro (-NO2). The direction and degree of activation or deactivation depends on whether the resonance or inductive effects dominate for a particular substituent.
Cycloalkanes
This document provides an overview of cycloalkanes. It begins with definitions and examples of cycloalkanes. It then discusses nomenclature and several methods for preparing cycloalkanes, including from dihalogen compounds, calcium salts of carboxylic acids, and esters of dicarboxylic acids. The document also summarizes theories for explaining the stability and properties of cycloalkanes, such as Baeyer's strain theory, the Coulson-Moffitt modification, and the Sachse-Mohr theory. Finally, it outlines some common chemical reactions of cycloalkanes, including substitution, addition (ring-opening), and oxidation reactions.
Electrophillic substitution of benzene
The document discusses electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of benzene and its derivatives. Key points include:
1) Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions that retain the aromatic ring structure. Common substitutions include halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, and Friedel-Crafts alkylation/acylation.
2) Electrophilic reactants are polarized by Lewis acids to attack the benzene π-system. Substitution occurs via a short-lived carbocation intermediate.
3) The electronic effects of substituents on the benzene ring determine the reaction orientation (ortho, meta, para). Activating groups donate electron density while deactivating groups withdraw electron density
Chemical reaction and application of benzene
Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid hydrocarbon with a characteristic odor that occurs naturally in fossil fuels. It has a six-carbon ring structure with alternating single and double bonds. Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions like nitration, sulfonation, and Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation. It also undergoes addition reactions through halogenation and hydrogenation, as well as oxidation. Benzene and its derivatives have many applications in daily products like plastics, rubbers, fibers, detergents, and pharmaceuticals.
Structure, uses and qualitative test of carbonyl compound
THIS SLIDE CONTAIN ABOUT QUALITATIVE TEST, STRUCTURE AND USES OF DIFFERENT CARBONYL COMPOUNDS LIKE FORMALDEHYDE, PARALDEHYDE, ACETONE, CHLORAL HYDRATE, HEXAMINE, BENZALDEHYDE, VANILIN AND CINNAMALDEHYDE
"Structure of benzene"
1) The document discusses the structure of benzene as proposed by German chemist August Kekule. Kekule suggested benzene's structure is a hexagonal ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds and a hydrogen atom attached to each carbon.
2) Evidence that supports Kekule's structure includes benzene's molecular formula of C6H6, its ability to yield cyclohexane upon hydrogenation indicating a cyclic structure, and its substitution patterns.
3) Objections to Kekule's structure centered around it allowing for two possible ortho disubstituted products, but in practice only one is observed. Kekule addressed this by proposing the double bonds are mobile within the
Electrophilic Substitution reactions
This document provides an overview of electrophilic substitution reactions. It defines electrophilic substitution as a reaction where a functional group is attached to a compound by replacing another functional group, often a hydrogen atom. It describes two main types: electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, where an atom attached to an aromatic ring is replaced; and electrophilic aliphatic substitution reactions, where hydrogen in an aliphatic compound is usually replaced. The document also outlines the three step mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions: 1) generating an electrophile, 2) forming a carbocation, and 3) eliminating a proton to restore aromaticity.
Acidity of phenols
Acidity of Phenols/OC -II PCI Syllabus/Effect of substituents on acidity of phenols
Hi dear students, in this video I had explained about acidity of Phenols and Effect of substituents on acidity of phenols. I had tried to explain all the points by animations. So don't hasitate to study now, See this video and you will come to know the facts about acidity and basicity of organic compounds. After watching this video it will be very easy to answer the following questions,
What are phenols?
what about acidity of phenols?
factors affecting acidity of phenols?
Pka of phenols?
Please do subscribe Online ustaad and share this video to as many as possible.
Online Ustaad
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzCN5UTEjFAtCBtrcNOWbyA
Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/WXO6Ggdjwvo
you can also see
Is torrent downloading safe : https://youtu.be/vHjtNnXGztA
How To Make Youtube Thumbnail Free 2020 :https://youtu.be/Mvsl6P8z-Mk
Thumbnail Tips 2020 Hindi :https://youtu.be/H83VNRj_6gg
independence day status 2020 :https://youtu.be/0w7uq4bigFY
how to make you tube cover photo : https://youtu.be/k32Z-lXE7hc
How to cut a music file in 2 minutes :https://youtu.be/2wjfCOfOGGk
Keep watching your own channel online ustaad and give me your suggestions in comment box.
if you find this video helpful then like it, share it and subscribe online ustaad for more helpful & informational videos.
FOLLOW ME AT
dailyreviewz4@gmail.com
FACEBOOK : @onlineustaad4
INSTAGRAM : @online.ustaad
TWITTER : @onlineustaad4
#pcisyllabus #organicchemistry #pharmacy #pci #onlineustaad #tutorial #neetpreparation #bpharmacy #ugguide #bpharmacy3rdsem #pharmacytutorials
Nitro compounds
The NO2 group attached with organic chain is called as nitro functional group. All the compounds containing the nitro functional group are called as organic nitro compounds.
Birch reduction.pptx
The document summarizes the Birch reduction reaction, which involves the reduction of aromatic rings with sodium, potassium, or lithium in liquid ammonia or amines in the presence of alcohol. This adds hydrogen to the 1 and 4 positions of the aromatic ring to form an unconjugated diene. The summary discusses the reaction reagents (alkali metals and alcohol or ammonia solvent), mechanism (electron transfer and proton addition), products (1,4-dihydro derivatives), and applications (synthesis of cyclohexenones, hydrocarbons from naphthalene and anthracene). It also acknowledges the professors who provided guidance on the topic.
Preparation and reaction of phenol
1. Phenol can be prepared through several methods including the Dow process involving chlorobenzene, cumene oxidation, and from coal tar.
2. Phenol undergoes various reactions including forming salts with bases, esterification, ether formation, halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, and the Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
3. The Kolbe-Schmitt or Kolbe process involves heating sodium phenoxide with carbon dioxide under pressure to form sodium salicylate, which is then acidified to form salicylic acid.
Phenols -Acidity, Synthesis & Reactions
Phenols -Acidity, Synthesis & Reactions, cumene oxidation, Kolbe reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction,Fries Rearrangement Williamson Synthesis
Sn2 reaction
The document summarizes key aspects of SN2 reactions including reaction mechanism, kinetics, stereochemistry, and factors that affect the rate of the reaction. It describes the SN2 reaction as a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution where the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs, resulting in an inversion of configuration. Rate depends on both the nucleophile and substrate concentrations. The stability of the transition state is affected by substrate structure, nucleophilicity, leaving group ability, solvent properties, and conjugation effects in allylic and benzylic systems. Cyclic substrates and those without available orbital overlap do not undergo SN2 reactions as easily.
Polynuclear hydrocarbons
The document provides information about polynuclear hydrocarbons and specifically discusses five polynuclear compounds: naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, diphenyl methane, and triphenyl methane. It gives the molecular formula, structure, resonance structures, methods of preparation, physical properties, reactions, uses, and derivatives for each compound. The group of eight students, guided by Mrs. Smita Saudagar, will be covering these five polynuclear compounds in the chapter.
Sulfonation of aromatic compounds
The document discusses the mechanism of sulfonation of benzene to form benzenesulfonic acid. It involves the formation of sulfur trioxide as the electrophile, which attacks the benzene ring to form an intermediate stabilized by resonance. This intermediate then loses a proton in the presence of a base to form benzenesulfonate ion, which is protonated to yield benzenesulfonic acid. Benzenesulfonic acid can be converted to phenol through a reaction with sodium hydroxide involving addition-elimination with sulfite ion as the leaving group.
Phenols
Phenols Methods of Preparation, reaction, Properties, Qualitative tests, Acidity of Phenols and effect of substituents on acidity of Phenol.
More Related Content
What's hot
Diazotisation and coupling reaction
1. Diazotization is a reaction where an aryl amine like aniline reacts with nitrous acid to form an unstable diazonium ion intermediate.
2. Coupling reactions involve this diazonium ion reacting with compounds containing activating groups like phenol or aniline to form an azo product by joining the two aryl groups.
3. The coupling reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution that proceeds through a two-step mechanism where the diazonium ion attacks the aromatic ring in the first slow step.
SN1 Reaction
SN1 reactions follow first-order kinetics. They proceed through a carbocation intermediate and can undergo carbocation rearrangement. The reaction is non-stereospecific, resulting in a racemic mixture of products with 50% inversion and 50% retention of configuration. Carbocation stability is influenced by inductive, hyperconjugation, and resonance effects. The reactivity of the substrate depends on the stability of the carbocation and follows the order of tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl substrates. The reaction requires a good leaving group and is favored in polar protic solvents.
Sache mohr theory
Sachse-Mohr theory proposes that cyclic compounds like cyclohexane are not planar rings with strained carbon-carbon bonds, but rather exist in puckered, three-dimensional conformations that allow the carbon atoms to maintain their normal tetrahedral geometry and bond angles of 109.5 degrees without strain. Ernst Mohr later applied this theory to decalin, identifying its cis- and trans-isomers, supporting Sachse's hypothesis. The theory explains the observed stability of rings with six or more carbons and is now generally accepted.
Structure aromaticity and Huckels rule
This document defines aromaticity and its key rules. Aromatic molecules have complete delocalization of pi electrons in a planar, conjugated ring system containing 4n+2 pi electrons, as defined by Huckel's rule. Examples of aromatic molecules include benzene and naphthalene. Anti-aromatic molecules have higher energy and contain a 4n pi electron system that is not fully delocalized.
Friedel craft reaction
this is a seminarr on the friedel craft alkylation an d acylation.this is alll about the presentation you can get here
Naphthalene by Mr. Pradeep Swarnkar
Naphthalene is an aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of two fused benzene rings. It is isolated from coal tar, where it makes up 6-10% of the fraction. Naphthalene crystallizes as white plates with a strong odor. It sublimes readily and is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Naphthalene undergoes substitution and addition reactions similarly to benzene, though it is somewhat less aromatic. Resonance structures show that the C1-C2 bond has more double bond character, making it shorter than the C2-C3 bond. Naphthalene has several industrial and medical uses including in the production of naphthols, dyes, beta blocker drugs
Activating and deactivating group
Activating groups donate electrons to the benzene ring through resonance or inductive effects, increasing its electron density and reactivity toward electrophilic substitution. Common ortho-para directing and activating groups include -NH2, -NHR, -O-, -OH, -OCH3, and -CH3. Deactivating groups withdraw electrons from the benzene ring through resonance or inductive effects, decreasing its electron density and reactivity. Common meta directing and deactivating groups are halogens (-Cl, -Br) and nitro (-NO2). The direction and degree of activation or deactivation depends on whether the resonance or inductive effects dominate for a particular substituent.
Cycloalkanes
This document provides an overview of cycloalkanes. It begins with definitions and examples of cycloalkanes. It then discusses nomenclature and several methods for preparing cycloalkanes, including from dihalogen compounds, calcium salts of carboxylic acids, and esters of dicarboxylic acids. The document also summarizes theories for explaining the stability and properties of cycloalkanes, such as Baeyer's strain theory, the Coulson-Moffitt modification, and the Sachse-Mohr theory. Finally, it outlines some common chemical reactions of cycloalkanes, including substitution, addition (ring-opening), and oxidation reactions.
Electrophillic substitution of benzene
The document discusses electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of benzene and its derivatives. Key points include:
1) Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions that retain the aromatic ring structure. Common substitutions include halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, and Friedel-Crafts alkylation/acylation.
2) Electrophilic reactants are polarized by Lewis acids to attack the benzene π-system. Substitution occurs via a short-lived carbocation intermediate.
3) The electronic effects of substituents on the benzene ring determine the reaction orientation (ortho, meta, para). Activating groups donate electron density while deactivating groups withdraw electron density
Chemical reaction and application of benzene
Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid hydrocarbon with a characteristic odor that occurs naturally in fossil fuels. It has a six-carbon ring structure with alternating single and double bonds. Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions like nitration, sulfonation, and Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation. It also undergoes addition reactions through halogenation and hydrogenation, as well as oxidation. Benzene and its derivatives have many applications in daily products like plastics, rubbers, fibers, detergents, and pharmaceuticals.
Structure, uses and qualitative test of carbonyl compound
THIS SLIDE CONTAIN ABOUT QUALITATIVE TEST, STRUCTURE AND USES OF DIFFERENT CARBONYL COMPOUNDS LIKE FORMALDEHYDE, PARALDEHYDE, ACETONE, CHLORAL HYDRATE, HEXAMINE, BENZALDEHYDE, VANILIN AND CINNAMALDEHYDE
"Structure of benzene"
1) The document discusses the structure of benzene as proposed by German chemist August Kekule. Kekule suggested benzene's structure is a hexagonal ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds and a hydrogen atom attached to each carbon.
2) Evidence that supports Kekule's structure includes benzene's molecular formula of C6H6, its ability to yield cyclohexane upon hydrogenation indicating a cyclic structure, and its substitution patterns.
3) Objections to Kekule's structure centered around it allowing for two possible ortho disubstituted products, but in practice only one is observed. Kekule addressed this by proposing the double bonds are mobile within the
Electrophilic Substitution reactions
This document provides an overview of electrophilic substitution reactions. It defines electrophilic substitution as a reaction where a functional group is attached to a compound by replacing another functional group, often a hydrogen atom. It describes two main types: electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, where an atom attached to an aromatic ring is replaced; and electrophilic aliphatic substitution reactions, where hydrogen in an aliphatic compound is usually replaced. The document also outlines the three step mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions: 1) generating an electrophile, 2) forming a carbocation, and 3) eliminating a proton to restore aromaticity.
Acidity of phenols
Acidity of Phenols/OC -II PCI Syllabus/Effect of substituents on acidity of phenols
Hi dear students, in this video I had explained about acidity of Phenols and Effect of substituents on acidity of phenols. I had tried to explain all the points by animations. So don't hasitate to study now, See this video and you will come to know the facts about acidity and basicity of organic compounds. After watching this video it will be very easy to answer the following questions,
What are phenols?
what about acidity of phenols?
factors affecting acidity of phenols?
Pka of phenols?
Please do subscribe Online ustaad and share this video to as many as possible.
Online Ustaad
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzCN5UTEjFAtCBtrcNOWbyA
Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/WXO6Ggdjwvo
you can also see
Is torrent downloading safe : https://youtu.be/vHjtNnXGztA
How To Make Youtube Thumbnail Free 2020 :https://youtu.be/Mvsl6P8z-Mk
Thumbnail Tips 2020 Hindi :https://youtu.be/H83VNRj_6gg
independence day status 2020 :https://youtu.be/0w7uq4bigFY
how to make you tube cover photo : https://youtu.be/k32Z-lXE7hc
How to cut a music file in 2 minutes :https://youtu.be/2wjfCOfOGGk
Keep watching your own channel online ustaad and give me your suggestions in comment box.
if you find this video helpful then like it, share it and subscribe online ustaad for more helpful & informational videos.
FOLLOW ME AT
dailyreviewz4@gmail.com
FACEBOOK : @onlineustaad4
INSTAGRAM : @online.ustaad
TWITTER : @onlineustaad4
#pcisyllabus #organicchemistry #pharmacy #pci #onlineustaad #tutorial #neetpreparation #bpharmacy #ugguide #bpharmacy3rdsem #pharmacytutorials
Nitro compounds
The NO2 group attached with organic chain is called as nitro functional group. All the compounds containing the nitro functional group are called as organic nitro compounds.
Birch reduction.pptx
The document summarizes the Birch reduction reaction, which involves the reduction of aromatic rings with sodium, potassium, or lithium in liquid ammonia or amines in the presence of alcohol. This adds hydrogen to the 1 and 4 positions of the aromatic ring to form an unconjugated diene. The summary discusses the reaction reagents (alkali metals and alcohol or ammonia solvent), mechanism (electron transfer and proton addition), products (1,4-dihydro derivatives), and applications (synthesis of cyclohexenones, hydrocarbons from naphthalene and anthracene). It also acknowledges the professors who provided guidance on the topic.
Preparation and reaction of phenol
1. Phenol can be prepared through several methods including the Dow process involving chlorobenzene, cumene oxidation, and from coal tar.
2. Phenol undergoes various reactions including forming salts with bases, esterification, ether formation, halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, and the Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
3. The Kolbe-Schmitt or Kolbe process involves heating sodium phenoxide with carbon dioxide under pressure to form sodium salicylate, which is then acidified to form salicylic acid.
Phenols -Acidity, Synthesis & Reactions
Phenols -Acidity, Synthesis & Reactions, cumene oxidation, Kolbe reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction,Fries Rearrangement Williamson Synthesis
Sn2 reaction
The document summarizes key aspects of SN2 reactions including reaction mechanism, kinetics, stereochemistry, and factors that affect the rate of the reaction. It describes the SN2 reaction as a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution where the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs, resulting in an inversion of configuration. Rate depends on both the nucleophile and substrate concentrations. The stability of the transition state is affected by substrate structure, nucleophilicity, leaving group ability, solvent properties, and conjugation effects in allylic and benzylic systems. Cyclic substrates and those without available orbital overlap do not undergo SN2 reactions as easily.
Polynuclear hydrocarbons
The document provides information about polynuclear hydrocarbons and specifically discusses five polynuclear compounds: naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, diphenyl methane, and triphenyl methane. It gives the molecular formula, structure, resonance structures, methods of preparation, physical properties, reactions, uses, and derivatives for each compound. The group of eight students, guided by Mrs. Smita Saudagar, will be covering these five polynuclear compounds in the chapter.
What's hot (20)
Structure, uses and qualitative test of carbonyl compound
Structure, uses and qualitative test of carbonyl compound
Similar to Nitration of benzene !
Sulfonation of aromatic compounds
The document discusses the mechanism of sulfonation of benzene to form benzenesulfonic acid. It involves the formation of sulfur trioxide as the electrophile, which attacks the benzene ring to form an intermediate stabilized by resonance. This intermediate then loses a proton in the presence of a base to form benzenesulfonate ion, which is protonated to yield benzenesulfonic acid. Benzenesulfonic acid can be converted to phenol through a reaction with sodium hydroxide involving addition-elimination with sulfite ion as the leaving group.
Phenols
Phenols Methods of Preparation, reaction, Properties, Qualitative tests, Acidity of Phenols and effect of substituents on acidity of Phenol.
Aromatic compounds
Kekulé had a dream in which he envisioned snakes grasping their own tails and forming rings, inspiring his hypothesis that carbon atoms in benzene are arranged in a ring structure with alternating single and double bonds. This ring structure explains benzene's stability and resistance to addition reactions compared to open-chain alkenes. Aromatic compounds are named for many originally having pleasant aromas, though the term now refers to chemical stability conferred by conjugated planar ring structures like benzene that allow for resonance. These compounds are important industrially as precursors to dyes, drugs, polymers, and other chemicals.
Addition Reaction.pptx
Addition reaction of organic compounds in organic chemistry
Electrophilic addition reaction
Nucleophilic addition reaction
Markonikov's addition
Ozonolysis
Polar addition reactions
Non polar addition reactions
Cycloaddition reactions
Free radical addition
Diels elder reaction
Addition to alkynes
Factors associated with alkenes
Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry|Chapter1-Reactions of Benzene| B.Pharmacy 3r...
In this video, topics are covered for B.Pharmacy 3rd Semester students.
Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry ,Chapter 1- Reactions of Benzene with Mechanism
-Nitration
-Sulphonation
-Halogenation
-Friedel Craft alkylation& Friedel craft acylation reactions
Electrophilic addition reaction
Electrophilic additions involve reactions of alkenes where the pi electrons in the double bond attack an electrophile. There are several types of additions including addition of HX, halogens, water, alcohols, and hydroboration. The mechanism typically involves formation of a carbocation intermediate that is then attacked by the nucleophile. Addition occurs regioselectively according to Markovnikov's rule, favoring the most stable carbocation. Exceptions include free radical additions, which give the anti-Markovnikov product. Oxymercuration-demercuration and hydroboration allow for Markovnikov addition without rearrangements.
Common named reactions
The document discusses several carbon-carbon bond forming reactions:
1. Aldol condensation allows aldehydes and ketones to undergo self-condensation in the presence of a base to form β-hydroxy carbonyl compounds.
2. The Perkin reaction uses an acid anhydride to form α,β-unsaturated aromatic acids from aromatic aldehydes.
3. The Wittig reaction converts a carbonyl group to an alkene using a phosphonium ylide.
Kek Final Paper
The document describes a two-step synthesis of naphthalen-2-yl benzoate. First, benzonitrile was hydrolyzed using sulfuric acid to produce benzoic acid. This was confirmed using TLC, melting point, and IR spectroscopy. Second, benzoic acid was esterified with 2-naphthol using tosyl chloride and N-methylimidazole as a catalyst to produce the target compound naphthalen-2-yl benzoate. The product was confirmed using TLC, melting point, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. The overall synthesis involved a hydrolysis followed by an esterification to convert the starting nitrile to the final est
Nitrating agents with aromatic nitration
The document discusses nitration reactions and the nitration of benzene. It describes how nitration introduces nitro groups into molecules through reaction with nitric acid or mixtures containing nitric acid. Specifically, it explains that benzene reacts with nitric acid to form nitrobenzene. The nitration of benzene proceeds through an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction involving attack of the benzene ring by the nitronium ion NO2+.
Preparation of nitrobenzene
Nitrobenzene is an organic compound represented by the chemical formula C6H5NO2. It has significant roles both commercially, and within the laboratory as a solvent. The upload is a lab report of how the experiment goes on within the lab, through a process of electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Similar to Nitration of benzene ! (10)
Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry|Chapter1-Reactions of Benzene| B.Pharmacy 3r...
Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry|Chapter1-Reactions of Benzene| B.Pharmacy 3r...
More from Usman Shah
Pneumatic and hydraulic conveying
The document discusses pneumatic and hydraulic conveyor systems. It introduces four presenters and states the purpose is to provide an introduction to pneumatic and hydraulic conveyors. It defines conveyor systems and describes how pneumatic conveyors use pressurized air to transport dry, free-flowing materials through pipes. There are three types of pneumatic systems and two classifications based on operating principles. Hydraulic conveyors use pressurized water to transport materials through pipes or troughs.
Pelletization and granulation
1) Pelletization is a process of agglomerating fine material using tumbling motion and a binding agent like water.
2) It has advantages like faster nutrient delivery and less dust production compared to compaction.
3) Common materials pelletized include chemicals, limestone, coal, and minerals using equipment like disc pelletizers.
Particulate technology (electrostatic precipitator)
A complete concept of the electrostatic precipitator and the types of precipitator with a complete application of it.
Particle size distribution
This document discusses particle size distribution (PSD), including defining PSD, the significance of PSD, sampling and measurement techniques like sieve analysis and sedimentation methods, and graphical representation of PSD using histograms. Particle size and shape are first defined to understand PSD. Sieve analysis separates particles by size but is limited to larger particles, while sedimentation methods produce fractional analysis for finer particles below 100 μm.
Flow pattern of fluids
This document discusses different types of fluids and flow patterns. It defines fluids as anything that can flow and has no definite shape. There are two main types of fluids - liquids and gases. Flow is defined as the quantity of fluid passing a point over time. Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow and depends on factors like temperature. Common flow patterns include steady or unsteady, turbulent, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and streamline. Agitated vessels use impellers and baffles to induce specific flow patterns important for processes like mixing and homogenization.
Cyclone separator
The document discusses cyclonic separators and hydrocyclones. Cyclonic separators use centrifugal force to separate particulate matter from gas streams. Gas enters tangentially and spins rapidly, forcing particles outward against the wall to fall into a collection hopper while clean gas exits through the center. Hydrocyclones separate particles in liquid suspensions based on density and size differences, with denser/coarser particles exiting the bottom and lighter/finer through the top. Both devices have various industrial uses like dust collection and mineral processing.
Belt conveyors and elevators
A slide with a complete description of Belt and Conveyors. I hope after reading this presentation a reader can completely understand the mechanism of belts and conveyors.
Assignment cre lab
The document discusses three types of ideal reactors: batch flow reactors, plug flow reactors, and mixed flow reactors. It provides details on each type, including that batch flow reactors have uniform composition everywhere that changes over time, plug flow reactors have fluid passing through with no mixing, and mixed flow reactors have feed uniformly mixed and same composition everywhere within and at the exit. It also notes these three ideals are relatively easy to treat and represent best ways to contact reactants.
Group 2
Chemical reaction engineering is that engineering activity which is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on commercial scale.
The areas of different fields of science like:
Oil Refining
Pharmaceuticals
Biotechnology
Chemical Industries
Sustainable Development
Group 1
Chemical reaction engineering is that engineering activity which is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on commercial scale.
The areas of different fields of science like:
Oil Refining
Pharmaceuticals
Biotechnology
Chemical Industries
Sustainable Development
Jamshaid ppt
This document discusses reaction rates for different phase systems in chemical reactions. It defines reaction rate as the rate at which a chemical loses its identity per unit time and volume. The symbol used for reaction rate is ri. Reaction rates are calculated differently depending on the phase system. For a fluid-solid system, the rate is calculated based on the mass of solid (ri*). For a gas-solid system on a unit surface area, it is calculated based on the surface area (ri**). If considering a gas-solid system based on the volume of solid, it is calculated using the volume of solid (ri***). Finally, the reaction rate can be calculated based on the volume of the entire reactor (ri****). The different definitions of
Intro to reactor design
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Differential method of analysis of data
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Difference between batch,mixed flow & plug-flow reactor
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Cre24
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Cre ppt
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Cre ppt saud
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Catalyst activation
Catalyst activation involves using a substance called a promotor or activator to increase the activity of a catalyst. This allows reactions to proceed faster and at lower temperatures. Some examples given include using copper and tellurium to increase the activity of nickel in hydrogenating vegetable oil, and adding aluminum oxide or chromium oxide to increase the activity of iron in the Haber process for ammonia synthesis. Catalyst activity can also be increased or auto-catalyst activated by products formed in the reaction itself, such as nitrous acid increasing the rate of a copper-nitric acid reaction. Modifying the catalyst material or process conditions such as temperature, pressure or flow rate can enhance catalyst activation for industrial processes where high yields and short time
Batch reactor designing
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
What is cre
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
More from Usman Shah (20)
Particulate technology (electrostatic precipitator)
Particulate technology (electrostatic precipitator)
Difference between batch,mixed flow & plug-flow reactor
Difference between batch,mixed flow & plug-flow reactor
Recently uploaded
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
bank management system in java and mysql report1.pdf
truth is high but higher still is truth full living
[JPP-1] - (JEE 3.0) - Kinematics 1D - 14th May..pdf
Kinematics 11th jpp- 01. ( Solved ) unacademy namo kaul on 14th may...
Modelagem de um CSTR com reação endotermica.pdf
Modelagem em função de transferencia. CSTR não-linear.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine Learning
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Recently uploaded (20)
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
2. Operations Strategy in a Global Environment.ppt
2. Operations Strategy in a Global Environment.ppt
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
bank management system in java and mysql report1.pdf
bank management system in java and mysql report1.pdf
[JPP-1] - (JEE 3.0) - Kinematics 1D - 14th May..pdf
[JPP-1] - (JEE 3.0) - Kinematics 1D - 14th May..pdf
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
ACRP 4-09 Risk Assessment Method to Support Modification of Airfield Separat...
ACRP 4-09 Risk Assessment Method to Support Modification of Airfield Separat...
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
Nitration of benzene !
- 1. NITRATION OF BENZENE PRESENTED BY MUHAMMAD JAMSHAID
- 3. NITRATION The addition of nitrile group (NO2) in any organic compound is called nitration of organic compounds.
- 4. NITRATION OF BENZENE •The addition of nitrile group in benzene ring is called nitration of benzene. •The nitration of benzene is carried out in the presense of conc.H2SO4 at 50-55 C Temprature.
- 5. REACTION •The nitric acid react with benzene in the presence of conc.H2SO4 at 50 c temprature and produced Nitrobenzene with the elimination of water.
- 6. MECHANISM •In mechanism of nitration of benzene we first took 1:1 of Conc.H2SO4 and Conc.HNO3 and react them at 50-55 c temperature. •The resulting product is produced Nitronium Ion plus Hydro Sulphate Ion plus Water.
- 8. • The nitronium ion first react with benzene at 50 c and this reaction is slow. Then Hydro Sulphate react and this reaction is fast and produced Nitrobenzene with elimination of H2SO4.