This document provides an overview of pneumatics training. It begins by defining pneumatics as movement by compressed air and describes some common applications in everyday life. It then discusses the history of pneumatics, focusing on Otto von Guericke's experiments with compressed air in the 17th century. The document proceeds to cover pneumatic principles such as pressure, flow rate, and Boyle's law. It provides details on typical pneumatic system components like compressors, cylinders, valves, and applications in automation. Electro-pneumatic systems are also introduced. Exercises in drawing pneumatic circuits are included throughout.
Hydraulic Valves and Hydraulic System AccessoriesRAHUL THAKER
Hydraulic Valves and Hydraulic System Accessories:
Direction control valves,Pressure control valves, Flow control valves, Non-return valves, Reservoirs,Accumulators, Heating & cooling devices, Hoses. Selection of valves for circuits.
Hydraulic Valves and Hydraulic System AccessoriesRAHUL THAKER
Hydraulic Valves and Hydraulic System Accessories:
Direction control valves,Pressure control valves, Flow control valves, Non-return valves, Reservoirs,Accumulators, Heating & cooling devices, Hoses. Selection of valves for circuits.
The pressure energy is fed to the actuator through a number of control block called valves.
• Various type of valve are used in hydraulic system to control or regulate the flow medium.
• Basicallyvalvesareexpectedtocontrol: – Direction
– Pressure
– Flow
– Otherspecialfunctions.
Electro hydraulic system Components and their operationSrichandan Subudhi
After this presentation you will be knowing:
1.What are DCVs, its type and their uses
2.About Check Valves and pilot controlled check valves
3.What are solenoid actuated valves and their operation
4.What are proportional solenoid valves and their operation
5.Servo Valve Operation
6.Servo Valve Connector
Pneumatic control valve
Actual Pneumatic Control Valve
Typical Actuator & Valve
introduction to actuator
Actuator power
Actuator Fluids
Diaphragm Actuator
Positioner Indicator
Valve Body
Valve Plugs
Reverse & Direct Actuators
Air-To-Open vs. Air-To-Close
control valve
Controller Tuning
Selection of controller modes
Tuning Rules
Ziegler – Nichols Controller Settings
In hydraulic and pneumatic systems flow control valves are necessary to vary the speed of actuator. Flow control valves are placed in between Actuator and Direction Control (DC) Valve
Introduction to hydraulics and pneumatic by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
This file contains basic information about hydraulics and pneumatic systems.
A pneumatic control valve actuator converts energy (typically in the form of compressed air) into mechanical motion. The motion can be rotary or linear, depending on the type of actuator.
Introduction to Pneumatic Systems:
Basic Requirements for Pneumatic System,Applications, Pneumatic fundamentals, Construction, working principle and operation of pneumatic power transmission system components like Power source, FRL unit, Actuators and control valves like DCV, FCV, PCV, time delay, quick exhaust, twin pressure, shuttle
Unlock full featured course with 250+ Video Lectures at 20% Discount for "Learn 5 PLC's in a Day" lifetime E-Learning course for 39 USD only: https://www.udemy.com/nfi-plc-online-leaning/?couponCode=slideshare2016
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The pressure energy is fed to the actuator through a number of control block called valves.
• Various type of valve are used in hydraulic system to control or regulate the flow medium.
• Basicallyvalvesareexpectedtocontrol: – Direction
– Pressure
– Flow
– Otherspecialfunctions.
Electro hydraulic system Components and their operationSrichandan Subudhi
After this presentation you will be knowing:
1.What are DCVs, its type and their uses
2.About Check Valves and pilot controlled check valves
3.What are solenoid actuated valves and their operation
4.What are proportional solenoid valves and their operation
5.Servo Valve Operation
6.Servo Valve Connector
Pneumatic control valve
Actual Pneumatic Control Valve
Typical Actuator & Valve
introduction to actuator
Actuator power
Actuator Fluids
Diaphragm Actuator
Positioner Indicator
Valve Body
Valve Plugs
Reverse & Direct Actuators
Air-To-Open vs. Air-To-Close
control valve
Controller Tuning
Selection of controller modes
Tuning Rules
Ziegler – Nichols Controller Settings
In hydraulic and pneumatic systems flow control valves are necessary to vary the speed of actuator. Flow control valves are placed in between Actuator and Direction Control (DC) Valve
Introduction to hydraulics and pneumatic by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
This file contains basic information about hydraulics and pneumatic systems.
A pneumatic control valve actuator converts energy (typically in the form of compressed air) into mechanical motion. The motion can be rotary or linear, depending on the type of actuator.
Introduction to Pneumatic Systems:
Basic Requirements for Pneumatic System,Applications, Pneumatic fundamentals, Construction, working principle and operation of pneumatic power transmission system components like Power source, FRL unit, Actuators and control valves like DCV, FCV, PCV, time delay, quick exhaust, twin pressure, shuttle
Unlock full featured course with 250+ Video Lectures at 20% Discount for "Learn 5 PLC's in a Day" lifetime E-Learning course for 39 USD only: https://www.udemy.com/nfi-plc-online-leaning/?couponCode=slideshare2016
Enroll for Advanced Industrial Automation Training with PLC, HMI and Drive Combo with 300+ Video Lecture for 69.3 USD only: http://online.nfiautomation.org/catalog/1769?couponCode=LEARNING_MADE_EASY
Unlock full featured course with 250+ Video Lectures at 20% Discount for "Learn 5 PLC's in a Day" lifetime E-Learning course for 39 USD only: https://www.udemy.com/nfi-plc-online-leaning/?couponCode=slideshare2016
Enroll for Advanced Industrial Automation Training with PLC, HMI and Drive Combo with 300+ Video Lecture for 69.3 USD only: http://online.nfiautomation.org/catalog/1769?couponCode=LEARNING_MADE_EASY
Google Plus: https://plus.google.com/+RajvirSinghNFIAutomation
E-mail: nfiautomation@gmail.com
Unlock full featured course with 250+ Video Lectures at 20% Discount for "Learn 5 PLC's in a Day" lifetime E-Learning course for 39 USD only: https://www.udemy.com/nfi-plc-online-leaning/?couponCode=slideshare2016
Enroll for Advanced Industrial Automation Training with PLC, HMI and Drive Combo with 300+ Video Lecture for 69.3 USD only: http://online.nfiautomation.org/catalog/1769?couponCode=LEARNING_MADE_EASY
This presentation explains various parameters used in AC drive of Allen Bradley Model Powerflex 4M
Unlock full featured course with 100+ Video Lectures at 30% Discount on "Advanced AC Drive- VFD, Stepper and Servo Drives" lifetime E-Learning course for 39 USD only: https://www.udemy.com/learn-vfd-in-a-day/?couponCode=slideshare2016
Enroll for Advanced Industrial Automation Training with PLC, HMI and Drive Combo with 300+ Video Lecture for 69.3 USD only: http://online.nfiautomation.org/catalog/1769?couponCode=LEARNING_MADE_EASY
This presentation is specially for freshers and students who are seeking the best ways of making resume.
It also contains:
- the 5 Mostly Questions asked in the interview.
- 5 Questions a candidate must asked in his/her Interview
- Myths of Interviews
-Do's & Don't of Interview
Properties of air – Perfect Gas Laws – Compressor – Filters, Regulator, Lubricator, Muffler, Air
control Valves, Quick Exhaust Valves, Pneumatic actuators, Design of Pneumatic circuit – Cascade method – Electro Pneumatic System – Elements – Ladder diagram – Problems,
Introduction to fluidics and pneumatic logic
Preliminaries of Pneumatics (Basic Components Details)S K
This is the powerpoint presentation on Pneumatics Preliminaries like Their components details and many more.Copyright of this slides are not allowed without my permission. In case of that, strongly actions will taken
Air compressor overview and basic selection guideAnilkumar B Nair
Provide an overview of Air compressors
Provide a generic guideline for Air compressor selection process
This presentation is prepared for target audience:Facility Managers, Utility Engineers. Technicians and Process associates
Abstract: The shearing machine and bending machine is most important in sheet metal industry. This machine should be used for straight cutting machine with wide application. But in some industry hand sheet cutter and hand bender are used. For that machine to operate the human effort are required. The machine should be simple to operate and easy to maintain, hence we tried out to develop the Pneumatic Shearing and Bending Machine.
In shearing operation as the punch descends upon the metal, the pressure exerted by the punch first cause the plastic deformation of the metal. Since the clearance between the punch and the die is very small, the plastic deformation takes place in a localized area and the metal adjacent to the cutting edges.
In bending operation the bend has been made with the help of punch which exerts large force on the work clamped on the die. The bending machine is designed in such a way that, it works automatically. The machine is designed by observing the factors to improve the efficiency and to reduce the cycle time by producing quality output. Automation of machine is achieved with the help of pneumatic system.
This paper involves the design of an efficient system which reduces the human effort and help to increase production output. It also includes pneumatic system, pneumatic component and shearing die and bending die.
FABRICATION OF PNEUMATIC CONTROLLED RAMMER STRIKER FOR MOULDING PROCES.pptxchockalingam athilingam
report for engineering project .
useful to final year engineering and diploma students in and every where
to improve the knowledge. to study about hydraulic system
this lab work was done by Abnet Mengesha Dube,student at Addis ababa university(AAIT).
objective of the lab is to determine the parameters which affect the operating capacity and efficiency of the radial flow fan.
Working elements of Pneumatic System with Circuits, Safety, InstallationMohammad Azam Khan
A pneumatic circuit is usually designed to implement the desired logics. However, there are several basics circuits, which can be integrated into the final circuit
This document consists of information regarding the concepts of a complete Pneumatic System and its different elements which are:-
a. Pneumatic Power Generating Elements - Pumps & Air Compressors
b. Pneumatic Power Controlling Elements - Valves
c. Pneumatic Power Utilising Elements - Cylinders
d. Pneumatic Power Conveying Elements - Hoses, Pipes, and Fittings
e. Pneumatic Accessories - Air Receiver Tank, Air Dryer, and FRL unit
with proper working and diagrams which also includes the Pneumatic circuit diagram used in industries.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. What Does Pneumatics means?
Comes from Greek Word: “Pneumatikos “
means Wind or breathe
Pneumatics is movement
by compressed Air
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3. Pneumatics in Day to Day Life
It is put to a wide variety of uses such as dentists drills, automatic doors,
brakes on lorries and hammer drills used at roadwork's.
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4. Who Discovered the Idea of Pneumatics?
German Physicist &
Engineer –
Otto von Guericke
(1602-1686)
17th
Century
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8. Boyle’s law or Boyle–Mariotte law
the absolute pressure and volume of a given mass of confined gas are inversely
proportional, if the temperature remains unchanged within a closed system.
Thus, it states that the product of pressure and volume is a constant for a given
mass of confined gas as long as the temperature is constant
pV= k
Pressure = Voltage
Volume = Capacitance
Flow rate = Current
Flow Restrictions = Resistance
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9. Typical Units of Pressure
The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (Pa), equal to one newton per
square meter (N/m2 or kg·m−1·s−2).
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10. Typical Units of Air Flow
CFM = Cubic feet per minute
Cubic meter per hour = M*M*M/Hour
Litres per minutes = l/min
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13. Basic Industrial Pneumatic System
Electrical Motor
IT ACTIVATEWHEN PRESSUREIS
ABOVECRACKINGPRESSURE
Pneumatic Pressure Source
Pressure Relief Valve 2
Double-Acting Cylinder
Gas-loaded Accum ulator w ith separator
0.00 Bar
Pressure Indicator
Exhaust
Compressor With Left Shaft/Variable
Solenoid
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14. Two Sections of Pneumatic System
1. Air Production & Distribution System
2. Air Consuming System
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15. Components of
Air Production System
1. Compressor
2. Electric Motor
3. Pressure Switch
4. Check Valve
5. Tank
6. Pressure gauge
7. Auto Drain
8. Safety Valve
9. Air Dryer
10. Line Filter
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16. Compressor
1. Reciprocating Type – Piston & Diaphragm
2. Rotary - Vane & Screw Type
Converts mechanical energy into pneumatic energy
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17. Compressor
1. Reciprocating Type – Piston & Diaphragm
Converts mechanical energy into pneumatic energy
Single Stage
Two Stage
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18. Compressor
1. Reciprocating Type – Piston & Diaphragm
Converts mechanical energy into pneumatic energy
Diaphragm
Inlet Outlet
Inlet
Outlet
Crank
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19. Compressor
1. Rotary - Vane & Screw Type
Converts mechanical energy into pneumatic energy
Eccentrically mounted
rotor
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20. Compressor
1. Rotary - Vane & Screw Type
Converts mechanical energy into pneumatic energy
Helical Screws rotating
Opposite to each other
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21. Compressor Ratings
Typical factors determining nature of compressor
Displaced Volume or Displacement = Q (l /min) or (l/rev)
Nominal Speed = in rpm
Maximum Pressure = in Bar or psi
Tank Capacity = in litres
Maximum Flow = l/min or l/sec
Fixed Type Variable Type
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22. Components of
Air Production System
1. Compressor
2. Electric Motor
3. Pressure Switch
4. Check Valve
5. Tank
6. Pressure gauge
7. Auto Drain
8. Safety Valve
9. Air Dryer
10. Line Filter
For Auto Cut off at required
Pressure
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24. Components of
Air Production System
1. Compressor
2. Electric Motor
3. Pressure Switch
4. Check Valve
5. Tank
6. Pressure gauge
7. Auto Drain
8. Safety Valve
9. Air Dryer
10. Line Filter
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26. Components of
Air Production System
1. Compressor
2. Electric Motor
3. Pressure Switch
4. Check Valve
5. Tank
6. Pressure gauge
7. Auto Drain
8. Safety Valve
9. Air Dryer
10. Line Filter
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27. Components of
Air Production System
1. Compressor
2. Electric Motor
3. Pressure Switch
4. Check Valve
5. Tank
6. Pressure gauge
7. Auto Drain
8. Safety Valve
9. Air Dryer
10. Line Filter
0.00 Bar
To measure Inlet & Outlet Pressure
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28. Components of
Air Production System
1. Compressor
2. Electric Motor
3. Pressure Switch
4. Check Valve
5. Tank
6. Pressure gauge
7. Auto Drain
8. Safety Valve
9. Air Dryer
10. Line Filter
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29. Components of
Air Production System
1. Compressor
2. Electric Motor
3. Pressure Switch
4. Check Valve
5. Tank
6. Pressure gauge
7. Auto Drain
8. Safety Valve
9. Air Dryer
10. Line Filter
To remove water inside the Compressor
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30. Components of
Air Production System
1. Compressor
2. Electric Motor
3. Pressure Switch
4. Check Valve
5. Tank
6. Pressure gauge
7. Auto Drain
8. Safety Valve
9. Air Dryer
10. Line Filter
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31. Components of
Air Production System
1. Compressor
2. Electric Motor
3. Pressure Switch
4. Check Valve
5. Tank
6. Pressure gauge
7. Auto Drain
8. Safety Valve
9. Air Dryer
10. Line Filter
Pressure Relief Valve
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32. Components of
Air Production System
1. Compressor
2. Electric Motor
3. Pressure Switch
4. Check Valve
5. Tank
6. Pressure gauge
7. Auto Drain
8. Safety Valve
9. Air Dryer
10. Line Filter
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33. Components of
Air Production System
Drying agent such as
Dehydrated chalk
or
Magnesium chloride
It reacts with moisture
(in air) to form solution
which is drained from
the bottom
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34. Components of
Air Production System
1. Compressor
2. Electric Motor
3. Pressure Switch
4. Check Valve
5. Tank
6. Pressure gauge
7. Auto Drain
8. Safety Valve
9. Air Dryer
10. Line Filter
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35. Components of
Air Production System
to remove contamination, oil
vapors from the compressor
and water from the air
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36. Components of
Air Production
System
Combining All the components together
0.00 Bar
Pressure Indicator
Electrical Motor
Pneumatic Pressure Source
Air Dryer
Filter
Lubricator
Cooler
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37. Two Sections of Pneumatic System
1. Air Production & Distribution System
2. Air Consuming System
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38. Two Sections of Pneumatic System
1. Air Production & Distribution System
2. Air Consuming System
Elements of Air Consuming System
1. Actuators – Pneumatic Cylinders
2. Valves – Directional Control Valves (DCV)
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39. Air Consuming Section
Actuators – Pneumatic Cylinders
Used to produce linear motion
Single Acting Cylinder
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40. Air Consuming Section
Actuators – Pneumatic Cylinders
Used to produce linear motion
Single Acting Cylinder
Single-Acting Cylinder With Spring Return
Single-Acting Cylinder With Spring Extend
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41. Air Consuming Section
Actuators – Pneumatic Cylinders
Used to produce linear motion
Double Acting Cylinder
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42. Air Consuming Section
Actuators – Pneumatic Cylinders
Used to produce linear motion
Double Acting Cylinder
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43. Air Consuming Section
Actuators – Pneumatic Cylinders
Used to produce linear motion
ble-Acting 2-Cushion Cylinder
On large cylinders, the shock forces
can be absorbed by an air cushion
that decelerates the piston over the
last portion of the stroke
Double Acting Cylinder with Cushion
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44. Air Consuming Section
Actuators – Pneumatic Cylinders
Used to produce linear motion
A double ended piston rod makes a cylinder stronger against side
load, as it has two bearings at the widest distance possible. This type
of cylinder is often mounted with rods fixed and the cylinder itself
moving to displace a part.
Double Acting Double Rod Cylinder
Double-Acting Double-Rod Cylinder
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45. Air Consuming Section
Actuators – Other types of Cylinders
Used to produce rotary/linear motion
Rotary Actuator- Vane Type Rodless Cylinder
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46. Piston Force
Dependant on the air pressure, the cylinder diameter, and the frictional
resistance of the sealing components.
Fth = A . p
Fth = Theoretical piston force in N.
A = Useful piston area in cm².
p = Operation pressure in kPa.
Fn = Effective piston force in Newton (N)
FR = frictional force (3-20%) in Newton (N)
Fn = A. p – (FR+FF)
Single Acting Cyl.
Fn = A. p – FR
Double Acting Cyl.
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47. Two Sections of Pneumatic System
1. Air Production & Distribution System
2. Air Consuming System
Elements of Air Consuming System
1. Actuators – Pneumatic Cylinders
2. Valves – Directional Control Valves (DCV)
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48. Valves – Directional Control Valves (DCV)
1. Allowing the passage of air and directing it to particular
air lines
2. Canceling air signals as required by blocking their passage
and / or
3. Relieving the air to atmosphere.
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49. 3/2– Directional Control Valves (DCV)
?
3/2 Spring return
Valve NC
?
3/2 Spring return
Valve NO
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50. 5/2– Directional Control Valves (DCV)
5/2 Spring return
Valve NC
5/2 Spring return
Valve NO
?
?
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51. 5/3– Directional Control Valves (DCV)
??
To stop the cylinder in between
5/3 Double Button Spring Return Valve
0.00 Bar
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52. Pneumatics Exercises
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1) Draw a pneumatic circuit to actuate two Single Acting Spring Return
cylinder with one 3/2 Valve
2) Draw a pneumatic circuit to actuate Double acting Cylinder with 5/2
Valve
? ?
53. Flow Control Valves: Throttle Valve
To control the flow
Fixed Throttle
Valve
Variable Throttle
Valve
Non Return
Throttle Valve
Variable Non Return
Throttle Valve
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54. Flow Control Valves: Check Valve
The check valve allows oil flow in one direction and blocks it
in the opposite direction.
Check Valve
Spring Loaded
Check Valve
Pilot to Open
Check Valve
Pilot to Close
Check Valve
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55. Shut off Valves
The shut-off valve can isolate 2 distinct lines in an hydraulic
circuit
Shut off Valve
Normally Open
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60. Pneumatics Exercises
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1) Draw an Electro- pneumatic circuit to actuate Single acting cylinder with
3/2 solenoid valve actuated by Toggle switch
2) Draw a pneumatic circuit to actuate & latch Double acting Cylinder with
5/3 Spring return Solenoid Valve
? ?