The document details the functionality and components of Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) used in automation systems, including alarm handling, trend monitoring, and historical data logging. Alarms are categorized into informative, warning, and blocking types based on the nature of changes observed in the process or control systems. Additionally, it discusses the role of the historian in aggregating process data for analysis and reporting, alongside offering resources for learning PLC programming.

1. Human
Machine
Interface
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2. Modern Interface
Earlier Time Monitoring

3. HMI functionality
Human Machine Interface (HMI):
Graphical object state presentation,
lists, reports
Operator Command handling
change binary commands, set points
Alarm & Events
record specified changes and
operator actions
History data base
keep a record of the process values
and filter it
Logging
keep logs on the operation of the
automation system
Reporting
generate incident reports

4. Operator workplace: three main functions
current state
alarms and events
trends and history

5. What is an alarm, an event ?
Alarm and Event (A&E) consider changes occurring in the plant (process) or in the
control system that are worth recording (operator actions, configuration changes,…)
Recorded changes can be of three kinds:
- informative: no action required
(e.g. "production terminated at 11:09")
- warning: plant could stop or be damaged if no corrective action is taken "soon"
(e.g. "toner low")
- blocking: the controller took action to protect the plant and further operation is
prevented until the reason is cleared (e.g. "paper jam")

6. What triggers an alarm ?
- binary changes of process variables (individual bits),
some variables being dedicated to alarms
- reception of an analog variable that exceeds some threshold (upper limit,
lower limit), the limits being defined in the operator workstation
- reception of an alarm message (from a PLC that can generate such
messages)
- computations in the operator workstation
(e.g. possible quality losses if current trend continues)
- calendar actions
(e.g. unit 233 did not get preventive maintenance for the last three
months )

7. Trends
Trends allow to follow the behaviour of the plant and to monitor possible
excursions.
Monitored process data (sampled or event-driven) are stored in the
historical database.

8. Historian
The historian keeps process relevant data at a lower granularity than the trend
recorder,
but with a larger quantity.
Data from different sources is aggregated in one data base, normally using
data compression to keep storage costs low.
Data are analysed according to "calculation engines" to retrieve "metrics":
- performance indicators
- quality monitoring
- analysis of situations (why did batch A worked better than batch B)

9. Internal Memory
Internal Memory
Internal Register (Read / Write) : $
Non-volatile Internal Register (R/W): $M

10. Elements of the operator workstation
mimic
alarms
processing
trend
processing
alarms
logging
state
logging
process
data base
simulation
instructor desk
actualisation
process data
plant

11. HMI Connections
Communication Channel
Rs 232/485/422
1
2
1
HMI
1-1IC1
2
PLC
1-1OC1
IN0
IN1
OUT1
IN2
OUT2
IN3
OUT3
IN4
OUT4
IN5
OUT5
IN6
OUT6
IN7
1
OUT0
OUT7
2
COM
Power Supply
COM

12. Communication Channels

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15. Thanks
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