Introduction to Pneumatic Systems:
Basic Requirements for Pneumatic System,Applications, Pneumatic fundamentals, Construction, working principle and operation of pneumatic power transmission system components like Power source, FRL unit, Actuators and control valves like DCV, FCV, PCV, time delay, quick exhaust, twin pressure, shuttle
The pressure energy is fed to the actuator through a number of control block called valves.
• Various type of valve are used in hydraulic system to control or regulate the flow medium.
• Basicallyvalvesareexpectedtocontrol: – Direction
– Pressure
– Flow
– Otherspecialfunctions.
Introduction to hydraulics and pneumatic by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
This file contains basic information about hydraulics and pneumatic systems.
Introduction to Pneumatic Systems:
Basic Requirements for Pneumatic System,Applications, Pneumatic fundamentals, Construction, working principle and operation of pneumatic power transmission system components like Power source, FRL unit, Actuators and control valves like DCV, FCV, PCV, time delay, quick exhaust, twin pressure, shuttle
The pressure energy is fed to the actuator through a number of control block called valves.
• Various type of valve are used in hydraulic system to control or regulate the flow medium.
• Basicallyvalvesareexpectedtocontrol: – Direction
– Pressure
– Flow
– Otherspecialfunctions.
Introduction to hydraulics and pneumatic by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
This file contains basic information about hydraulics and pneumatic systems.
This chapter introduces Basics of Pneumatics, Advantages & Disadvantages, Application and symbols to students who are taking Pneumatics and Hydraulics course in Polytechnics
Pneumatics Circuits Components (Circuit details)S K
This are the slides of pneumatic circuits based.Copyright of this slides are not allowed without my permission. In case of that, strongly actions will taken.
Brief description of Hydraulic power pack, basic parts of it and affecting parameters for the same, it is used in many industrial applications and in some heavy civil applications
A pneumatic control valve actuator converts energy (typically in the form of compressed air) into mechanical motion. The motion can be rotary or linear, depending on the type of actuator.
Pneumatic circuits:
Basic pneumatic circuits, Development of single Actuator Circuits, Development of multiple Actuator Circuits, Cascade method for sequencing
A pneumatic system is a system that uses compressed air to transmit and control energy.
Pneumatic systems are used in controlling train doors, automatic production lines, mechanical clamps, etc.
Electro hydraulic system Components and their operationSrichandan Subudhi
After this presentation you will be knowing:
1.What are DCVs, its type and their uses
2.About Check Valves and pilot controlled check valves
3.What are solenoid actuated valves and their operation
4.What are proportional solenoid valves and their operation
5.Servo Valve Operation
6.Servo Valve Connector
Air compressor overview and basic selection guideAnilkumar B Nair
Provide an overview of Air compressors
Provide a generic guideline for Air compressor selection process
This presentation is prepared for target audience:Facility Managers, Utility Engineers. Technicians and Process associates
This chapter introduces Basics of Pneumatics, Advantages & Disadvantages, Application and symbols to students who are taking Pneumatics and Hydraulics course in Polytechnics
Pneumatics Circuits Components (Circuit details)S K
This are the slides of pneumatic circuits based.Copyright of this slides are not allowed without my permission. In case of that, strongly actions will taken.
Brief description of Hydraulic power pack, basic parts of it and affecting parameters for the same, it is used in many industrial applications and in some heavy civil applications
A pneumatic control valve actuator converts energy (typically in the form of compressed air) into mechanical motion. The motion can be rotary or linear, depending on the type of actuator.
Pneumatic circuits:
Basic pneumatic circuits, Development of single Actuator Circuits, Development of multiple Actuator Circuits, Cascade method for sequencing
A pneumatic system is a system that uses compressed air to transmit and control energy.
Pneumatic systems are used in controlling train doors, automatic production lines, mechanical clamps, etc.
Electro hydraulic system Components and their operationSrichandan Subudhi
After this presentation you will be knowing:
1.What are DCVs, its type and their uses
2.About Check Valves and pilot controlled check valves
3.What are solenoid actuated valves and their operation
4.What are proportional solenoid valves and their operation
5.Servo Valve Operation
6.Servo Valve Connector
Air compressor overview and basic selection guideAnilkumar B Nair
Provide an overview of Air compressors
Provide a generic guideline for Air compressor selection process
This presentation is prepared for target audience:Facility Managers, Utility Engineers. Technicians and Process associates
What Is the Basic Working Principle of an Air Compressor_.pdfaliaseo052
The basic working principle of an air compressor revolves around converting power into potential energy stored as compressed air. This process involves drawing in ambient air, compressing it to a higher pressure, and then compressing it for various applications.
By understanding this fundamental mechanism, one can appreciate the versatility and efficiency of air compressors in numerous settings, from industrial manufacturing to everyday tools and devices.
An air compressor is a device designed to pressurize air, which can be used for various purposes, from inflating tyres to powering pneumatic tools.
What Is the Basic Working Principle of an Air Compressor.docxcemenntcompressor
The basic working principle of an air compressor revolves around converting power into potential energy stored as compressed air. This process involves drawing in ambient air, compressing it to a higher pressure, and then compressing it for various applications.
Compressed air Energy saving possibilities in textile millsAshok Sethuraman
The textile mills are aware now that in their total Electricity units consumed per day towards compressed air, they are losing more than 30 % units in compressed air. But, in the total Electricity units per day consumption, the mill can achieve only around 5 to 10 % reduction in that Units Per Day after the energy audit & implementation.
But here in compressed air, they find the Low Hanging Fruit with zero & low cost payback. Compressed air leakage is a hidden losses daily happening in the mill and if not identified and corrected today, this aggravates the losses, which are accelerating now.
When the mill goes for modernization, the automated production demands more compressed air usage. So instead of arresting the existing air leakages, now the mill buys more compressors so satisfy the production demands, but leakage increases more.
Air Compression and Electricity Generation by Using Speed Breaker with Rack A...IJMER
On roads, speed breakers provided to control the speed of traffic in rushed areas. The
potential energy in terms of weight of vehicle is loss on speed breaker can be utilized for useful
purposes. This paper describes the potential energy of such type of energy available on roads and its
utilization for useful work. The stages of development of a speed breaker device are described and the
mechanism to generate electricity using rack, pinion and speed increasing gear box and generator
and store compressed air with the help of piston cylinder compressor arrangement. Whenever the
vehicle is allowed to pass over the speed breaker dome, it gets pressed downwards. As the springs are
attached to the dome, they get compressed and the rack, which is attached to the bottom of the dome,
moves down in reciprocating motion. Since rack has teeth connected to pinion there is conversion of
reciprocating motion of rack in to rotary motion of pinion, but the two gears rotate in opposite
direction. So that shafts will rotate with certain RPM these shafts are connected through a belt drive
to the generators, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The rack is attached
to piston rod of cylinder so downward stroke of rack we can use for air compression in reservoir, with
help of piston cylinder arrangement. Simultaneously reciprocating piston cylinder arrangement
compresses the air and stores it in the reservoir. We can use the generated electricity and compressed
air for different purpose
Abstract: The shearing machine and bending machine is most important in sheet metal industry. This machine should be used for straight cutting machine with wide application. But in some industry hand sheet cutter and hand bender are used. For that machine to operate the human effort are required. The machine should be simple to operate and easy to maintain, hence we tried out to develop the Pneumatic Shearing and Bending Machine.
In shearing operation as the punch descends upon the metal, the pressure exerted by the punch first cause the plastic deformation of the metal. Since the clearance between the punch and the die is very small, the plastic deformation takes place in a localized area and the metal adjacent to the cutting edges.
In bending operation the bend has been made with the help of punch which exerts large force on the work clamped on the die. The bending machine is designed in such a way that, it works automatically. The machine is designed by observing the factors to improve the efficiency and to reduce the cycle time by producing quality output. Automation of machine is achieved with the help of pneumatic system.
This paper involves the design of an efficient system which reduces the human effort and help to increase production output. It also includes pneumatic system, pneumatic component and shearing die and bending die.
General Air Products, Inc. - Air Compressor Selection and Design for Dry Pipe Fire Sprinkler Systems. This presentation is designed to educate fire sprinkler professionals, especially designers, engineers and technicians on the fundamentals of air compressor design, function and proper sizing and selection. For questions on this presentation please contact us at 800-345-8207 or visit our web site www.generalairproducts.com
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
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Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
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The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
2. CONTENTS
About Automation
About Pneumatics
Applications
Advantages & Disadvantages
Pneumatic Standards
Classification of Pneumatic elements
Applications of air cylinders
Components of Pneumatics
Comparison between Pneumatic, Electro-pneumatic &
PLC based control system
Air pressure losses
Malfunctions of Pneumatic system
General safety measures
Basics Pneumatic circuits
3. •Automation is basically the delegation of human control
function to technical equipment for
•Increasing productivity
•Increasing quality
•Reducing cost
•Increasing safety in working condition.
What is Automation
9. In general, automation in industries are classified into
three categories.
Out of the above three, pneumatic systems are used in
achieving Low Cost Automation in industries,
1) To reduce labor cost,
2) To reduce machine investment cost
3) To increase productivity
4) To reduce human efforts
INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION
Pneumatics Hydraulics
Electrical and
Electronics
10. In Greek “Pneuma” means air.
Study (or) subject deal with “Pneuma” / compressed air is
called as “Pneumatics”.
Products that use compressed air as medium for operation
are called as “Pneumatic components”.
What is Pneumatics ?
11. Mechanisms which
use air pressure to
apply mechanical
force and
displacement (work)
The pneumatic
devices we use are
basically binary
actuators – either
retracted or
extended
Retracted
Cylinder
Extended
Cylinder
What is Pneumatics ?
continued…
12. Pneumatics is widely used by SMEs for implementing
“Low Cost Automation”
1) To reduce machine investment cost
2) To reduce the process time
3) To increase productivity, and
4) To have consistent quality
Automation .mp4
Low Cost Automation
13. Advantages and Limitations of Pneumatics
Advantages
Simple
Easy to control
Can apply a lot of force from a small, light package
Force is limited by air pressure and cylinder diameter
The speeds and forces are infinitely variable
14. Advantages and Limitations of Pneumatics
continued…
Advantages
Pneumatic tools when over loaded will stop and so safe,
as compared to electrical system.
No fire hazard as in Electrical Systems. So can be
easily used in dangerous areas like mines.
Simple in construction, the pneumatic system
components are easy to maintain & repair.
The used air is exhausted. So no return lines as in
hydraulic system.
15. Disadvantages
Smooth and uniform speeds against loads are not
achievable as in Hydraulic systems.
Beyond certain load usage of pneumatic system is
expensive.
16. FORM OF OUTPUT
1. Linear motion
2. Rotary motion
3. Semi-rotary motion
APPLICATIONS
Pneumatic equipments can be used for applications, where
operation cycles need certain routine functions like
1. Pushing
2. Pulling
3. Lifting
4. Feeding
5. Clamping
6. Pressing
7. Forming, etc.
17. APPLICATION AREAS
1. Air brakes of automobile & trains.
2. Air engine
3. Pneumatic drills
4. Pneumatic press, power press
5. Auto motional of assembly line like automobile industry,
packaging, bottling
6. Pneumatic vehicle cleaning
7. Anti aircraft weapon
8. Pneumatic launchers
9. Vacuum pump
10. Pressure regulator
11. Cotton mills
12. Dairies
13. Forge shops
14. Foundries
15. Metal forming
16. Paper mills
17. Printings
43. PNEUMATIC STANDARDS
ISO 1219-1 Fluid power systems & components – Part 1:
Symbol for conventional use & data processing
applications.
ISO 1219-2 Fluid power systems & components – Part 2:
Circuit diagram
ISO 5599 Port marking of pneumatic directional control valves.
ISO 6432 Mounting dimensions of pneumatic cylinders: 8 to 25 mm
ISO 6431 Mounting dimensions of pneumatic cylinders: 32 to 320
mm.
CETOP RP41 Hydraulic & Pneumatic system circuit diagrams.
CETOP RP68P Identification code for ports and operators of pneumatic
control valve and other components.
ISO 8573 Quality classes of compressed air for general use
44. Classification Of Pneumatic Elements
Pneumatic elements are classified into 5 groups as
5. Working elements
Air cylinders
4. Final control elements
Flow control valve, Quick exhaust valve
3. Control elements
Directional control valves like solenoid
valves, pilot operated valves
2. Signal elements
Push button valve, Roller lever valve
1. Source & Service elements
Source – Compressor & Reservoir
Service – Filter, Regulator, Lubricator
45. 1. Source & Service elements
1. Air
2. Compressor
3. Air Filter
4. Air Pressure Regulator
5. Air Lubricator
6. Air Service Unit
7. Pneumatic Silencer
46. Air
The earth is surrounded by an envelope of air known as atmosphere.
The composition of this 12 mile thick envelope. Due to the
compressibility of air, increasing the pressure causes decrease in the
volume of air.
Boyles Law: - Boyle discovered that the pressure and the volume of
a particular quantity of gas was constant provided that the
temperature did not vary.
48. Compressors
A compressor is a machine that compresses air or another
type of gas from a low inlet pressure (usually atmospheric)
to a higher desired pressure level. This is accomplished by
reducing the volume of the gas. Air compressors are
generally positive displacement units and are either of the
reciprocating piston type or the rotary screw or rotary vane
types.
Graphic symbol
49. Types of compressor
•Piston Compressor
In this type of compressor a cylinder
bore encloses a moving piston. As the
crankshaft of the compressor rotate, the
piston moves within the cylinder,
similar to the piston in a car engine. As
the piston is pulled down, the volume
increases, creating a lower atmospheric
pressure in the piston chamber. This
difference in pressure causes air to
enter via the inlet valve. As the piston is
forced upwards the volume of air
reduces. The air pressure therefore
increases. Eventually the pressure
forces the outlet valve to open.
50. •Vane Compressor
The following figure shows a cutaway view of the sliding-vane-type
rotary compressor. The air inlet is placed where the volume of the
compression chamber is greatest, the outlet where the volume is
smallest. Consequently, as the vanes turn, the space between them is
reduced. This reduction in volume compresses the air as it travels from
the inlet to the outlet.
51. •Screw compressor
There is a current toward increased use of the rotary-type
compressor due to technological advances, which have produced
stronger materials and better manufacturing process. The
following figure shows a cutaway view of a single-stage screw
type compressor. Precise positioning of the screw is essential for
its performance. Oil provides a seal between the rotating screws
as well as lubricating the parts and cooling the air. The oil is
then separated from the air before it enters the system.
52. •Lobe compressor
In this type of compressor the rotors do not touch and
certain amount of slip exists. This slip increases as the
output pressure increases. It is therefore operated at
maximum speed for the highest efficiency. 17.3 bar is
obtainable with this type of constant displacement
compressor.
Inlet Outlet
53. Compressor Specification
Input volume of
air in liter/min
Input volume of
air in
cubic foot/min
Input voltage
in volt
Input frequency
in Hertz (Hz)
Input current
in Amp.
Output power in
Horse power (HP)
Output power in
Kilowatt (KW)
Rotating speed
of crankshaft in
revolution per
minute (rpm)
Output
pressure in bar
Output pressure
in pounds per
square inch (PSI)
Loudness of
output sound in
decibel (DB)
54. Air Filter
The air needs to be filtered to be free of moisture and contamination.
Air filter is used to do this job. The filter elements remove the particles
and moisture as small as 5 microns. Normally 30-50 micron filter is
used in pneumatic system.
Graphic symbol
55. Air pressure regulator
The pressure regulator is used to adjust the desired pressure for the
pneumatic system. This use a piston to sense downstream pressure
fluctuations. The piston, in turn, works against a set spring pressure.
As the pressure downstream drops it is sensed by the diaphragm and
the poppet valve opens. This adjusts the position of the poppet valve,
which limits the downstream pressure to the pre-set valve.
Graphic symbol
56. Air lubricator
A lubricator ensures proper lubrication of internal moving parts
pneumatics components. The proportional increase in oil mist by an
increase of air flow is achieved by the spring loaded poppet assembly.
As the flow increases and the valve opens, the area is increased and a
pressure differential created.
Graphic symbol
57. Air service unit
Filters, regulators and lubricators can be combined to ensure optimum
compressed air preparation for a specific pneumatic system.
Graphic symbol
58. Pneumatic Silencer
To decrease the noise of air in the outlet of valves, a silencer can be
used. They are made from the porous plastic or bronze. Some of them
are equipped with a control flow valve to control velocity of flow in the
outlet of valves as well.
Graphic symbol
59. 2) SIGNAL ELEMENTS
General manual
Push button
Pull button
Push/pull button
Lever
Pedal
Treadle
Manually Operated
Rotary knob
61. Solenoid
direct
Solenoid pilot
Solenoid pilot
with manual override
and integral pilot
supply
Solenoid pilot
with manual
override and
external pilot
supply
Electrically Operated
When no integral or
external pilot
supply is shown it
is assumed to be
integral
62. 3) Direction Control Elements
2/2 Direction control valve
3/2 Direction control valve
4/2 Direction control valve
5/2 Direction control valve
5/3 Direction control valve
Port & Position.mp4
63. Basically a valve is named in the following order
1. No. of positions
2. No. of ports
1. No. of positions
No. of positions Graphic symbol
2 position
3 position
1 2
1 2 3
64. 2. No. of ports Symbol
2 ports
3 ports
4 ports
5 ports
65. 1
2
3
4
5
Working ports
Symbols for valve actuations
are shown at the left hand side
or right hand side only
The lines drawn on the outside
of the square in the normal or
initial position represent the
ports
Exhaust
ports
Pressure
ports
Switching positions are shown
by squares and are drawn
adjacent to each other
Line with arrow represents
direction of flow. Shut-off
position is shown by T.
Normal position is the
switching position when the
valve is not actuated
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION
66. Function 2/2
Normal position
Basic valves before
operators are added
Examples, push button operated
with spring return
2/2 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE
67. Function 2/2
Operated position
Basic valves before
operators are added
Examples, push button operated
with spring return
2/2 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE
68. Function 3/2
Normal position
Basic valves before
operators are added
Examples, push button operated
with spring return
3/2 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE
69. Function 3/2
Operated position
Basic valves before
operators are added
Examples, push button operated
with spring return
3/2 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE
70. Function 4/2
Normal position
Basic valves before
operators are added
Examples, push button operated
with spring return
4/2 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE
71. Function 4/2
Operated position
Basic valves before
operators are added
Examples, push button operated
with spring return
4/2 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE
72. Function 5/2
Normal position
Basic valves before
operators are added
Examples, push button operated
with spring return
5/2 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE
73. Function 5/2
Operated position
Basic valves before
operators are added
Examples, push button operated
with spring return
5/2 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE
74. Three position valves have a normal central
position that is set by springs or with a manual
control such as a lever
The flow pattern in the centre position varies
with the type. Three types will be considered
1, All ports sealed
2, Outlets to exhaust, supply sealed
3, Supply to both outlets, exhausts sealed
5/3 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE
75. All valves types shown in the normal position
Type 1. All ports sealed
Type 2. Outlets to exhaust
Type 3. Supply to outlets
5/3 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE
76. All valves types shown in the first operated position
Type 1. All ports sealed
Type 2. Outlets to exhaust
Type 3. Supply to outlets
5/3 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE
77. All valves types shown in the normal position
Type 1. All ports sealed
Type 2. Outlets to exhaust
Type 3. Supply to outlets
5/3 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE
78. All valves types shown in the second operated position
Type 1. All ports sealed
Type 2. Outlets to exhaust
Type 3. Supply to outlets
5/3 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE
79. 4) FINAL CONTROL ELEMENTS
(Flow control valve)
Throttle valve
Graphic symbol
84. LOGIC “OR” SHUTTLE VALVE
A
C
B
A
C
B
A B
C
Input Output
A B C
OFF OFF OFF
ON OFF ON
OFF ON ON
ON ON ON
Graphic symbol
The OR logic valve has two
inputs and one output.
The output is ON if one or two
inputs are ON
And the output is OFF only if
all outputs are OFF.
85. LOGIC “AND” SHUTTLE VALVE
The AND logic valve has two
inputs and one output.
The output is ON only if all two
inputs are ON
And the output is OFF if one or
more inputs are OFF.
A B
C
A B
C
A B
C
A B
C
A B
C
Popular old
symbol
A B
C
ISO 1219-1
symbol
Input Output
A B C
OFF OFF OFF
ON OFF OFF
OFF ON OFF
ON ON ON
Graphic symbol
87. How to actuate a single acting cylinder
Position 1 Position 2
3/2 way push button operated with spring return
88. How to actuate a single acting cylinder
Position 1 Position 2
3/2 way push button operated with spring return
89. How to actuate a double acting cylinder
Position 1 Position 2
5/2 way hand lever operated valve with spring return
90. How to actuate a double acting cylinder
Position 1 Position 2
5/2 way hand lever operated valve with spring return
91. Pneumatic Actuators
1. Pneumatic Cylinders
Used for linear motion
2. Pneumatic Rotary Actuators
Used for rotary motion
3. Pneumatic Semi-Rotary Actuators
Used for linear & rotary motion
92. Pneumatic Cylinders
The cylinders converts the energy of the compressed air into
linear motion which extend or retract the piston rod.
Graphic symbol
93. Pneumatic Rotary Actuators
The rotary actuators converts the energy into a rotary motion.
Most of them is Vane air motor.
Graphic symbol
94. Pneumatic Semi-Rotary Actuators
Limited rotary motion can be achieved by incorporating a rack
and pinion into a linear actuator or as seen opposite by a Vane
Mechanism within the body of the cylinder.
Graphic symbol
95. Solenoid Valve
Graphic symbol
Direct-Acting Solenoid Valve Animation.mp4
1. Apply Current
2. Magnetic Field Builds
3. Plunger Become Attracting Magnets
4. Magnetic Force Drives Plunger
96. Working principle of Solenoid Valve
When an electric current flow through a coil, a magnetic
field is generated
The following applies to the
strength of the magnetic field.
•Increasing the numbers of
windings increases the field.
•Increasing the strength of
the current increase the field.
•Lengthening the coil reduces
the field.
98. Comparison between Pneumatic, Electro
Pneumatic & PLC based control System
Parameter Pneumatic System Electro Pneumatic
System
PLC Based Control
System
Power medium Compressed air Compressed air Compressed air
Control
medium
Compressed air Electricity(AC/DC) Electricity(voltage or
current control)
Final control
elements
Pneumatically actuated
directional control valves
Solenoid operated
directional control valve
Solenoid operated
directional control valve
Signal
processing
Using logic valves, time
delay valves, pressure
sequence valves etc
Using relays, timers,
counters, pressure
switches etc
Using program elements
for logic, time-delay,
counting etc.,
Signal
elements
Permits energy flow in
the normal position
Inhibits energy flow in
the normal position
Scans for ‘1’ signal state
to allow power flow
Timers
On-delay & Off-delay
pneumatic timers
(NO/NC type)
On-delay and Off delay
electrical/electronic
timers
Program elements in on-
delay, off-delay, and
other modes
Memory
elements
Pneumatic latch (5/2-DC
double-pilot valve)
Electrical latch
(Dominant ON and
Dominant OFF circuits)
and 5/2-DC double
solenoid valve
Setting and resetting
instructions with coils or
boxes (set priority and
reset priority)
Counters
Up-counter & down-
counter(pneumatic)
Up-counter & down-
counter(electrical)
Program elements in up-
counting and down-
counting modes
100. General Malfunctions in pneumatic system
Disturbances Possible causes Rectification
Machine is working, but
is weakening in
performance due to
slower operation
Upstream flow restriction or air
starvation
•Fit larger pipe
•Install larger compressor
Downstream flow restrictions •Check twisted tube/blocked silencers
downstream and renew
Lack of lubrication •Lubricate machines
•Fit air line lubricator
Actuator is weakening
in performance due to
slower operation
Flow regulator set too low •Re-adjust flow regulator
Tube twisted •Re-new
Piston rod bent •Repair or replace actuator
Barrel dented
Machine stop Failed pneumatic or electrical
supply
•Re-establish power supplies
Faulty products due to
faulty machine
adjustments or
misalignment of
components
Adjusting mechanism out of
alignment
•Re-adjust mechanism
Insufficient power to a
stamping or pressing actuator
•Increase pressure to the actuator or
replace the actuator with a large one
Leakage Loose joints, fittings or glands •Tighten loose joints, fittings or glands
Faulty or damaged fittings or
ruptured pipes and hoses
•Replace or repair the defective part
101. Malfunctions in Pneumatic Cylinders
Disturbances Possible causes Rectification
With valve
connected, air
escapes out of vent
hole
(Double) cup packing is
leaking
•Replace cup packing
(Double) cup packing is
loose (or valve is defective)
•Tighten cup packing
Air escapes to
atmosphere at flange
bushing
Cup packing is leaking •Replace cup packing
Cup packing is mounted in
the wrong way
•Reverse cup packing
Air escapes at piston Groove ring is defective •Fit a new grooving
End position cushion
does not respond
Lip seal on the cushioning
plunger leaks or has been
fitted the wrong way round
•Fit a new lip seal
•Re-fit the lip seal
Single-acting
cylinder piston rod
does not return to
the end position
Composition spring is
damaged
•Fit a new spring
Misalignment of
piston/piston rod or
cylinder body
Excessive jerks •Align piston/piston rod or
cylinder body
Wrong operation •Set right the operation
102. Malfunctions in Pneumatic Valves
Disturbances Possible causes Rectification
Valve leak •Dirt
•Broken seals
•Weak or broken spring
•Excessive wear
•Remove dirt
•Replace seals
•Replace spring
•Lubricate
Valve operating
mechanism fails
•Line pressure too low
•Control plunger broken
•Groove ring defective
•Corrosive damage to
surfaces by condensate
•Set control pressure
•Replace plunger
•Replace defective part
•Use proper lubricant
Valve plunger does not
return back
•Look for broken spring •Replace defective part
Sluggishness of valves •Dirt collected in the valve
especially at the groove ring
•Clean the vent hole
Valve fails to pass the
rated amount of air
•Actuating means not
stroking properly
•Bent trip cam
•Worn tripping mechanism
•Set right alignment
•Straighten trip cam
•Replace defective part
Failure of solenoid coil •Coil loosely fixed to the
solenoid stem
•Coil vibrates
•Overheating of coils
•Mismatched coils and stem
•Fix coil firmly to solenoid stem
•Fix coil firmly
•Fix coil firmly
•Use matched coils and stem
103. General Safety Measures
1. Keep your work place clean before and after work.
2. Use personal protective devices for all hazardous
jobs.
3. Follow the standard procedure while operating a
machine.
4. Know your job thoroughly
5. Inspect daily for damaged tubing, fittings & leaks
6. Check the interlock system at regular intervals
7. Repair or replace components that show signs of
wear or damage
8. Clean the spillage of grease, oil, etc., immediately
9. Never direct the compressed air towards yourself or
anyone else for cleaning
10. Never use the compressed air for cleaning away
chips and dust. Flying particles can be dangerous.
104. Basics Pneumatic circuits
A pneumatic circuit is usually designed to
implement the desired logics. However, there
are several basics circuits, which can be
integrated into the final circuit.
105. Air pilot control of double-acting cylinder
In single acting cylinder compressed air is applied on only one side of
the piston face. The other side is open to atmosphere. For return
movement of the piston spring is used. This actuator can produce
work in only one direction. Single acting cylinder with built in spring
the stroke length is limited due to natural length of spring. Single
acting cylinder are available in stroke length up to approximately
100mm. Due to construction and simplicity it is suitable for compact
short stroke.
Ex. 1)
106. Air pilot control of double-acting cylinder
Directional control valve are giving path to an air stream. It controls
actuator. The directional control valve is characterized by its number
of controlled connection or ways and by the number of switching
position.
5/2 way D.C. valve has got 2 position and 5 ports i. e. 2 exhaust, 2
outputs & 1 input.
The 5/2 way valve is used primarily as a final control element for the
control of double acting cylinder.
Ex. 2)
107. Air pilot control of double-acting cylinder
The 5/3 way valve has five ports and three position. In this valve
lines are closed in the middle position. This enables the piston rod of
cylinder to be stopped in any position over its range of stroke
although intermediate position of the piston rod cannot be located
accurately its symbol is as follows.
Ex. 3)