Air compressors:- One of the important device used to compress air at high pressure.
The presentation contains a detailed information about air compressors, classification of air compressors, reciprocating air compressors, rotary type, multistage/ single stage compressors. advantages and lastly application/ uses of air compressors.
Hope You like the presentation.
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
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In the hydrocarbon processing and production industry, gas is compressed for transportation to consuming markets and for use in processing operations. This presentation is about the construction and operation of compressors.
In this presentation you will learn about the construction and operation of centrifugal compressors.
Air compressors:- One of the important device used to compress air at high pressure.
The presentation contains a detailed information about air compressors, classification of air compressors, reciprocating air compressors, rotary type, multistage/ single stage compressors. advantages and lastly application/ uses of air compressors.
Hope You like the presentation.
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
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In the hydrocarbon processing and production industry, gas is compressed for transportation to consuming markets and for use in processing operations. This presentation is about the construction and operation of compressors.
In this presentation you will learn about the construction and operation of centrifugal compressors.
Compressors complete description and a well arranged slides for the topic. That's too the point and relevant slide share you are looking for! Hope you will find it easy to understand
Thank you!
This powerpint presentation includes all the detail of various types of AIR COPMPRESSSORS,with its real and schematic diagram
- Parth Patel
1st Year Electrical
The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the aeroplane.
Compressors complete description and a well arranged slides for the topic. That's too the point and relevant slide share you are looking for! Hope you will find it easy to understand
Thank you!
This powerpint presentation includes all the detail of various types of AIR COPMPRESSSORS,with its real and schematic diagram
- Parth Patel
1st Year Electrical
The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the aeroplane.
Centrifugal Compressors
SECTION ONE - ANTI-SURGE PROTECTION AND THROUGHPUT REGULATION
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Characteristics of a Single Compressor Stage
2.2 Characteristic of a Multiple Stage Having More
Than One Impeller
2.3 Use of Compressor Characteristics in Throughput
Regulation Schemes
3 MECHANISM AND EFFECTS OF SURGE
3.1 Basic Flow Instabilities
3.2 Occurrence of Surge
3.3 Intensity of Surge
3.4 Effects of Surge
3.5 Avoidance of Surge
3.6 Recovery from Surge
4 CONTROL SCHEMES INCLUDING SURGE PROTECTION
4.1 Output Control
4.2 Surge Protection
4.3 Surge Detection and Recovery
5 DYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Interaction
5.2 Speed of Response of Antisurge Control System
6 SYSTEM EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
6.1 The Antisurge Control Valve
6.2 Non-return Valve
6.3 Pressure and flow measurement
6.4 Signal transmission
6.5 Controllers
7 TESTING
7.1 Determination of the Surge Line
7.2 Records
8 INLET GUIDE VANE UNITS
8.1 Application
8.2 Effect on Power Consumption of the Compressor
8.3 Effect of Gas Conditions, Properties and Contaminants
8.4 Aerodynamic Considerations
8.5 Control System Linearity
8.6 Actuator Specification
8.7 Avoidance of Surge
8.8 Features of Link Mechanisms
8.9 Limit Stops and Shear Links
APPENDICES
A LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS
B WORKED EXAMPLE 1 COMPRESSOR WITH VARIABLE INLET PRESSURE AND VARIABLE GAS COMPOSITION
C WORKED EXAMPLE 2 A CONSTANT SPEED ~ STAGE COMPRESSOR WITH INTER-COOLING
D WORKED EXAMPLE 3 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE ANTISURGE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR A SERVICE AIR COMPRESSOR RUNNING AT CONSTANT SPEED
E EXAMPLE OF INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
FIGURES
2.1 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT DISCHARGE CONDITIONS
2.2 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT INLET CONDITIONS
2.3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPRESSOR STAGE AT VARYING SPEEDS
2.4 SYSTEM WORKING POINT DEFINED BY INTERSECTION OF PROCESS AND COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS
2.5 DISCHARGE THROTTLE REGULATION
2.6 BYPASS REGULATION
2.7 INLET THROTTLE REGULATION
2.8 INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
2.9 VARIABLE SPEED REGULATION
3.1 GAS PULSATION LEVELS FOR A CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.2 REPRESENTATION OF CYCLIC FLOW DURING SURGE OF LONG PERIOD
3.3 TYPICAL WAVEFORM OF DISCHARGE PRESSURE DURING SURGE
3.4 MULTIPLE SURGE LINE FOR A MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.5 TYPICAL MULTIPLE SURGE LINES FOR SINGLE STAGE AXIAL-FLOW COMPRESSOR
4.1 GENERAL SCHEMATIC FOR COMPRESSORS OPERATING IN PARALLEL TO FEED MULTIPLE USER PLANTS
4.2 ILLUSTRATION OF SAFETY MARGIN BETWEEN SURGE POINT AND SURGE PROTECTION POINT AT WHICH ANTISURGE SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED
4.3 ANTISURGE SYSTEM FOR COMPRESSOR WITH FLAT PERFO ..........
Compressors. An air compressor is a mechanical device that produces compressed air i.e. which increases the pressure of the air above the atmospheric pressure as per the requirement and stores it in a high-pressure vessel. In an air compressor, normal atmospheric air is sucked and compressed continuously.
Compressors are devices for the compression and delivery of gases. They are widely used as separate units and as important parts of different types of heat engines. Compressors are driven by different types of prime movers (electric motors, steam and gas turbines, diesel engines, etc).
COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM . ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIESManohar Tatwawadi
The presentation gives an idea as to how the compressed air system is designed and the performance of the compressed air system. The losses, conservation of energy, the cost of leakages etc are discussed in the presentation
Types of compressor and application in oil and gas industryajichemix
This presentation covers the type of compressors, its application, capacity control methods, surge control, cooling system, advantage and disadvantage of compressors.
We have to learn ERP because in future if we get to develop an ERP module or work on it, then we must understand the business needs that it is trying to fulfill.
When we clearly understand the functioning of a department in an enterprise, then we will be able to develop a module to automate it.
We also need to understand the interaction between modules.
PRINCIPAL OF COOLING TOWER
TYPES OF COOLING TOWER
DIFFERENT TERMS USED IN COOLING TOWER SPECIFICATION
AIR PROPERTIES AND
SIZING OF COOLING TOWER HEIGHT
TYPICAL SPECIFICATION FORMAT / DATASHEET
INTRODUCTION AND BASICS OF REFRIGERATION
REFRIGERANT SELECTION CRITERIA (ASHRAE STANDARD)
AUXILLARY EQUIPMENTS IN REFRIGERATION CYCLE
LOAD CALCULATION (PEAK LOAD AND AVERAGE LOAD)
PRILIMINARY PROCESS DESIGN
EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION OF COMPLETE REFRIGERATION PACKAGE
P & ID TYPICAL REFRIGERATION PLANT
START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN
TROUBLE SHOOTING AND CHECKLIST
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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2. CONTENTS :
• INTRODUCTION AND BASICS OF AIR COMPRESSOR
• MODELS OF COMPRESSION CYCLE
• TYPES OF COMPRESSOR
• SIZING AND SEPECIFYING AIR COMPRESSOR
• AUXILLARY EQUIPMENTS
3. INTRODUCTION AND BASICS :
Compressor is an equipment used to compress gases from lower pressure to
high pressure
It converts mechanical energy to pressure energy
Density change is appreciable so Bernoulli equation does not hold
Air compressor is used to deliver compressed air required in plant for
various application.
4. PISTON DISPLACEMENT : Actual travel of piston in one stroke
COMPRESSION RATIO : Ratio of discharge pressure to the suction pressure of one
particular stage.
(Pn/P1)^(1/n) where n = no. of stage
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY : Ratio of Actual capacity to the piston displacement.
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY : Ratio of actual work to the input work
PISTON SPEED : (RPM) x (Stroke length)
CYLINDER ACTION : It can be single acting or double acting
CYLINDER TYPE : Lubricated and Non lubricated. In former type piston wearing
ring (e.g. TEFLON) is provided to maintain proper clearance between cylinder and
piston.
6. MODELS OF COMPRESSION
ISOTHERMAL : This model assumes that the compressed gas remains at a constant temperature
throughout the compression or expansion process.
ADIABATIC : This model assumes that no energy (heat) is transferred to or from the gas during
the compression, and all supplied work is added to the internal energy of the gas,
resulting in increases of temperature and pressure.
POLYTROPIC : This model takes into account both a rise in temperature in the gas as well as
some loss of energy (heat) to the compressor's components. Compression efficiency is then the
ratio of temperature rise at theoretical 100 percent (adiabatic) vs. actual (polytrophic).
8. ROTARY SCREW TYPE:
Capacity control for these compressors is accomplished by variable speed and variable
compressor displacement.
For the latter control technique, a slide valve is positioned in the casing. As the compressor
capacity is reduced, the slide valve opens, bypassing a portion of the compressed air back to
the suction.
RECIPROCATING TYPE:
Capacity control for these compressors is accomplished by unloading individual cylinders.
Typically, this is accomplished by throttling the suction pressure to the cylinder or bypassing
air either within or outside the compressor.
9. SIZING AND SPECIFYING AIR
COMPRESSOR
• Air consumption for total plant based on histogram and peak
consumption
• Size Air compressor for average or max. anticipated operating flow.
• Calculate capacity based site condition in terms of NM3/hr or SCFM
• Actual capacity will vary significantly compare to capacity at standard
condition.
SIZING AIR COMPRESSOR :
10. SPECIFICATION FOR AIR COMPRESSOR :
• The compressor package shall include oil free, reciprocating or rotary
screw air compressor together with all necessary accessories required for
safe and satisfactory operation.
• Reciprocating Air compressor shall have NRV, Suction strainer,
Intercooler and after cooler with automatic moisture separator & safety
valve, suction silencer
• For high flow rotary screw compressor can be considered.
• Drive arrangement – generally v-belt driven or gear box operated
• Capacity control – Load unload through pressure switch, VFD
• For higher compression ratio the multiple stages shall be considered
11. SPECIFICATION FOR AIR COMPRESSOR :
Temperature read out on panel : - Delivery air
- LP element outlet
- HP element inlet
- HP element outlet
- Oil
- Cooling air / water
Pressure readouts on panel : - Delivery air
- Inter-cooler
- Air filter pressure differential
- Oil
Safety shut down controls : - Low oil pressure (oil lubricated)
- High intercooler temperature
- High discharge pressure
- Cooling media low pressure
- High coolant temperature
- Motor overload
12. AUXILLARY EQUIPMENTS:
(1) AIR RECEIVER
:
• Takes care of load variation in case of surge or shortfall
• Separates the condensate
• Acts as a fluctuation damper in case of load on/off
• It should be installed between compressor and dryer so that moisture does
not ingress into air dryer
• Shall have following accessories
- Auto drain valve (timer operated)
- Pressure safety valve
- Foundation bolts
- Pressure gauge
- Inspection window with opening cover
13. (2) AIR DRYER:
• Refrigerated type air dryer
• For instrument air consider atmosphere dew point better than -22°C
• Good practice is to keep dew point at rated pressure not more than 4°C
• Dryer shall be complete with refrigeration unit including hermetically
sealed compressor, moisture separator, automatic drain valve, HP & LP
switch.