Pneumatics is a branch of science which utilizes pressure of air to distribute the power uniformly to all the components to perform the required task. it finds major applications in the fileds where cleanliness plays a major role like pharmaceutical companies, dairy products, Food and beverages companies like coco-cola, food processing industries,aerospace applications etc. This is helpful in automation industry.
Electropneumatic systems combine pneumatic actuators and controllers with electric control circuits. Pneumatic actuators include cylinders, motors, and valves, which are powered by compressed air. However, the electric control circuits use electrical components like switches, relays, and programmable logic controllers to control the flow of compressed air and automate pneumatic processes. While pneumatic systems can be complicated to control, electropneumatic systems simplify control with digital electric signals regulating complex pneumatic circuits and multiple actuators.
The document discusses pneumatic systems and components. It describes how pneumatic systems use compressed air to transmit power and operate cylinders, valves, and other components. Some key advantages of pneumatic systems mentioned include being fast, easily transportable, variable speed and pressure, and clean operating. Common applications described are industrial robots, machine tools, brakes on vehicles, and dental/medical tools. The document also provides details on various pneumatic components like cylinders, valves, connectors, and their functions.
Introduction to Pneumatic Systems:
Basic Requirements for Pneumatic System,Applications, Pneumatic fundamentals, Construction, working principle and operation of pneumatic power transmission system components like Power source, FRL unit, Actuators and control valves like DCV, FCV, PCV, time delay, quick exhaust, twin pressure, shuttle
This document provides an overview of pneumatic control and automation concepts including:
- Standard symbols for pneumatic components like cylinders, valves, and other devices based on ISO 1219 standards.
- Examples of using 2/2 and 3/2 valves to control single-acting cylinders, and 5/2 valves to control double-acting cylinders. Speed control methods like flow regulators are discussed.
- Sequential control concepts and examples of circuits using multiple cylinders operated in sequence are presented.
This document consists of information regarding the concepts of a complete Pneumatic System and its different elements which are:-
a. Pneumatic Power Generating Elements - Pumps & Air Compressors
b. Pneumatic Power Controlling Elements - Valves
c. Pneumatic Power Utilising Elements - Cylinders
d. Pneumatic Power Conveying Elements - Hoses, Pipes, and Fittings
e. Pneumatic Accessories - Air Receiver Tank, Air Dryer, and FRL unit
with proper working and diagrams which also includes the Pneumatic circuit diagram used in industries.
This document provides an overview of pneumatic controls and pneumatic cylinders. It discusses various types of pneumatic cylinders including single acting, double acting, tandem, rodless, and rotary cylinders. It describes the components and operation of pneumatic control systems including directional control valves, cylinders, and various control methods. Key topics covered include characteristics of compressed air, selection criteria for pneumatic control systems, applications of pneumatic controls in manufacturing, and the structure and components of typical pneumatic control systems.
This document discusses the fundamentals of fluid power systems including hydraulics and pneumatics. It covers topics such as the basic principles of hydraulics including Pascal's law, types of hydraulic fluids and their properties, hydraulic components like pumps, actuators and control valves. It also discusses pneumatic systems, fluid logic control, applications of fluid power systems in various industries and troubleshooting of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits. The document appears to be part of a course curriculum on hydraulics and pneumatics.
Electropneumatic systems combine pneumatic actuators and controllers with electric control circuits. Pneumatic actuators include cylinders, motors, and valves, which are powered by compressed air. However, the electric control circuits use electrical components like switches, relays, and programmable logic controllers to control the flow of compressed air and automate pneumatic processes. While pneumatic systems can be complicated to control, electropneumatic systems simplify control with digital electric signals regulating complex pneumatic circuits and multiple actuators.
The document discusses pneumatic systems and components. It describes how pneumatic systems use compressed air to transmit power and operate cylinders, valves, and other components. Some key advantages of pneumatic systems mentioned include being fast, easily transportable, variable speed and pressure, and clean operating. Common applications described are industrial robots, machine tools, brakes on vehicles, and dental/medical tools. The document also provides details on various pneumatic components like cylinders, valves, connectors, and their functions.
Introduction to Pneumatic Systems:
Basic Requirements for Pneumatic System,Applications, Pneumatic fundamentals, Construction, working principle and operation of pneumatic power transmission system components like Power source, FRL unit, Actuators and control valves like DCV, FCV, PCV, time delay, quick exhaust, twin pressure, shuttle
This document provides an overview of pneumatic control and automation concepts including:
- Standard symbols for pneumatic components like cylinders, valves, and other devices based on ISO 1219 standards.
- Examples of using 2/2 and 3/2 valves to control single-acting cylinders, and 5/2 valves to control double-acting cylinders. Speed control methods like flow regulators are discussed.
- Sequential control concepts and examples of circuits using multiple cylinders operated in sequence are presented.
This document consists of information regarding the concepts of a complete Pneumatic System and its different elements which are:-
a. Pneumatic Power Generating Elements - Pumps & Air Compressors
b. Pneumatic Power Controlling Elements - Valves
c. Pneumatic Power Utilising Elements - Cylinders
d. Pneumatic Power Conveying Elements - Hoses, Pipes, and Fittings
e. Pneumatic Accessories - Air Receiver Tank, Air Dryer, and FRL unit
with proper working and diagrams which also includes the Pneumatic circuit diagram used in industries.
This document provides an overview of pneumatic controls and pneumatic cylinders. It discusses various types of pneumatic cylinders including single acting, double acting, tandem, rodless, and rotary cylinders. It describes the components and operation of pneumatic control systems including directional control valves, cylinders, and various control methods. Key topics covered include characteristics of compressed air, selection criteria for pneumatic control systems, applications of pneumatic controls in manufacturing, and the structure and components of typical pneumatic control systems.
This document discusses the fundamentals of fluid power systems including hydraulics and pneumatics. It covers topics such as the basic principles of hydraulics including Pascal's law, types of hydraulic fluids and their properties, hydraulic components like pumps, actuators and control valves. It also discusses pneumatic systems, fluid logic control, applications of fluid power systems in various industries and troubleshooting of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits. The document appears to be part of a course curriculum on hydraulics and pneumatics.
This document provides an overview of basic hydraulic circuits. It describes how hydraulic systems are divided into a signal control section and a hydraulic power section. The power section includes a pump, valves to control fluid flow and pressure, and hydraulic cylinders or motors. Simple circuits are shown including a pump, directional control valve, cylinder, and pressure relief valve. The interactions of these components in a basic circuit are illustrated through animations. Additional diagrams demonstrate uses of filters, contamination indicators, and pressure relief valves, including how a brake valve is used to prevent pressure spikes when a directional control valve closes suddenly.
Pneumatic circuits:
Basic pneumatic circuits, Development of single Actuator Circuits, Development of multiple Actuator Circuits, Cascade method for sequencing
This document discusses low cost automation using pneumatic systems. It begins with an overview of automation and pneumatics, explaining that pneumatics can provide low cost automation solutions through reducing labor costs, machine investment costs, and increasing productivity. The document then covers various pneumatic components and applications, advantages and disadvantages of pneumatics, pneumatic standards, classifications of pneumatic elements, and examples of pneumatic circuits.
This document discusses various types of hydraulic and pneumatic control elements. It focuses on flow control valves and their purposes.
Flow control valves regulate fluid flow and include pressure control valves, flow control valves, and direction control valves. Pressure control valves such as relief valves and reducing valves maintain system pressure. Flow control valves include compensated and non-compensated types to regulate flow rates. Direction control valves include 2/2, 3/2, and 4/3 styles to control fluid direction to actuators. Proper control elements are necessary to ensure safe and efficient operation of hydraulic and pneumatic systems.
The document discusses electro-pneumatic systems and their components. It describes how electro-pneumatic systems combine electrical and pneumatic components. It provides examples of pneumatic connections and electrical wiring. It also discusses directional control valves, cylinders, basic circuits, and process sequencing methods like narratives, Boolean logic, and diagrams.
Pneumatics Circuits Components (Circuit details)S K
This are the slides of pneumatic circuits based.Copyright of this slides are not allowed without my permission. In case of that, strongly actions will taken.
The document discusses objectives related to hydraulic valves. It covers the functions of different types of valves including pressure, directional, and volume/flow control valves. Some key points include that pressure control valves are used to limit, reduce, or set system pressures. Relief valves come in direct acting and pilot operated types. Pressure reducing valves include constant reduced and fixed amount types. Directional control valves include check valves, rotary valves, poppet valves, electro-hydraulic valves, and spool valves. Valves can be actuated mechanically, with pilots, or electrically.
The pressure energy is fed to the actuator through a number of control block called valves.
• Various type of valve are used in hydraulic system to control or regulate the flow medium.
• Basicallyvalvesareexpectedtocontrol: – Direction
– Pressure
– Flow
– Otherspecialfunctions.
A shuttle valve is a type of valve which allows fluid to flow through it from one of two sources. Generally a shuttle valve is used in pneumatic systems, although sometimes it will be found in hydraulic systems.
This document provides an introduction to hydraulic components and systems. It describes common applications of hydraulics in machinery and discusses the advantages of hydraulic systems over other types of power transmission. The key components of hydraulic systems are identified as pumps, valves, actuators, hoses, and hydraulic oil. Examples of different types of pumps, valves, cylinders, and motors are illustrated and their basic functions and designs are explained. An educational electro-hydraulic positioning system is presented as an example application.
Directional control valves are used to control the direction of fluid flow in hydraulic circuits. They contain ports for fluid to enter and exit, and can be classified based on their construction, number of working ports, switching positions, and actuation mechanism. Common types include poppet valves and spool valves. Directional control valves find application in automatic transmissions, where they control fluid flow to engage and disengage clutches or change gear ratios based on vehicle speed. Proper selection and application of directional control valves is important for efficiently distributing hydraulic power in automotive and industrial systems.
The presentation covers the principles and applications of pneumatic systems. It discusses pneumatic system components like compressors, pipelines, and fittings. It compares air motors to electric motors and lists applications of pneumatics in hand tools. The presentation also covers hydro-pneumatic systems, pneumatic circuit design principles, and applications in machine tools and other mechanical fields. Functional diagrams and cascade systems are discussed for pneumatic circuit design.
Electro hydraulic system Components and their operationSrichandan Subudhi
After this presentation you will be knowing:
1.What are DCVs, its type and their uses
2.About Check Valves and pilot controlled check valves
3.What are solenoid actuated valves and their operation
4.What are proportional solenoid valves and their operation
5.Servo Valve Operation
6.Servo Valve Connector
This document discusses hydraulics and pneumatics systems. It describes the key components of hydraulic systems, including prime movers, pumps, control valves, actuators, fluid, filters, and accumulators. Common applications are also listed. For pneumatic systems, it defines pneumatics as using compressed air and pressure differentials to create movement similar to hydraulics. The major parts of a pneumatic system are identified as the compressor, storage tanks, regulators, gauges, valves/solenoids, actuators, fittings and tubing. Specific pneumatic components like compressors, tanks, regulators, valves, actuators and their functions are then described in more detail.
Most companies spend a lot of money training their maintenance personnel to troubleshoot a hydraulic system. If we focused on preventing system failure then we could spend less time and money on troubleshooting a hydraulic system.
If you are experiencing hydraulic problems then this article is a must to read because it is based on "known best practices"? Think about it.
Pneumatics: Shuttle, Twin pressure, Quick Exhaust, Time Delay, FRLAbhishek Patange
The document discusses various components used in pneumatic systems including logic gates, valves, and FRL units. It begins with explanations of shuttle valves and twin pressure/dual pressure valves that can function as OR and AND logic gates respectively. Various valves are then discussed such as time delay valves, quick exhaust valves, and their applications. Speed control methods and the stick-slip effect in pneumatics are also covered. Finally, the construction and working of the main components of an FRL (filter, regulator, lubricator) unit are explained in detail with diagrams.
Hydraulic valves control the direction and flow of hydraulic fluid in a circuit. There are three main types: directional control valves, which control the direction of fluid flow; flow control valves, which regulate fluid flow; and pressure control valves, which control pressure in different parts of the circuit. Directional control valves specifically are used to direct fluid to outlet ports and can be classified by their internal element, number of ports, positions, actuation method, and center position flow pattern. Common types include check valves, pilot-operated check valves, and multi-port directional valves.
This document discusses pneumatic systems and their components. It covers the basics of pneumatic systems including common components like compressors, filters, dryers, receivers, control valves and actuators. It also discusses the gases used, advantages and disadvantages of pneumatic systems, applications, electro-pneumatic controllers and system diagrams. Hydraulic systems are mentioned but not described in detail.
Hydraulics today has become a way of life as most applications have some form of system ingrained. This paper is an endevor to present the very basics of hydraulics and overcome its basic fear.
This document provides information about industrial air compressors. It discusses the key differences between pumps and compressors, with compressors being able to compress gases by decreasing their volume and increasing pressure. Compressed air is widely used in industrial processes due to properties like its elastic nature and non-toxicity. The document then describes the working principles of positive displacement and dynamic compressors. It provides details on types of positive displacement compressors like reciprocating, screw, and vane compressors. Reciprocating compressors are explained in depth, covering components like cylinders, pistons, crankshafts and valves.
1) Pneumatic systems use compressed air to transmit power and create motion in machines. Common components include cylinders, valves, and compressors.
2) A pneumatic system consists of input, processing, control, and power components interacting to control air flow and signals. Compressors produce compressed air which is transported via pipes to pneumatic components.
3) Execution components like cylinders consume compressed air to provide linear or rotary motion. Directional control valves control air flow between ports to open and close circuits.
This document describes an Android app controlled pneumatic bench vice. It discusses the working principle, which involves compressed air from a compressor actuating pneumatic cylinders to open and close the vice and raise or lower a jack. The main pneumatic components are also described, including the compressor, pressure regulating components, solenoid valve, double acting cylinders, pneumatic pipes, and electrical components like the microcontroller and relay. Diagrams show the pneumatic circuit and symbols for components like the cylinders, valves, and non-return valve.
This document provides an overview of basic hydraulic circuits. It describes how hydraulic systems are divided into a signal control section and a hydraulic power section. The power section includes a pump, valves to control fluid flow and pressure, and hydraulic cylinders or motors. Simple circuits are shown including a pump, directional control valve, cylinder, and pressure relief valve. The interactions of these components in a basic circuit are illustrated through animations. Additional diagrams demonstrate uses of filters, contamination indicators, and pressure relief valves, including how a brake valve is used to prevent pressure spikes when a directional control valve closes suddenly.
Pneumatic circuits:
Basic pneumatic circuits, Development of single Actuator Circuits, Development of multiple Actuator Circuits, Cascade method for sequencing
This document discusses low cost automation using pneumatic systems. It begins with an overview of automation and pneumatics, explaining that pneumatics can provide low cost automation solutions through reducing labor costs, machine investment costs, and increasing productivity. The document then covers various pneumatic components and applications, advantages and disadvantages of pneumatics, pneumatic standards, classifications of pneumatic elements, and examples of pneumatic circuits.
This document discusses various types of hydraulic and pneumatic control elements. It focuses on flow control valves and their purposes.
Flow control valves regulate fluid flow and include pressure control valves, flow control valves, and direction control valves. Pressure control valves such as relief valves and reducing valves maintain system pressure. Flow control valves include compensated and non-compensated types to regulate flow rates. Direction control valves include 2/2, 3/2, and 4/3 styles to control fluid direction to actuators. Proper control elements are necessary to ensure safe and efficient operation of hydraulic and pneumatic systems.
The document discusses electro-pneumatic systems and their components. It describes how electro-pneumatic systems combine electrical and pneumatic components. It provides examples of pneumatic connections and electrical wiring. It also discusses directional control valves, cylinders, basic circuits, and process sequencing methods like narratives, Boolean logic, and diagrams.
Pneumatics Circuits Components (Circuit details)S K
This are the slides of pneumatic circuits based.Copyright of this slides are not allowed without my permission. In case of that, strongly actions will taken.
The document discusses objectives related to hydraulic valves. It covers the functions of different types of valves including pressure, directional, and volume/flow control valves. Some key points include that pressure control valves are used to limit, reduce, or set system pressures. Relief valves come in direct acting and pilot operated types. Pressure reducing valves include constant reduced and fixed amount types. Directional control valves include check valves, rotary valves, poppet valves, electro-hydraulic valves, and spool valves. Valves can be actuated mechanically, with pilots, or electrically.
The pressure energy is fed to the actuator through a number of control block called valves.
• Various type of valve are used in hydraulic system to control or regulate the flow medium.
• Basicallyvalvesareexpectedtocontrol: – Direction
– Pressure
– Flow
– Otherspecialfunctions.
A shuttle valve is a type of valve which allows fluid to flow through it from one of two sources. Generally a shuttle valve is used in pneumatic systems, although sometimes it will be found in hydraulic systems.
This document provides an introduction to hydraulic components and systems. It describes common applications of hydraulics in machinery and discusses the advantages of hydraulic systems over other types of power transmission. The key components of hydraulic systems are identified as pumps, valves, actuators, hoses, and hydraulic oil. Examples of different types of pumps, valves, cylinders, and motors are illustrated and their basic functions and designs are explained. An educational electro-hydraulic positioning system is presented as an example application.
Directional control valves are used to control the direction of fluid flow in hydraulic circuits. They contain ports for fluid to enter and exit, and can be classified based on their construction, number of working ports, switching positions, and actuation mechanism. Common types include poppet valves and spool valves. Directional control valves find application in automatic transmissions, where they control fluid flow to engage and disengage clutches or change gear ratios based on vehicle speed. Proper selection and application of directional control valves is important for efficiently distributing hydraulic power in automotive and industrial systems.
The presentation covers the principles and applications of pneumatic systems. It discusses pneumatic system components like compressors, pipelines, and fittings. It compares air motors to electric motors and lists applications of pneumatics in hand tools. The presentation also covers hydro-pneumatic systems, pneumatic circuit design principles, and applications in machine tools and other mechanical fields. Functional diagrams and cascade systems are discussed for pneumatic circuit design.
Electro hydraulic system Components and their operationSrichandan Subudhi
After this presentation you will be knowing:
1.What are DCVs, its type and their uses
2.About Check Valves and pilot controlled check valves
3.What are solenoid actuated valves and their operation
4.What are proportional solenoid valves and their operation
5.Servo Valve Operation
6.Servo Valve Connector
This document discusses hydraulics and pneumatics systems. It describes the key components of hydraulic systems, including prime movers, pumps, control valves, actuators, fluid, filters, and accumulators. Common applications are also listed. For pneumatic systems, it defines pneumatics as using compressed air and pressure differentials to create movement similar to hydraulics. The major parts of a pneumatic system are identified as the compressor, storage tanks, regulators, gauges, valves/solenoids, actuators, fittings and tubing. Specific pneumatic components like compressors, tanks, regulators, valves, actuators and their functions are then described in more detail.
Most companies spend a lot of money training their maintenance personnel to troubleshoot a hydraulic system. If we focused on preventing system failure then we could spend less time and money on troubleshooting a hydraulic system.
If you are experiencing hydraulic problems then this article is a must to read because it is based on "known best practices"? Think about it.
Pneumatics: Shuttle, Twin pressure, Quick Exhaust, Time Delay, FRLAbhishek Patange
The document discusses various components used in pneumatic systems including logic gates, valves, and FRL units. It begins with explanations of shuttle valves and twin pressure/dual pressure valves that can function as OR and AND logic gates respectively. Various valves are then discussed such as time delay valves, quick exhaust valves, and their applications. Speed control methods and the stick-slip effect in pneumatics are also covered. Finally, the construction and working of the main components of an FRL (filter, regulator, lubricator) unit are explained in detail with diagrams.
Hydraulic valves control the direction and flow of hydraulic fluid in a circuit. There are three main types: directional control valves, which control the direction of fluid flow; flow control valves, which regulate fluid flow; and pressure control valves, which control pressure in different parts of the circuit. Directional control valves specifically are used to direct fluid to outlet ports and can be classified by their internal element, number of ports, positions, actuation method, and center position flow pattern. Common types include check valves, pilot-operated check valves, and multi-port directional valves.
This document discusses pneumatic systems and their components. It covers the basics of pneumatic systems including common components like compressors, filters, dryers, receivers, control valves and actuators. It also discusses the gases used, advantages and disadvantages of pneumatic systems, applications, electro-pneumatic controllers and system diagrams. Hydraulic systems are mentioned but not described in detail.
Hydraulics today has become a way of life as most applications have some form of system ingrained. This paper is an endevor to present the very basics of hydraulics and overcome its basic fear.
This document provides information about industrial air compressors. It discusses the key differences between pumps and compressors, with compressors being able to compress gases by decreasing their volume and increasing pressure. Compressed air is widely used in industrial processes due to properties like its elastic nature and non-toxicity. The document then describes the working principles of positive displacement and dynamic compressors. It provides details on types of positive displacement compressors like reciprocating, screw, and vane compressors. Reciprocating compressors are explained in depth, covering components like cylinders, pistons, crankshafts and valves.
1) Pneumatic systems use compressed air to transmit power and create motion in machines. Common components include cylinders, valves, and compressors.
2) A pneumatic system consists of input, processing, control, and power components interacting to control air flow and signals. Compressors produce compressed air which is transported via pipes to pneumatic components.
3) Execution components like cylinders consume compressed air to provide linear or rotary motion. Directional control valves control air flow between ports to open and close circuits.
This document describes an Android app controlled pneumatic bench vice. It discusses the working principle, which involves compressed air from a compressor actuating pneumatic cylinders to open and close the vice and raise or lower a jack. The main pneumatic components are also described, including the compressor, pressure regulating components, solenoid valve, double acting cylinders, pneumatic pipes, and electrical components like the microcontroller and relay. Diagrams show the pneumatic circuit and symbols for components like the cylinders, valves, and non-return valve.
A pneumatic system is a system that uses compressed air to transmit and control energy.
Pneumatic systems are used in controlling train doors, automatic production lines, mechanical clamps, etc.
Abstract: The shearing machine and bending machine is most important in sheet metal industry. This machine should be used for straight cutting machine with wide application. But in some industry hand sheet cutter and hand bender are used. For that machine to operate the human effort are required. The machine should be simple to operate and easy to maintain, hence we tried out to develop the Pneumatic Shearing and Bending Machine.
In shearing operation as the punch descends upon the metal, the pressure exerted by the punch first cause the plastic deformation of the metal. Since the clearance between the punch and the die is very small, the plastic deformation takes place in a localized area and the metal adjacent to the cutting edges.
In bending operation the bend has been made with the help of punch which exerts large force on the work clamped on the die. The bending machine is designed in such a way that, it works automatically. The machine is designed by observing the factors to improve the efficiency and to reduce the cycle time by producing quality output. Automation of machine is achieved with the help of pneumatic system.
This paper involves the design of an efficient system which reduces the human effort and help to increase production output. It also includes pneumatic system, pneumatic component and shearing die and bending die.
Air Compression and Electricity Generation by Using Speed Breaker with Rack A...IJMER
On roads, speed breakers provided to control the speed of traffic in rushed areas. The
potential energy in terms of weight of vehicle is loss on speed breaker can be utilized for useful
purposes. This paper describes the potential energy of such type of energy available on roads and its
utilization for useful work. The stages of development of a speed breaker device are described and the
mechanism to generate electricity using rack, pinion and speed increasing gear box and generator
and store compressed air with the help of piston cylinder compressor arrangement. Whenever the
vehicle is allowed to pass over the speed breaker dome, it gets pressed downwards. As the springs are
attached to the dome, they get compressed and the rack, which is attached to the bottom of the dome,
moves down in reciprocating motion. Since rack has teeth connected to pinion there is conversion of
reciprocating motion of rack in to rotary motion of pinion, but the two gears rotate in opposite
direction. So that shafts will rotate with certain RPM these shafts are connected through a belt drive
to the generators, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The rack is attached
to piston rod of cylinder so downward stroke of rack we can use for air compression in reservoir, with
help of piston cylinder arrangement. Simultaneously reciprocating piston cylinder arrangement
compresses the air and stores it in the reservoir. We can use the generated electricity and compressed
air for different purpose
Preliminaries of Pneumatics (Basic Components Details)S K
This is the powerpoint presentation on Pneumatics Preliminaries like Their components details and many more.Copyright of this slides are not allowed without my permission. In case of that, strongly actions will taken
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PNEUMATIC STEERING CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOTIVE VE...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of a pneumatic steering control system for automotive vehicles. It discusses how pneumatic systems use compressed air to power actuators that control machinery. The proposed system uses a pneumatic actuator connected to wheels via links to control steering. It also includes a pneumatic cylinder, solenoid valve, hoses, and other components to regulate air pressure and control steering. The system is intended to make driving easier by providing power steering using compressed air rather than hydraulic fluid.
The document summarizes the design and fabrication of a pneumatic vice for a mechanical engineering workshop microproject. It describes the working principles of pneumatics using compressed air. The main components of the pneumatic vice are identified as the compressor, direction control valve, flow control valve, and double acting cylinder. Advantages of pneumatic systems are highlighted as high efficiency due to reusable compressed air, longevity and dependability of pneumatic components.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Pneumatic Stirrup Making MachineIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of a pneumatic stirrup making machine. The machine aims to automate the production of stirrups used in concrete construction to reduce human effort. It utilizes a pneumatic cylinder powered by compressed air to perform the bending operation. An Arduino board and solenoid valve control the pneumatic actuator. The machine is designed to be faster acting than hydraulic machines and lighter weight than electric models. It is intended to semi-automate the stirrup making process and increase production rates for small construction sites.
Pneumatic systems use compressed air to transmit and control energy. They are commonly used to control things like train doors and production lines. The document discusses the main components of pneumatic systems including compressors, filters, regulators, cylinders, valves and more. It covers the advantages like durability, safety and adaptability to harsh environments, as well as disadvantages like lower accuracy and load capacity compared to other systems. Pneumatic components work together to produce, transport, and use compressed air to generate motion or other effects.
This document describes the design of an automatic brick making machine. It uses various components like a control unit, worm gear, induction motor, pneumatic cylinder, screw conveyor, brick die, blade, and proximity sensor to automate the brick making process. The machine is intended to increase efficiency and reduce labor costs compared to manual brick making. It provides details on the functioning of each component, such as how the pneumatic cylinder uses compressed air to push out and retract the rod. The automatic brick making machine aims to achieve mass production of bricks through automation.
All machines require some type of power source and a
way of transmitting this power to the point of operation.
The three methods of transmitting power are:
Mechanical
Electrical
Fluid
In this course, we are going to deal with the third type of power transmission which is the Fluid Power
This document discusses the design of pneumatic circuits. It begins by introducing pneumatics as the transmission of power through compressed air. The basic components of a pneumatic system are then outlined, including compressors, filters, control valves, and actuators. Common pneumatic circuits like single and double acting cylinders are described. The document concludes by discussing considerations for pneumatic circuit design and some applications of pneumatic systems.
This document provides an introduction to pneumatic systems and their components. It describes the general layout of a pneumatic system including air filters, compressors, air coolers, dryers and control valves. It discusses various types of compressors and actuators used in pneumatic circuits. Key components covered include air filters, regulators, lubricators, single-acting cylinders, double-acting cylinders, gear motors, and vane motors. The document concludes with advantages and disadvantages of pneumatic systems.
This document presents a project on a three axis modern tipper. It discusses the major parts of the tipper including the air compressor, direction control valve, air tank, and cylinders. It explains how pneumatics are used, including the production of compressed air and the principle of operation. Advantages include low cost, easy maintenance and handling, while disadvantages include higher initial cost and need for separate air supply. Applications include material unloading where space is limited.
The document discusses the operation of a single-action front spring cylinder with a 3/2 button spring normally closed directional control valve. It explains that the cylinder uses compressed air to move the piston in one direction during the forward stroke, and a spring to return it during the backward stroke. It also describes how the 3/2 valve controls the flow of compressed air to the cylinder, opening when the button is pressed and closing when released due to the spring.
5. Process Automation Practical (N Scheme).pdfShainjithR
Process automation is about hydraulic cylinder, pump and pneumatic pressure and pneumatic pump that can be used in different operations during Mechanical works
This document discusses the design of piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) for chemical processes. It provides guidance on:
1. The components that should be included on a P&ID such as equipment, pipes, valves, instruments, and their identification numbers.
2. Standard symbols used to represent these components on P&IDs according to British and other standards.
3. Selection criteria and examples of pump, valve, and pipe fitting types that are important to consider for the piping design.
4. Equations and charts for calculating pressure drops in pipelines due to friction and other factors.
The document provides an overview of hydraulics and pneumatics systems. It discusses the general layout of hydraulic and pneumatic systems, including typical components like pumps, valves, actuators and their functions. Applications of hydraulic and pneumatic systems are mentioned in industries like manufacturing, automotive, aerospace etc. Properties of hydraulic fluids and ISO standards for hydraulic oils are explained. ISO symbols used in hydraulic and pneumatic circuits are shown. Finally, hazards and safety precautions related to hydraulic and pneumatic systems are outlined.
Similar to 1 pneumatics theory & practical copy (20)
Nowadays Air pollution is a major problem. Diesel engines are playing a vital role in Road and sea transport, Agriculture, mining and many other industries. Considering the available fuel resources and the present technological development, Diesel fuel is evidently indispensable. In general, the consumption of fuel is an index for finding out the economic strength of any country. In spite, we cannot ignore the harmful effects of the large mass of the burnt gases, which erodes the purity of our environment every day. The main pollutants contribute by automobiles are (CO), UBHC, (Nox) and Lead etc., Other sources such as electric power generating stations, industrial and domestic fuel consumption, refuse burning , industrial processing. So it is imperative that serious attempts should be made to conserve earth’s environment from degradation. An aqua silencer is an attempt in this direction, it is mainly dealing with control of emission and noise. An aqua silence is fitted to the exhaust pipe of engine.
The aqua silencer system is design for replace commonly used single unit silencers in engine with it’s slender structure and less weight. It plays an important role in control the noise and emission of gases from engines. Air pollution causes dangerous physical effect on the human body, animal and environment. The main reason to use aqua silencer is because nowadays air pollution is increasing rapidly. This system reduces the dangerous exhaust gases from the auto.
These emissions are controlled by the activated charcoal layer around perforated tube and lime water. The charcoal layer having high capacity to absorb emission gases from engine. This type charcoal layer with lime water reacts chemically with emission gases and change the chemical structure of emission gases. The smoke or emission gases and noise level in aqua silencer is very less than the commonly used silencers.
Hydraulics is a branch of science which deals with hydraulic fluid. It is used in places where cleanliness is not a priority but requires huge power to perform tasks.
application:
1. Industrial: Plastic processing machineries, steel making and primary metal extraction applications, automated production lines, machine tool industries, paper industries, loaders, crushes, textile machineries, R & D equipment and robotic systems etc.
2 Mobile hydraulics: Tractors, irrigation system, earthmoving equipment, material handling equipment, commercial vehicles, tunnel boring equipment, rail equipment, building and construction machineries and drilling rigs etc.
3 Automobiles: It is used in the systems like breaks, shock absorbers, steering system, wind shield, lift and cleaning etc.
4 Marine applications: It mostly covers ocean going vessels, fishing boats and navel equipment.
5 Aerospace equipment: There are equipment and systems used for rudder control, landing gear, breaks, flight control and transmission etc. which are used in airplanes, rockets and spaceships.
Based on physical and thermal properties graphite cast iron has got more strength than sand cast Mg alloy and it is clear from the results that the load carrying capacity of former is larger than the later. Hence Graphite cast iron is preferred for the manufacture of rack and pinion.
In static structural analysis the total deformation and von - mises stresses are more in sand cast Mg alloy than graphite cast iron. Hence graphite cast iron has better strength than Sand cast Mg alloy.
In modal analysis the number mode shapes are higher for graphite cast iron than sand cast Mg alloy.
Under transient conditions the total deformation of Graphite CI is less than that of Sand cast mg alloy. Hence former is preferred under Transient conditions.
Under fatigue loads the damage is more in sand cast Mg alloy. Hence graphite CI is preferred for manufacturing of Rack and pinion.
Hence Keeping all the analysis in view the graphite cast iron is preferred over sand cast Mg alloy.
Analysis of Rack and Pinion under dynamic conditionsnagaraju kondrasi
Based on physical and thermal properties graphite cast iron has got more strength than sand cast Mg alloy and it is clear from the results that the load carrying capacity of former is larger than the later. Hence Graphite cast iron is preferred for the manufacture of rack and pinion.
In static structural analysis the total deformation and von - mises stresses are more in sand cast Mg alloy than graphite cast iron. Hence graphite cast iron has better strength than Sand cast Mg alloy.
In modal analysis the number mode shapes are higher for graphite cast iron than sand cast Mg alloy.
Under transient conditions the total deformation of Graphite CI is less than that of Sand cast mg alloy. Hence former is preferred under Transient conditions.
Under fatigue loads the damage is more in sand cast Mg alloy. Hence graphite CI is preferred for manufacturing of Rack and pinion.
Hence Keeping all the analysis in view the graphite cast iron is preferred over sand cast Mg alloy.
- Crystallography is the study of crystalline solids using techniques like X-rays, electron beams, and neutron beams.
- In 1912, Max von Laue proved X-rays were diffracted by crystals, demonstrating diffraction patterns. He received the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.
- In 1913, father and son team William and Lawrence Bragg developed Bragg's Law to explain X-ray diffraction by crystals and their invention of the X-ray spectroscope earned them the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It utilizes principles like waste minimization, use of catalysts instead of reagents, renewable resources, and atom efficiency. Green chemistry is important because conventional chemistry can produce unintended environmental side effects. It seeks to prevent pollution at the molecular scale through safer design of chemicals and processes. The 12 principles of green chemistry provide a framework for developing more sustainable chemistry.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
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Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
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referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
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objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
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Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
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1. 54 | P a g e
Pneumatic systems
A pneumatic system is a system that uses compressed air to transmit and control
energy. Pneumatic systems are used in controlling train doors, automatic production
lines, mechanical clamps, etc (Fig. 1).
(a) Automobile production lines (b) Pneumatic system of an
Automatic machine
1. Common pneumatic systems used in the industrial sector
(a) The advantages of pneumatic systems
Pneumatic control systems are widely used in our society, especially in the
industrial sectors for the driving of automatic machines. Pneumatic systems have a
lot of advantages.
1. High effectiveness
Many factories have equipped their production lines with compressed air supplies
and movable compressors. There is an unlimited supply of air in our
atmosphere to produce compressed air. Moreover, the use of compressed air is
not restricted by distance, as it can easily be transported through pipes. After
use, compressed air can be released directly into the atmosphere without the need of
processing.
2. High durability and reliability
Pneumatic components are extremely durable and can not be damaged easily.
Compared to electromotive components, pneumatic components are more durable
and reliable.
3. Simple design
The designs of pneumatic components are relatively simple. They are thus more
suitable for use in simple automatic control systems.
4. High adaptability to harsh environment
Compared to the elements of other systems, compressed air is less
affected by high temperature, dust, corrosion, etc.
2. 55 | P a g e
5. Safety
Pneumatic systems are safer than electromotive systems because they can work in
inflammable environment without causing fire or explosion. Apart from that,
overloading in pneumatic system will only lead to sliding or cessation of
operation. unlike electromotive components, pneumatic components do not burn
or get overheated when overloaded.
6. Easy selection of speed and pressure
The speeds of rectilinear and oscillating movement of pneumatic systems are easy to
adjust and subject to few limitations. The pressure and the volume of air can easily
be adjusted by a pressure regulator.
7. Environmental friendly
The operation of pneumatic systems do not produce pollutants. The air
released is also processed in special ways. Therefore, pneumatic systems can
work in environments that demand high level of cleanliness. One example is the
production lines of integrated circuits.
8. Economical
As pneumatic components are not expensive, the costs of pneumatic systems
are quite low. Moreover, as pneumatic systems are very durable, the cost of repair
is significantly lower than that of other systems.
(b) Limitations of pneumatic systems
Although pneumatic systems possess a lot of advantages, they are also subject
to many limitations.
1. Relatively low accuracy
As pneumatic systems are powered by the force provided by compressed air, their
operation is subject to the volume of the compressed air. As the volume of air may
change when compressed orheated, the supply of air to the system may not be
accurate, causing a decrease in the overall accuracy of the system.
2. Low loading :
As the cylinders of pneumatic components are not very large, a pneumatic system
cannot drive loads that are too heavy.
3. 56 | P a g e
3. Processing required before use
Compressed air must be processed before use to ensure the absence of water vapour
or dust. Otherwise, the moving parts of the pneumatic components may wear out
quickly due to friction.
4. Uneven moving speed
As air can easily be compressed, the moving speeds of the pistons are relatively
uneven.
5. Noise
Noise will be produced when compressed air is released from the pneumatic
components.
(c) Main pneumatic components
Pneumatic components can be divided into two categories:
1. Components that produce and transport compressed air.
2. Components that consume compressed air.
All main pneumatic components can be represented by simple pneumatic
symbols. Each symbol shows only the function of the component it
represents, but not its structure. Pneumatic symbols can be combined to form
pneumatic diagrams. A pneumatic diagram describes the relations between each
pneumatic component, that is, the design of the system.
2. The production and transportation of compressed air
Examples of components that produce and transport compressed air include
compressors and pressure regulating components.
(a) Compressor
A compressor can compress air to the required pressures. It can convert the
mechanical energy from motors and engines into the potential energy in
compressed air (Fig. 2). A single central compressor can supply various
pneumatic components with compressed air, which is transported through pipes
from the cylinder to the pneumatic components. Compressors can be divided into
two classes:
4. 57 | P a g e
Reciprocatory And rotary.
Compressor used in schools Compressor used
In laboratories
Pneumatic symbol of compressor
(b) Pressure regulating component
Pressure regulating components are formed by various components, each of which
has its own pneumatic symbol:
(i) Filter – can remove impurities from compressed air before it is fed to
the pneumatic components.
(ii) Pressure regulator – to stabilise the pressure and regulate the operation
of pneumatic components
(iii) Lubricator – To provide lubrication for pneumatic components
(a) Pressure regulating component (b) Pneumatic symbols of the
pneumatic components
within a pressure
5. 58 | P a g e
The consumption of compressed air
Examples of components that consume compressed air include execution
components (cylinders), directional control valves and assistant valves.
(a) Execution component
Pneumatic execution components provide rectilinear or rotary movement.
Examples of pneumatic execution components include cylinder pistons,
pneumatic motors, etc. Rectilinear motion is produced by cylinder pistons,
while pneumatic motors provide continuous rotations. There are many kinds of
cylinders, such as single acting cylinders and double acting cylinders.
(i) Single acting cylinder
A single acting cylinder has only one entrance that allows compressed air to
flow through. Therefore, it can only produce thrust in one direction (Fig. 4). The
piston rod is propelled in the opposite direction by an internal spring, or by the
external force provided by mechanical movement or weight of a load (Fig. 5).
Fig. 4 Cross section of a single acting cylinder
Fig 5 (a) Single acting cylinder (b) Pneumatic symbol of a single acting cylinder
The thrust from the piston rod is greatly lowered because it has to overcome the
force from the spring. Therefore, in order to provide the driving force for machines,
the diameter of the cylinder should be increased. In order to match the length of the
6. 59 | P a g e
spring, the length of the cylinder should also be increased, thus limiting the
length of the path. Single acting cylinders are used in stamping, printing,
moving materials, etc.
(ii) Double acting cylinder
In a double acting cylinder, air pressure is applied alternately to the relative
surface of the piston, producing a propelling force and a retracting force (Fig.
6). As the effective area of the piston is small, the thrust produced during
retraction is relatively weak. The impeccable tubes of double acting cylinders are
usually made of steel. The working surfaces are also polished and coated with
chromium to reduce friction.
Fig. 6 Cross section of a double acting cylinder
(
7 (a) Double acting cylinder (b)symbol double acting cylinder
(b) Directional control valve
Directional control valves ensure the flow of air between air ports
by opening, closing and switching their internal connections. Their
classification is determined by the number of ports, the number of switching
positions, the normal position of the valve and its method of operation.
Common types of directional control valves include 2/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc. The
first number represents the number of ports; the second number represents the
number of positions. A directional control valve that has two ports and five
positions can be represented by the drawing in Fig. 8, as well as its own
unique pneumatic symbol.
7. 60 | P a g e
Fig. 8 Describing a 5/2 directional control valve
(i) 2/2 Directional control valve
The structure of a 2/2 directional control valve is very simple. It uses the
thrust from the spring to open and close the valve, stopping compressed air
from flowing towards working tube ‘A’ from air inlet ‘P’. When a force is
applied to the control axis, the valve will be pushed open, connecting
‘P’ with ‘A’ (Fig. 9). The force applied to the control axis has to overcome both
air pressure and the repulsive force of the spring. The control valve can be
driven manually or mechanically, and restored to its original position by the
spring.
Fig. 9 (a) 2/2 directional controlvalve (b) Cross section (c) Pneumatic symbol of
2/2 DCV
(ii) 3/2 Directional control valve
A 3/2 directional control valve can be used to controla single acting cylinder
(Fig. 10). The open valves in the middle will close until ‘P’ and ‘A’ are connected
together. Then another valve will open the sealed base between ‘A’ and ‘R’
(exhaust). The valves can be driven manually, mechanically, electrically or
pneumatically. 3/2 directional control valves can further be divided into two
classes:
Normally open type (N.O.) and normally closed type (N.C.) (Fig. 11).
8. 61 | P a g e
Fig. 10 (a) 3/2 directional control valve (b) Cross section
(a) Normally closed type (b) Normally open type
Fig. 11 Pneumatic symbols
(iii) 5/2 Directional control valve
When a pressure pulse is input into the pressurecontrol port ‘P’, the spool will move
to the left, connecting inlet ‘P’ and work passage ‘B’. Work passage ‘A’ will
then make a release of air through ‘R1’ and ‘R2’. The directional valves will
remain in this operational position until signals of the contrary are received.
Therefore, this type of directional control valves is said to have the function of
‘memory’.
(a) 5/2 directional control valve (b) Cross section (c) Pneumatic symbol
Fig. 12 5/2 directional control valve
9. 62 | P a g e
(c) Control valve
A control valve is a valve that controls the flow of air. Examples include non-return
valves, flow control valves, shuttle valves, etc.(i) Non-return valve
A non-return valve allows air to flow in one direction only. When air flows in the
opposite direction, the valve will close. Another name for non-return valve is
poppet valve (Fig. 13).
Fig. 13 (a) Non-return valve (b) Cross section (c) Pneumatic symbol
(ii) Flow control valve
A flow control valve is formed by a non-return valve and a variable throttle (Fig.
14).
Fig. 14 (a) Flow control valve(b) Cross section (c) Pneumatic symbol
(iii) Shuttle valve
Shuttle valves are also known as double control or single control non-return valves.
A shuttle valve has two air inlets ‘P1’ and ‘P2’ and one air outlet ‘A’. When
compressed air enters through ‘P1’, the sphere will seal and block the other inlet
‘P2’. Air can then flow from ‘P1’ to ‘A’. When the contrary happens, the sphere
will block inlet ‘P1’, allowing air to flow from ‘P2’ to ‘A’ only.
10. 63 | P a g e
Fig. 15 (a) Shuttle valve (b) Cross section (c) Pneumatic
symbol
3. Principles of pneumatic control
(a) Pneumatic circuit
Pneumatic control systems can be designed in the form of pneumatic
circuits. A pneumatic circuit is formed by various pneumatic components, such
as cylinders, directional control valves, flow control valves, etc. Pneumatic
circuits have the following functions:
1. To control the injection and release of compressed air in the cylinders.
2. To use one valve to control another valve.
(b) Pneumatic circuit diagram
A pneumatic circuit diagram uses pneumatic symbols to describe its design.
Some basic rules must be followed when drawing pneumatic diagrams.
(i) Basic rules
1. A pneumatic circuit diagram represents the circuit in static form and
assumes there is no supply of pressure. The placement of the pneumatic
components on the circuit also follows this assumption.
2. The pneumatic symbol of a directional control valve is formed by one or more
squares. The inlet and exhaust are drawn underneath the square, while the
outlet is drawn on the top. Each function of the valve (the position of the
valve) shall be represented by a square. If there are two or more functions,
the squares should be arranged horizontally (Fig. 16).
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Fig. 16 3/2 directional control valve Fig 17 3/2 directional control
(normally closed type) valve (normally closed type)
3. Arrows "↓↖" are used to indicate the flow direction of air current. If the
external port is not connected to the internal parts, the symbol “┬” is
used. The symbol “⊙” underneath the
square represents the air input, while the symbol “▽” represents the
exhaust. Fig. 17 shows
an example of a typical pneumatic valve.
4. The pneumatic symbols of operational components should be drawn on
the outside of the squares. They can be divided into two classes:
mechanical and manual (Fig. 18 and 19).
(a) Vertical piston lever (b) Pulley lever (c) Unilateral pulley lever
Fig.18 Mechanically operated pneumatic components
(a) Standard (b) Lever (c) Button (d) Pull & push
Fig. 19 Manually operated pneumatic components
5. Pneumatic operation signal pressure lines should be drawn on one side of the
squares, while triangles are used to represent the direction of air flow (Fig.
20).
Fig. 20 Pneumatic operation signal pressure line
12. 65 | P a g e
(ii) Basic principles
Fig. 21 shows some of the basic principles of drawing pneumatic circuit
diagrams, the numbers in the diagram correspond to the following points:
Fig. 21 Basic principles of drawing pneumatic circuit diagrams
1. When the manual switch is not operated, the spring will restore the
valve to its original position.
2. From the position of the spring, one can deduce that the block is operating.
The other block will not operate until the switch is pushed.
3. Air pressure exists along this line because it is connected to the source of
compressed air.
4. As this cylinder cavity and piston rod are under the influence of pressure,
the piston rod is in its restored position.
5. The rear cylinder cavity and this line are connected to the exhaust,
where air is released.
(iii) The setting of circuit diagrams
When drawing a complete circuit diagram, one should place the pneumatic
components on different levels and positions, so the relations between the
components can be expressed clearly.
This is called the setting of circuit diagrams. A circuit diagram is usually divided
into three levels:
13. 66 | P a g e
Fig. 22 Power level, logic level and signal input level
14. 67 | P a g e
4. Different kinds of basic circuits
A basic circuit is a pneumatic circuit designed to perform basic
tasks, such as flow amplification, signal inversion, memory, delay, single acting
cylinder control, double acting cylinder control, etc.
(a) Flow amplification
Cylinders with a large capacity require a larger flow of air, which can be hazardous
to users. It is unsafe to manually operate pneumatic directional control valves with
large flow capacity. Instead we should first operate manually a small control valve
and use it to operate the pneumatic control system with large flow capacity. This
is called flow amplification, which can greatly ensure the safety of the operators.
During operation, valves with large flow capacity should be placed near the cylinder,
while valves with smaller flow capacity should be placed on control boards some
distances away. Fig. 23 shows a basic flow amplification circuit. Notice how different
components are placed on different levels.
Fig. 23 Flow amplification system
(b) Signal inversion
The pneumatic diagram in Fig. 24 shows how directional control valves
can be switched. When operating control valve , control valve will stop
producing pressure output. When control valve ceases operation and is restored to
its original position, control valve will resume its output. Therefore, at any given
time, the pressure output of control valve is the exact opposite of that of control valve
.
15. 68 | P a g e
Fig. 24 Signal inversion system
(c) Memory Function
Memory is a common basic function. It can keep a component at a certain state
permanently until there is a change of signals. Fig. 25 shows a memory function
circuit. When control valve is operated momentarily (that is, pressed for a short
time), the output signal of the 5/2 directional control valve will be set to ON.
The signal will stay that way until control valve is operated momentarily and
generates another signal to replace it, causing it to stay permanently at OFF.
Fig. 25 Memory function circuit
(d) Delay function
A pneumatic delay circuit can delay the operating time of the next control valve.
Its principle of operation involves the use of an orifice to slow down the flow
of air and control the time of pneumatic operation. Delay functions can be
divided into two classes: ON-signal delay and OFFsignal delay
16. 69 | P a g e
(i) ON-signal delay
Fig. 26 shows the circuit diagram of an ON-signal delay circuit, which delays the
output of the next control valve. When control valve is operated, the one way flow
control valve will slow down the flow of air, thus delaying the signal output of the
outlet of control valve (A), resulting in a persistent ON-signal. The time when control
valve will be restored to its original position is not affected.
Fig. 26 Circuit diagram of an ON-signal delay circuit
(ii) OFF-signal Delay
Fig. 27 shows the circuit diagram of an OFF-signal delay circuit, which delays the
output of the next control valve. This circuit is similar to an ON-signal delay circuit.
The only difference is that the one way flow control valve is connected in the opposite
direction. Therefore, when control valve is operated, the outlet of control valve (A)
will continue to output signals. However, when control valve is restored to its
original position, the release of air is slowed down by the one way flow control valve,
resulting in a persistent OFF-signal.
Fig. 27 Circuit diagram of an OFF-signal delay circuit
17. 70 | P a g e
(e) Single acting cylinder control
Single acting cylinders can be controlled manually. However, they can also be
controlled by two or more valves. This is called logic control. Examples of logic
control include ‘OR’ function, ‘AND’ function, ‘NOT’ function, etc.
(i) Direct control and speed control
If a single acting cylinder is connected to a manual 3/2 directional control
valve, when the control valve is operated, it will cause the cylinder to work (Fig. 28).
Therefore, the circuit allows the cylinder to be controlled manually.
Fig. 28 Direct control of a single acting cylinder
The only way to change the extension speed of the piston of a single
acting cylinder is to restrict the flow of air at the inlet and use the spring to
determine the speed of retraction. Therefore, a one way flow control valve is placed in
the circuit to control the speed.
(ii) OR Function
The single acting cylinder in Fig. 29 can be operated by two different circuits.
Examples include manual operation and relying on automatic circuit signals, that is,
when either control valve or control valve is operated, the cylinder will work.
Therefore, the circuit in Fig. 29 possesses the OR function. However, if the output of
two 3/2 directional control valves are connected through the port of a triode, the air
current from control valve will be released through the exhaust of control valve
, and so the cylinder will not work. This problem can be solved by connecting a
shuttle valve to the port of the triode.
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Fig. 29 Circuit diagram of an OR function circuit
(iii) AND function
Another name for an AND function is interlock control. This means control is
possible only when two conditions are satisfied. A classic example is a pneumatic
system that works only when its safety door is closed and its manual control valve is
operated. The flow passage will open only when both control valves are operated.
Fig. 30 shows the circuit diagram of an AND function circuit. The cylinder will
work only when both valve and are operated.
Fig. 30 Circuit diagram of an AND function circuit
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(iv) NOT Function
Another name for a NOT function is inverse control. In order to hold or lock
an operating conveyor or a similar machine, the cylinder must be locked until a signal
for cancelling the lock is received. Therefore, the signal for cancelling the lock
should be operated by a normally open type control valve. However, to cancel the
lock, the same signal must also cancel the locks on other devices, like the
indication signal in Fig. 31. Fig. 31 shows how the normally closed type control
valve can be used to cut off the normally open type control valve and
achieve the goal of changing the signal.
Fig. 31 Circuit diagram for a NOT function circuit
(f) Double acting cylinder
(i) Direct control
The only difference between a single acting cylinder and a double acting
cylinder is that a double acting cylinder uses a 5/2 directional control valve instead
of a 3/2 directional control valve (Fig. 32). Usually, when a double acting cylinder is
not operated, outlet ‘B’ and inlet ‘P’ will be connected. In this circuit, whenever
the operation button is pushed manually, the double acting cylinder will move
back and forth once.
Fig. 32 Circuit diagram of a double acting cylinder direct control circuit
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In order to control the speed in both directions, flow control valves are connected to
the inlets on both sides of the cylinder. The direction of the flow control valve
is opposite to that of the release of air by the flow control valve of the single acting
cylinder. Compared to the throttle inlet, the flow control valve is tougher and
more stable. Connecting the circuit in this way allows the input of sufficient air
pressure and energy to drive the piston.
(ii) Single control
A cylinder always has to maintain its position in a lot of situations, even after the
operational signal has disappeared. This can be achieved by the use of a circuit
that possesses the memory function. As shown in Fig. 33, the extension path of a
double acting cylinder is activated by control valve , while retraction is governed
by control valve . Control valve , on the other hand, maintains the position of
the cylinder by maintaining its own position. Control valve will be changed
only when one of the manual control valves is pushed. If both control valves and are
operated at the same time, control valve will be subject to the same pressure and will
remain in its original position.
Fig. 33 Circuit that maintains the position of a double acting cylinder
5. The application of pneumatic systems
The application of pneumatic systems is very extensive. The following are some
examples.
(a) Transport system
Fig. 34a shows a simplified industrial transport system. When the button switch is
pushed, the cylinder will push one of the goods from the shelf onto the transfer belt.
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When the button switch is released, the cylinder will retract automatically. Fig. 34b
shows the circuit diagram of the transport system.
Fig 34 (a) Operation of a pneumatic transport system (b) Pneumatic circuit diagram
of a pneumatic transport system
(b) Vehicle door operation system
Pneumatic systems can be used to operate the doors of public vehicles (Fig. 35a).
Assuming that the opening and closing of the doors are controlled by two button
switches ON and OFF. When the button switch ON is pressed, the doors will open.
When the button switch OFF is pushed, the doors will close. Fig. 35b shows a
pneumatic system that can be used to operate the doors of vehicles.
Fig.35 (a) Operation of a pneumatic system that
(b) Pneumatic circuit diagram controls the movement of vehicle doors
Safety measures when using pneumatic control systems
(a) Compressed air can cause serious damage to the human body if they enter
the body through ducts like the oral cavity or ears.
(b) Never spray compressed air onto anyone.
(c) Under high temperature, compressed air can pass through man skin.
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(d) Compressed air released from the exhaust contains particles and oil droplets, which
can cause damage to eyes.
(e) Even though the pressure of compressed air in pipes and reservoirs is relatively
low, when the container loses its entirety, fierce explosions may still occur.
(f) Before switching on a compressed air supply unit, one should thoroughly
inspect the whole circuit to see if there are any loose parts, abnormal pressure or
damaged pipes.
(g) A loose pipe may shake violently due to the high pressure built up inside it.
Therefore, each time before the system pressure is increased, thorough inspection
of the entire circuit is required to prevent accidents.
(h) As the force produced by pneumatic cylinders is relatively large, and the action is
usually very fast, you may suffer serious injuries if you get hit by a cylinder.
(i) Switches should be installed on the compressed air supply unit to allow easy and
speedy control of air flow.
(j) In case of a leakage, the compressed air supply unit should be turned off
immediately.
(k) The compressed air supply unit must be turned off before changes can be made
to the system.
(l) Stay clear of the moving parts of the system. Never try to move the
driving parts in the mechanical operation valve with your hand.
Appendix: Pneumatic components
There may exist differences in appearance and sizes of pneumatic components
produced by different manufacturers. However, the functions and operating methods
among these components are similar. The following are the pictures and cross section
diagrams of the pneumatic components made by another manufacturer for your
reference.
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1. Pneumatic components for the production and transportation of
compressed air
(a) Compressor
Fig. 36 (a) Compressor (b) Pneumatic symbol
(b) Pressure regulating component
Fig. 37 (a) Pressure regulating component (b) Cross section of pressure
regulating component
(c) Pneumatic symbol
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2. Pneumatic components for consumption of compressed air
(a) Single acting cylinder
Fig. 38 (a) Single acting cylinder
(b) Cross section of a single acting cylinder
(c) Pneumatic symbol
(b) Double acting cylinder
Fig. 39 (a) Double acting cylinder (b) Cross section of a double acting
cylinder
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(c) Pneumatic symbol
(c) 3/2 Directional control valve
Fig. 40 (a) 3/2 Directional control valve (b) Cross section of a 3/2
directional control valve
(c) Pneumatic symbols Normally closed type and Normally open type
(d) 5/2 Directional control valve
Fig. 41 (a) 5/2 Directional control valve (b) Cross section (c) Pneumatic symbol
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(e) Flow control valve
Fig. 42 (a) Flow control valve (b) Cross section (c) symbol
(f) Shuttle valve
Fig. 43 (a) Shuttle valve (b) Cross section (c) symbol