This document provides an overview of neuroanatomy as it relates to the ophthalmologist. It discusses the cranial fossae and their boundaries, cranial nerves III-VII, venous sinuses, and cerebrospinal fluid circulation. The oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, trigeminal, facial, and vestibulocochlear cranial nerves and their nuclei and pathways are described in detail.
anatomy
Abducens nerve palsy is the most common ocular motor paralysis. The abducens (sixth) cranial nerve controls the lateral rectus muscle, which abducts the eye. Abducens nerve palsy causes an esotropia due to the unopposed action of the antagonistic medial rectus muscle. The affected eye turns in toward the nose and is unable to abduct properly. The deviation is constant and is usually greater at distance fixation than at near. The esotropia is also worse when the patient is looking toward the affected side.
anatomy
Abducens nerve palsy is the most common ocular motor paralysis. The abducens (sixth) cranial nerve controls the lateral rectus muscle, which abducts the eye. Abducens nerve palsy causes an esotropia due to the unopposed action of the antagonistic medial rectus muscle. The affected eye turns in toward the nose and is unable to abduct properly. The deviation is constant and is usually greater at distance fixation than at near. The esotropia is also worse when the patient is looking toward the affected side.
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A brief history of free and libre culture
South Africa's indigenous Khoisan engaged in gift-giving and a culture of freedom for more than 20 000 years. We all know about stone soup and the American potlatch. Perhaps you have heard about the Diggers and the Hippies? But what about the Zippies of the 90s? Or GNU-Linux and the Free Software Movement? Do you know the difference between Free as in Gratis and Free as in Libre? What about the Creative Commons and Online Mashup and File-Sharing? Voluntaryism and Counter Economics, Agorism and The Really Really Free Market.
David Robert Lewis is a horizon anarchist with more than 20 years provoking the establishment and generally kicking up the s***. He runs the popular Medialternatives Blog, works as a journalist and environmentalist and is active in a number of organisations including the People's Health Movement and the Wikimedia Foundation SA.
If you use free software, volunteer or contribute to free projects or are just interested in the possibility of freedom and a truly free culture, then this presentation is for you.
What: Doing it for ZIP – A brief history of free and libre culture
Who: David Robert Lewis: http://reconstructione.wordpress.com/
When: Friday, 2nd November 2012, 08h30 to 10h00
Where: At hubspace – Unit 102, Old Castle Brewery, Woodstock, Cape Town
Cost: FREE!
Referred from different sources , here i present a very concise presentation on CRANIAL CAVITY . This presentation will give you complete knowledge of the topic cranial cavity with well elaborated and intellectual diagrams hand picked from F. Netter. ......... Do like and share , Leave your comments so as to get more stuff like this in future.
This presentation was developed by me and another classmate to present some of the major features and characteristics of the nervous system as relating to orofacial structures. We also focused on learning how to make adjustments and adaptations for individuals with nervous system disorders.
In this talk , we discuss the assessment and evaluation for patients presenting for cosmetic upper and lower lid blepharoplasty along with surgical technique.
Optic Neuritis and OCT in Multiple Sclerosis neurophq8
An overview of the update in optic neuritis and the utility of OCT in multiple sclerosis presented at the MS perceptorship in Dasman Institute in April 13 , 2017
Optic Neuritis and OCT in Multiple Sclerosis neurophq8
This talk was given in the MS preceptorship day in Dasman Institute . It discusses the advances in the diagnosis of optic neuritis and value of optical coherence tomography in MS patients.
This was a presentation given in the Kuwait Oculoplastic and Orbit meeting and will discuss the clinical approach and the diagnostic challenges associated with orbital IgG-4 RD and the recent diagnostic criteria with therapeutic options.
Transient loss of vision is common clinical problem that ophthalmologists and neurologists can face. This presentation will highlight clinical approach and important causes with management.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
8. Venous sinuses
Superior SS .
Inferior SS join the Great vein of Galen
Straight sinus.
SSS, straight S, and two transverse S.
frequenly join (confluence of sinuses).
Straight S Sigimoid S Int Jugular vein.
13. Oculomotor Nerve
Nuclei lie at level of sup colliculi.
Dorsally into the third ventricle.
Laterally: MLF.
Through tegmentum and
Red nucleus medial to
Crus cerebri.
14. Oculomotor Nerve
Interpeduncular fossa.
Lateral to PCOM (between PCA above and Post Cerebellar art.
Below).
Lateral wall of cavernous sinus SOF.
15. Oculomotor nucleus
MR subnucleus : 3 different masses.
SR subnuclue : innervates contralateral SR.
Central caudal nucleus: innervates LPS bilaterrally.
Visceral subnuclei: anterior median, Edinger-Westphal,
nucleus of Perlia.
17. Trochlear Nerve
Two nuclei in mesencephalon ventral to inferior colliculi.
Close to caudal end of IIIrd nerve nuclei.
Only somatic nerve to emerge from the dorsal aspect of the CNS.
Decussation (anterior medullary velum ).
Nucleus: anterior to periacqueductal gray matter.
18. Trochlear nerve
Around the crus cerebri between PCA and Sup cerebell art
(lateral to 3rd nv.) beneath the free edge of the tentorium
Pierces the dura and enters the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus
beneath the 3rd cranial nerve.
21. Abducens Nerve
Pierces the dura early upward on
The clivus.
Vertical Horizontal direction.
Runs beneath the petroclinoid
(Guber’s) Ligament.
Within the cavernous sinus (lateral
to the ICA).
22. Trigeminal nerve
Gessarian ganglion : Temporal bone within middle cranial fossa
(Meckel’s cave).
V1 SOF , V2 FR , V3 FO.
23. Trigeminal nerve
V1Sensory.
V2 carries PS from
The facial (superficial
Petrosal nv.) for
Lacrimation,
V3 Motor and
Sensory.
24. Facial nerve
Supranuclear neurons : in the frontal lobe
(pre-central gyrus).
Corticobulbar fibers in the middle of internal
capsule.
Fibers cross (below MB) cross to innervate
contralateral facial nucleus , some to
ipsilateral.