This document discusses different types of encryption. It describes symmetric encryption which uses a single secret key for encryption and decryption. It also describes asymmetric encryption which uses a public key and private key. The document outlines some encryption algorithms like stream ciphers and block ciphers. It discusses how public key infrastructure works using certificate authorities and digital certificates. Finally, it provides examples of how encryption is used and some best practices for effective encryption.
Computer Security : Introduction, Need for security, Principles of Security,
Types of Attacks
Cryptography : Plain text and Cipher Text, Substitution techniques, Caesar
Cipher, Mono-alphabetic Cipher, Polygram, Polyalphabetic Substitution,
Playfair, Hill Cipher, Transposition techniques, Encryption and Decryption,
Symmetric and Asymmetric Key Cryptography, Steganography, Key Range and
Key Size,
Possible Types of Attacks
Symmetric Key Algorithms and AES: Algorithms types and modes, Overview
of Symmetric key Cryptography, Data Encryption Standard (DES), International
Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), RC4, RC5, Blowfish, Advanced Encryption
Standard (AES)
Asymmetric Key Algorithms, Digital Signatures and RSA: Brief history of
Asymmetric Key Cryptography, Overview of Asymmetric Key Cryptography,
RSA algorithm, Symmetric and Asymmetric key cryptography together, Digital
Signatures, Knapsack Algorithm, Some other algorithms (Elliptic curve
cryptography, ElGamal, problems with the public key exchange)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Hybrid cryptographic technique using rsa algorithm and scheduling conceptsIJNSA Journal
The RSA algorithm is one of the most commonly used efficient cryptographic algorithms. It provides the required amount of confidentiality, data integrity and privacy. This paper integrates the RSA Algorithm with round -robin priority scheduling scheme in order to extend the level of security and reduce the effectiveness of intrusion. It aims at obtaining minimal overhead, increased throughput and privacy. In this method the user uses the RSA algorithm and generates the encrypted messages that are sorted priority-wise and then sent. The receiver, on receiving the messages decrypts them using the RSA algorithm according to their priority. This method reduces the risk of man -in-middle attacks and timing attacks as the encrypted and decrypted messages are further jumbled based on their priority. It also reduces the power monitoring
attack risk if a very small amount of information is exchanged. It raises the bar on the standards of
information security, ensuring more efficiency.
Computer Security : Introduction, Need for security, Principles of Security,
Types of Attacks
Cryptography : Plain text and Cipher Text, Substitution techniques, Caesar
Cipher, Mono-alphabetic Cipher, Polygram, Polyalphabetic Substitution,
Playfair, Hill Cipher, Transposition techniques, Encryption and Decryption,
Symmetric and Asymmetric Key Cryptography, Steganography, Key Range and
Key Size,
Possible Types of Attacks
Symmetric Key Algorithms and AES: Algorithms types and modes, Overview
of Symmetric key Cryptography, Data Encryption Standard (DES), International
Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), RC4, RC5, Blowfish, Advanced Encryption
Standard (AES)
Asymmetric Key Algorithms, Digital Signatures and RSA: Brief history of
Asymmetric Key Cryptography, Overview of Asymmetric Key Cryptography,
RSA algorithm, Symmetric and Asymmetric key cryptography together, Digital
Signatures, Knapsack Algorithm, Some other algorithms (Elliptic curve
cryptography, ElGamal, problems with the public key exchange)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Hybrid cryptographic technique using rsa algorithm and scheduling conceptsIJNSA Journal
The RSA algorithm is one of the most commonly used efficient cryptographic algorithms. It provides the required amount of confidentiality, data integrity and privacy. This paper integrates the RSA Algorithm with round -robin priority scheduling scheme in order to extend the level of security and reduce the effectiveness of intrusion. It aims at obtaining minimal overhead, increased throughput and privacy. In this method the user uses the RSA algorithm and generates the encrypted messages that are sorted priority-wise and then sent. The receiver, on receiving the messages decrypts them using the RSA algorithm according to their priority. This method reduces the risk of man -in-middle attacks and timing attacks as the encrypted and decrypted messages are further jumbled based on their priority. It also reduces the power monitoring
attack risk if a very small amount of information is exchanged. It raises the bar on the standards of
information security, ensuring more efficiency.
Analysis of Cryptographic Algorithms for Network SecurityEditor IJCATR
Cryptography plays a major role in securing data. It is used to ensure that the contents of a message are confidentially
transmitted and would not be altered. Network security is most vital component in information security as it refers to all hardware and
software function, characteristics, features, operational procedures, accountability, access control, and administrative and management
policy. Cryptography is central to IT security challenges, since it underpins privacy, confidentiality and identity, which together
provide the fundamentals for trusted e-commerce and secure communication. There is a broad range of cryptographic algorithms that
are used for securing networks and presently continuous researches on the new cryptographic algorithms are going on for evolving
more advanced techniques for secures communication.
This presentation covers an open source technology (GPG) used to send and receive E-mails securely and also basics of the underlying concepts which this technology uses - Data in Motion and Data at Rest
Many websites use HTTPS in place of HTTP, which has led to questions about the HTTP vs HTTPS difference. Research shows that HTTPS is faster than HTTP for retrieving webpages and in terms of HTTP vs HTTPS performance, requires less time to load webpages. Here's a blog on HTTP vs HTTPS Difference Read Now.
This presentation covers:
What is Digital Signature ?
How does digital signature work?
Advantages and Shortcomings of Digital Signatures
What is e-Commerce
How does e-commerce work?
Advantages and Disadvantages of e-commerce
Prevention of Cheating Message based on Block Cipher using Digital Envelopeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
An ideal retreat for the sophisticate.
Residences that are very epitome of fine architecture, in the form of high-rise and mid-rise apartments and independent, luxury bungalows. Graceful and contemporary, bold and creative, each of them could be regarded as the confluence of form and function. A beautiful balance between modernity and the traditional to produce homes which delight the mind, body and soul.
Located in the heart of Gurgaon.
Analysis of Cryptographic Algorithms for Network SecurityEditor IJCATR
Cryptography plays a major role in securing data. It is used to ensure that the contents of a message are confidentially
transmitted and would not be altered. Network security is most vital component in information security as it refers to all hardware and
software function, characteristics, features, operational procedures, accountability, access control, and administrative and management
policy. Cryptography is central to IT security challenges, since it underpins privacy, confidentiality and identity, which together
provide the fundamentals for trusted e-commerce and secure communication. There is a broad range of cryptographic algorithms that
are used for securing networks and presently continuous researches on the new cryptographic algorithms are going on for evolving
more advanced techniques for secures communication.
This presentation covers an open source technology (GPG) used to send and receive E-mails securely and also basics of the underlying concepts which this technology uses - Data in Motion and Data at Rest
Many websites use HTTPS in place of HTTP, which has led to questions about the HTTP vs HTTPS difference. Research shows that HTTPS is faster than HTTP for retrieving webpages and in terms of HTTP vs HTTPS performance, requires less time to load webpages. Here's a blog on HTTP vs HTTPS Difference Read Now.
This presentation covers:
What is Digital Signature ?
How does digital signature work?
Advantages and Shortcomings of Digital Signatures
What is e-Commerce
How does e-commerce work?
Advantages and Disadvantages of e-commerce
Prevention of Cheating Message based on Block Cipher using Digital Envelopeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
An ideal retreat for the sophisticate.
Residences that are very epitome of fine architecture, in the form of high-rise and mid-rise apartments and independent, luxury bungalows. Graceful and contemporary, bold and creative, each of them could be regarded as the confluence of form and function. A beautiful balance between modernity and the traditional to produce homes which delight the mind, body and soul.
Located in the heart of Gurgaon.
Encryption is a fundamental concept in cryptography that involves the process of converting plaintext (readable and understandable data) into ciphertext (encoded and unintelligible data) using a mathematical algorithm and an encryption key. The primary purpose of encryption is to ensure the confidentiality and privacy of sensitive information during transmission or storage.
In the encryption process:
1. **Plaintext:** This is the original, readable data that is to be protected. It could be a message, a file, or any form of digital information.
2. **Encryption Algorithm:** An encryption algorithm is a set of mathematical rules and procedures that transform the plaintext into ciphertext. Common encryption algorithms include Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), RSA, and Triple DES.
3. **Encryption Key:** The encryption key is a piece of information used by the encryption algorithm to perform the transformation. The key determines the specific pattern and method by which the plaintext is converted into ciphertext. The strength of the encryption often depends on the length and randomness of the key.
4. **Ciphertext:** This is the result of the encryption process—the transformed and encoded data that appears random and is indecipherable without the corresponding decryption key.
Encryption serves several important purposes in the field of cryptography:
- **Confidentiality:** The primary goal of encryption is to keep information confidential and secure from unauthorized access. Even if an unauthorized party intercepts the ciphertext, they should be unable to understand or decipher it without the correct decryption key.
- **Integrity:** Encryption helps ensure the integrity of data by providing a means to detect any unauthorized modifications. If the ciphertext is altered, the decryption process will produce incorrect results, alerting the recipient to potential tampering.
- **Authentication:** In some encryption scenarios, the use of digital signatures or authenticated encryption helps verify the origin and authenticity of the encrypted data.
- **Secure Communication:** Encryption is widely used to secure communication over networks, such as the internet. Protocols like HTTPS (HTTP Secure) use encryption to protect the confidentiality of data transmitted between a web browser and a web server.
- **Data-at-Rest Protection:** Encryption is applied to data stored on devices or servers, ensuring that even if physical access is gained, the data remains protected from unauthorized viewing.
In summary, encryption is a crucial tool in the field of cryptography, providing a means to safeguard the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of sensitive information in various digital environments.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
The public key is used to encrypt the data. As it can be openly distributed, it’s called a public key. Once a public key encrypts the data, no one can use the public key to decrypt the data. On the other hand, the private key is used to decrypt the data. As it can’t be openly distributed but needs to be kept a secret, that’s why it’s called a private key. In symmetric cryptography, the private key can encrypt and decrypt data.
Public and private keys both have their special objectives and uses in cryptography. As for public vs. private keys, we will discuss some key factors to better understand the situation. These are - working mechanism, performance, visibility, type, sharing, and storing.
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Learn more from our guides ->
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ER(Entity Relationship) Diagram for online shopping - TAEHimani415946
https://bit.ly/3KACoyV
The ER diagram for the project is the foundation for the building of the database of the project. The properties, datatypes, and attributes are defined by the ER diagram.
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
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Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and Guidelines
Encryption by fastech
1.
2. Encryption is the conversion of data into a
form, that cannot be easily understood by
unauthorized people The translation of
data into a secret code. Encryption is the
most effective way to achieve data
security.
To read an encrypted file, you must have
access to a secret key that enables you to
decrypt it. Plain text to Cipher text.
3. SYMETRIC ENCRYPTION
Same secret, password or key is used to
encrypt and to decrypt
ASYMETRIC ENCRIPTION
It uses two different keys - a public key and
a private key .
4. This is also known as shared-key,
secret-key and private key or one
key encrytion
5. SIMPLE:
This encryption is easy to carry out all users have to do is
specify and share keys and begin to encrypt and decrypt
ENCRYPT AND DECRYPT YOUR OWN FILES
If you use encryption for messages or files which you alone
intend to access there is no need to crate a different keys
single key encrpytion is best for this
FAST:
Symmetric key encryption is much faster than asymmetric key
encryption
PREVENT WIDESPREAD SECURITY COMPROMISE
Secret key is used for communication with every different party.
if a key is compromised, only the message between a
particular pair of senders and receiver is affected
communications with others are still secured.
6. NEED FOR SECURE CHANNEL FOR
SECRET KEY EXCHANGE
sharing the secret key in the beginning is a
problem in symmetric key encryption. it
has to be exchanged in a way that ensures
it remains secret
TOO MANY KEYS
A new shared key has to be generated for
communication with every different party
7. Encryption Algorithm is a mathematical
procedure for performing encryption on
data, through the use of an algorithm,
information are made into a meaningless
cipher text and requires the use of key to
transform the data back into its original
form
8. Stream Cipher: Here the plain text are encrypted one at a
time, each bits of plain text are converted into successive
varying digits. Ex. RC4, SEAL Sample Example: “We are
spartans“ is written as “ZH DUE VSDUWDQV”
Block Cipher: Here block of plain texts are encrypted,
each block has fixed length and unvarying digits. Ex.
Rijndael, IDEA (International Data EncryptionAlgorithm)
Sample Example: “We are spartans“ is written as “ 25 51
11 24 51 34 53 11 24 44 11 33 34 ”
9.
10. It uses the two different keys for encryption and decryption,
public key is used for the encryption and private key is
used for decryption. As the symmetric key encryption
does not provide much of the security, the importance of
the Asymmetric key is more. It is also known as Public
key encryption. It has the combination of public key and
private key, private key is only known by your computer
while the public key is given to other computers with
which it wants to communicate securely. As everyone
has the public key, but to decode the message one has
to use the private key.
11. The combination key is based on the prime numbers,
thus it makes highly secure. As many as prime numbers
are there, that many keys are available. Pretty Good
Privacy (PGP) is one of most public key encryption
program. Public key encryption can be adopted in large
scale, such as for web server and the application to be
secure. The Digital Certificate or digital signature gives
the authentication between the users. These certificates
can be obtained by the Certificate Authority, which plays
the role as a middleman for both the users.
12. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
To make most out of the encryption, the public keys must be built
to create, maintain, use and distribute, we need the
organization known as Public Key Infrastructure.
Certificate Authority (CA)
Without the CA one cannot issue the Digital Certificate, which
contains both the public and private key for encrypt and decrypt
the data. Depending upon the volume of the identity verification,
Certificate Authority can issue Digital Certificate for different
level of trust. CA adopts identifying individual rather going by
company. To verify individual CA can ask for Driver License as
proof of identity or Notarized letter. This is only applicable for
initial level of trust. For high level trust it can go for biometric
information like fingerprint, iris scan etc
13. Registration Authorities (RAs)
These have similar functionality as the CA has, but RAs are one down
to the level of hierarchy. This will work under the CA, mainly to
reduce the workload of Certificate Authority. The RA can issue the
temporary digital certificates. The temporary digital certificates have
limited validity, and not fully trusted, unless CA verifies them
completely
14. Digital Certificates These certificates are used to verify the identity
of a person or a company through CA. It can also be used to retrieve
rights and authority. Some of them have limited access such as
encrypt and decrypt. These Digital Certificates can be issued for
particular laptops, computers, routers etc. Computers and web
browsers have the facility to store these certificates in particular
memory.
RSA It most recognized asymmetric algorithm, the RSA stands for
the last names of the inventors Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and
Leonard Adleman. They developed this algorithm in 1978, since
then it is widely used. There are other algorithms used to generate the
asymmetric keys, such as ElGamel and Rabin, but not popular as
RSA, because a large corporation RSA Data Security stands behinds
it.
16. Authentication
Protects personal data such as passwords.
Privacy
Provides for confidentiality of private
information.
Accountability
17. To secure important information e.g.
: Health records
Credit card information Student records
Etc. Prevents information from getting
stolen or read
Without encryption, there is no reliable
security
18. Make sure the encryption system has a
complete key management application.
This will help manage and protect the data
and keys, and help safely match
encrypted data with the right key.
19. Real Life Examples Used in the military
and the government Now used in everyday
life:
Online banking
E-commerce
Student records, health records, tax
records etc.
ATM machines Social networking (emails,
texts, instant messengers) Businesses
20. Information is also vulnerable when it’s in transit. If
the data is not encrypted, it can be monitored
and captured online. This is why you want to
ensure that any sensitive online
communications, such as online banking,
sending e-mails, or perhaps even accessing your
Facebook account, are encrypted. The most
common type of online encryption is HTTPS, or
connecting to secured websites. This means the
traffic between your browser and the website is
encrypted.
21. Look for https:// in the URL or the lock icon in your browser.
Many sites support this by default (such as Google Apps),
and websites like Facebook and Twitter give you the
option in your account settings to force HTTPS. In
addition, when you connect to a public Wi-Fi network,
use an encrypted network whenever possible. WPA2 is
currently one of the strongest encryption mechanisms
and the type you should choose. Finally, whenever
sending or receiving e-mail, make sure your email client
is set up to use encrypted channels. One of the most
commonly used is SSL (Secure Socket Layer); many e-mail
clients use SSL by default.
22. Encryption is an important tool for
protecting data, but is only effective if
you have strong passwords and
maintain the overall security of your
computer .
23. Regardless of which type of encryption you are using or how you use it,
almost all forms of encryption share some common issues you need
to be aware of.
Your encryption is only as strong as your keys. If your key is
compromised, so is your data. If you are using passwords to protect
your keys, make sure you use strong passwords and protect them
well.
• Don’t lose or lose access to your keys. If you lose your encryption
keys or can't access them because you've forgotten the password
that protects them, you most likely cannot recover your data.
Your encryption is only as strong as the security of computer. If your
computer is infected, the bad guys can compromise your encryption.
24. Maintain the overall security of your computer.
Encryption does nothing to protect against viruses, worms,
Trojans, unpatched vulnerabilities, or social engineering
attacks.
Always be sure to back up any confidential data securely. This
ensures that if you lose your device or your encryption keys
protecting your data, you can still recover your data.
Use encryption based on publicly known algorithms, such as
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) or Blowfish, rather than
proprietary algorithms. Also, always be sure you are using the
latest version of your encryption programs.
Consult an IT professional if you need help. Incorrectly
installing, configuring, or using encryption can render your
information permanently inaccessible.