The document provides an overview of the physiology of the nervous system. It discusses the following key points: - The nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglia cells. Neurons transmit electrochemical signals and neuroglia provide support. - The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. - The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. - Sensory receptors in various parts of the body receive stimuli which are transmitted as nerve impulses along sensory neurons to the CNS. Motor neurons then transmit signals from the CNS to effector cells

16. Brain Cortex Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Fornix Thalamus Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Hypophysis 3rd ventricle 4th ventricle Cerebellum Brain stem Spinal cord

31. Brain circulation: The circle of Willis

47. Sympathetic nervous system Pupils Salivary glands Heart Bronchi of lungs Liver Stomach Small intestines Adrenal gland Kidney Large intestine Rectum Bladder Genitals T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T 1 1 T12 L1 L2 L3

51. Parasympathetic nervous system Pupils Salivary glands Heart Bronchi of lungs Liver Stomach Small intestines Large intestine Rectum Bladder Genitals

60. What is saltatory conduction? An action potential at one node of Ranvier causes inwards currents that move down the action, depolarizing the membrane and stimulating a new action potential at the next node of Ranvier.

64. Reflex Arc The reflex arc is a hard wired, unconscious rapid response to external stimulus involving spinal nerves and effector cell. A reflex is an automatic, involuntary response of an organism to a stimulus. The entire nervous system is composed of innumerable reflex arcs.

66. REFLEXES IN MAN

67. Stretch reflex

68. Biceps reflex & Radial-ulnar reflex

70. The neurotransmitter is manufactured by the neuron and stored in vesicles at the axon terminals

71. When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, it causes the vesicles to release the neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft.

72. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors on the post-synaptic cleft cell. Then the activated receptors cause changes in the activity of the post-synaptic neuron.

73. The neurotransmitter molecules are released from the receptors and diffuse back into the synaptic cleft.

74. The neurotransmitter is reabsorbed by the post synaptic neuron. This process is known as reuptake.

75. Neurotransmitters

86. Astigmatism or “ghost vision” is when both far and near objects appear out of focus. This is because of the uneven diameter of the cornea (oblong-shaped). For light rays to focus precisely on the retina, the cornea usually needs to be more evenly round.

93. PHYSIOLOGY OF HEARING

101. PHYSIOLOGY OF TASTE