The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main cell types and their functions. It describes neurons and glial cells, and the parts of a neuron including the soma, dendrites, axon, and synapses. It also discusses the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. Finally, it reviews several common brain pathologies like hemorrhage, cerebral palsy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, epilepsy, meningitis, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease.

1. The Brain Named Brian

2. Intro to the Nervous System
Nervous System has 2 types of cells:
1. Neuron
2. Glial cells – support cells

3. Neuron
Basic structural unit of the nervous system
Maintains function of the nervous tissue
It is the nerve cell. myelin is ‘whiteish’ color

4. Glial Cells
Glial (glue) or neuroglial cells are the helper cells
They support the Neuron, more glials than neurons
Involved in the nutrition and maintenance of the
nerve cells

5. Parts of a Neuron
The soma (cell body) - contains the nucleus of the
cell which is the control center
Dendrite - receives the message and sends it to the
soma
Axon - sends the message to the muscle, next neuron
etc.
Axon terminal- end of the axon

6. Neurons (con’t)
The axon is covered by myelin sheath – this is a lipid
covering to protect the axon- like a jelly roll
Synapse- is the space between neurons- impulses
coming from one axon to the next “jump” to get to the
dendrite

7. Neurons
draw a picture of a neuron:

8. Synapse Discussion
Briefly Study this Picture:
Turn to your neighbor and
discuss what you see.
dopamine is ‘feel good’
neurotransmitter

9. Functions of the nervous system
1. constantly monitors info from outside and
inside the body via receptors
2. perceives info in the brain; based on memory
3. evaluates info - detects heat
4. sends out motor direction- either a reflex or
you consciously jerk your hand away from heat, or
both
5. memory- to remember a learned behavior
Information is monitored, received, perceived,
evaluated, a response is sent, and the event is
stored in memory.

10. Nervous system
CNS - central nervous
system=brain/spinal cord
PNS - peripheral nervous
system=cranial nerves, spinal
nerves. PNS has
afferent(sensory)and
efferent(motor) nerves.
PNS has somatic nerv syst and
visceral nerv syst.
Somatic NS has afferent and
efferent nerves.
visceral nerv syst has afferent and
motor(autonomic NS)
ANS has sympathetic and
parasympathetic, motor only

11. CNS
Central Nervous System controls the brain,
spinal cord
• Brain controls many functions like:
sleep, sexual activity, memory, emotion,
movement, hunger thirst and thought
processes.
• Spinal Cord extends nerve fibers from the
brain and acts as a switching or relay
terminal for the peripheral nervous system.

12. PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
- controls cranial, spinal and
autonomic nerve
- 31 pairs exit from the spinal cord.
- each has a posterior and anterior
branch
a. posterior carries info to the
spinal cord (afferent)
b. anterior carries impulses to the
muscles (efferent)

14. ANS(aka visceral motor division
Contains Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems
Sympathetic= fight or flight- you may feel fear or anger-
you are reacting to an emergency
 Increased heart rate
 Liver releases & increases glucose
 Thyroid is stimulated-sweating
 Kidney vessels constrict

15. ANS (con’t)
Jane was walking and a dog started running at her
and barking.
Discuss with your partner:
Which part of the ANS would you say was activated?
What would some signs be?

16. ANS
Parasympathetic system- rest and repose
You sleep and slobber on your pillow
Heart rate is decreased
Appetite is increased

17. ANS (con’t)
Albert was sitting in class and he heard his stomach
growl.
Discussion:
Which ANS system was activated?
What signs did he present?

18. Anatomy of the Brain(100billion neurons)
Cerebrum----who is Abby norm Al?
 largest highest section of the brain
 the outer part is arranged in folds called convolutions.
dips are sulci, raises are gyri
responsible for reasoning, thought, memory, speech,
sensation, sight, smell, hearing and voluntary body
movement
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nY1aB9w1zMc

19. Anatomy of the Brain
Cerebellum
section just below the cerebrum
responsible for muscle coordination, balance and
posture, and muscle tone

20. Anatomy of the Brain
Diencephalon
 the section located between the
cerebrum and midbrain
 divided into 2 sections:
1. Thalamus-acts as a relay center and directs sensory
impulses to the cerebrum
2. Hypothalamus- controls the ANS,
temperature, appetite, water balance,
sleep, blood vessel constriction and
dilation

21. Anatomy of the Brain
Midbrain
 located below the cerebrum at the top of the brain
stem.
 responsible for conducting impulses certain eye and
auditory reflexes

22. Anatomy of the Brain
Pons
located below the midbrain in the brain stem.
conducts messages to other parts of the brain - reflex
actions like chewing, tasting, saliva production, and
assisting with respirations

23. Anatomy of the Brain
Medulla oblongata
lowest part of the brain stem
connects brain with the spinal cord
responsible for regulating heartbeat, respirations,
swallowing, coughing, and blood pressure

24. Anatomy of the Brain
Spinal Cord
continues down from the medulla
oblongata to the 1st
or 2nd
lumbar vertebrae
 surrounded by vertebrae
 responsible for many reflex actions
carries sensory or afferent messages up to
the brain
takes efferent messages from the brain
through nerves to tissues

25. Anatomy of the Brain
Meninges
three membranes cover the brain and protect the spinal
cord (PAD---pia,arachnoid,dura)
1. dura mater - thick tough outer layer
2. arachnoid membrane - middle layer that is delicate
like a web
3. pia mater - attaches to the brain and spinal cord-
contains vessels that nourish the nerve tissue

27. Anatomy of the Brain
Ventricles
4 hollow spaces in the brain
connect with each other and with the
space under the arachnoid membrane
(subarachnoid space)
filled with cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)that circulates
between the ventricles and through the subarachnoid
space
fluid acts as a shock absorber to protect the brain and
spinal cord.

28. Anatomy of the Brain
Choroid Plexus
structures that produce the cerebrospinal fluid
Arachnoid villi- absorb the cerebrospinal fluid and
return to the blood stream.

31. The Brain Named Brian
Part 2 - Pathologies

32. Pathology of the brain
Hemorrhage-an artery bursts and bleeds into
surrounding tissues. Blood pools and begins to clot,
and forms a hematoma.
This is considered a stroke or cerebrovascular
accident or CVA
This puts pressure on other parts of the brain
This reduces circulation to the other portions of the
brain and brain tissue dies

34. pathologies
Causes of hemorrhage-
Trauma- mostly for under 50
High blood pressure- over prolonged time weakens
vessel walls
Aneurysm- weakening of a blood vessel wall that
swells- it can burst

35. pathologies
Signs and symptoms of hemorrhage-
Sudden severe headache
Seizure with no history of seizures
Weakness in arm or leg
Nausea and vomiting
Difficulty speaking
Loss of coordination

36. pathology
Treatment- must reduce the swelling in the brain
Medications to stop vomiting
Steroids to reduce swelling
Surgery to remove the clot
Diuretic to reduce swelling

37. Pathologies of neurology
Cerebral palsy- lack of O2 to the brain, birth injuries,
German Measles, and infections can cause CP
It is a disturbance in voluntary muscle action
There may also be problems with sensation, depth
perception, and communication ability. Difficulty with
cognition and epilepsy is found in about one-third of
cases.

39. Pathology-cerebral palsy
Signs and symptoms:
stiff or tight muscles and exaggerated reflexes
(spasticity); walking with one foot or leg dragging;
walking on the toes, a crouched gait, or a “scissored”
gait; and muscle tone that is either too stiff or too
floppy

40. pathology
There is no cure for CP
Physical therapy and occupational therapy
Botox shots in spastic muscles
Muscle relaxants

41. pathology
Guillain-Barre syndrome is a disorder in which the
body's immune system attacks part of the peripheral
nervous system.
>the immune system starts to destroy the myelin
sheath that surrounds the axons of many peripheral
nerves, or even the axons themselves
paralyis starts at hands and legs, works toward the
trunk.

42. pathologies
 treatment of GB- immunoglobulin- a donor protein
that helps decrease allergic reaction of the body.
Steroids to decrease inflammation
Watch for respiratory distress, patients can become
passive in about 3 weeks after onset
GB is not contagious
Diagnose with NCV test or CSF test

44. pathologies
Epilepsy-seizure syndrome associated with abnormal
electrical impulses in the neurons in the brain.
Causes are brain injury, trauma, tumors, toxins, and
idiopathic- no one knows why

45. pathology
Absence seizures- petite mal- loss of consciousness
for a few seconds
Tonic clonic- grand mal- very severe with loss of
consciousness lasting seconds to minutes.

47. pathology
Signs and symptoms of grand mal seizures
Thrashing movements
Hypersalivation
Violent shaking
Foaming at the mouth
Loss of body functions

48. pathology
Treatment- during seizure put the patient on their
side to avoid aspiration
Patient will look ashen-this is normal
Start CPR if the patient stops breathing
Give anticonvulsant therapy to help control

49. pathology
Meningitis- inflammation of the meninges of the
brain and or spinal cord
Caused by an infection ( fungus, bacteria, virus)

50. pathology
Signs and symptoms of meningitis
High fever
Stiff neck
Headache
Nausea and vomiting
Delirium
convulsions

51. pathology
Treatment for meningitis
Antibiotics
Anticonvulsant
Pain meds

52. pathology
Multiple sclerosis- a progressive disabling condition
resulting from degenerating myelin sheath
Usually see this in people of their 20-40’s
Cause is unknown

54. pathology
Signs and symptoms of MS
Visual disturbance
Weakness
Fatigue
Poor coordination
Tingling and numbness
Can lead to tremors spasticity and incontinence

55. pathology
There is no cure for MS
Can do physical therapy
Muscle relaxants
Steroids

56. pathology
Parkinson’s- paralysis agitans- degeneration of the
brain cells. Usually in people over 50

58. pathology
Signs and symptoms of Parkinson's:
Tremors
Stiffness
Muscular rigidity
Shuffling gait
Loss of facial expression
Behavioral changes

59. pathologies
Treatment for Parkinsons
There is no cure
Levodopa- carbidopa
Brain surgery to remove the part of the brain that
controls involuntary movement

60. brain
the cranial nerves………