The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, which act as the control center. The PNS connects the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands, and is divided into the afferent and efferent systems. Neurons transmit nerve impulses while neuroglia support and protect neurons. There are three main types of neurons - multipolar, bipolar and unipolar. Nerve impulses travel across synapses with the help of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and dopamine. Reflex arcs mediate involuntary reactions. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and cere

1. Nervous System Edison D. Ramos, RMT, MPH Assistant Professor II College of Medical Technology Manila Central University

3. Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Structure Functions Have specific perform specific Enables includes include Neurons Transmission and interpretation of sensation, reaction to stimuli Allow Neuroglia Protection and support of neurons Allow Meninges Allow Protection and nourishment of neural tissue in brain and spinal cord Spinal cord and spinal nerves Allow Sending sensory impulses to brain, integrating reflexes and sending motor impulses to muscles

4. ORGANIZATION 2 Major Categories of Nervous System 1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) - control center for the whole system - consists of brain and spinal cord 2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) - consists of all nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with sensory receptors, muscles and glands. a. Afferent Peripheral System - consist of sensory neurons that convey information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the brain and spinal cord

5. b. Efferent Peripheral System - consists of motor neurons that convey information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands. b.1. Somatic Nervous System – conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscle thereby causing us to react to changes in environment b.2. Autonomic Nervous System – conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to smooth and cardiac muscle tissue b.2.1. Sympathetic Division - stimulate or speeds up activity and thus involves energy expenditures. - uses norepinephrine b.2.2. Parasympathetic Division - stimulates or speeds up the body’s vegetative activities such as digestion, urination, defecation and slows down other activities - uses acetylcholine

7. STRUCTURE OF NEURON

8. DENDRITES – extension of the cell body and are the receptive areas of the neuron. AXON – single long extension of the cell body that begins as a slight enlargement. The axon may branch but at its end there are many extension called AXON TERMINAL On large peripheral axons, a SCHWANN CELL produces a fatty MYELIN SHEATH that surrounds and insulates the axon. Narrow gaps in the sheath are called NODES OF RANVIER (also called as Neurofibral Nodes)

10. STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS 1. Multipolar Neuron - have several dendrites coming off the cell body and one axon. Most neurons in the brain and spinal cord are multipolar. 2. Bipolar Neuron - have one dendrite and one axon. They are found in the retina of the eye, inner ear and the olfactory area of the nose. 3. Unipolar Neuron - have only one process extending from the cell body, which then branches into a central branch that functions as an axon and a peripheral branch functions as dendrite . Most sensory neurons are Unipolar.

12. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS RECEPTORS detect stimuli in our environment. SENSORY or AFFERENT NEURONS receive the impulse directly from the receptor site. INTERNUNCIAL or ASSOCIATION NEURON found in the brain and spinal cord, they transmit the impulse for interpretation and processing. MOTOR or EFFERENT NEURONS bring about the reaction to the stimulus

13. SYNAPSE – area where the terminal branches of an axon are close to but not touching the dendrites of another neuron. - When impulse reaches the axon , it triggers the release of a neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft which allows impulse to travel across the synapse. Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine Endorphins

18. BRAIN Have specific perform specific Structure Functions Enables Brain Cranial meninges Protects Brainstem Diencephalon Cerebrum Cerebellum Consciousness, heartbeat, breathing, visual, auditory Temperature and pain recognition, homeostasis, thirst center, sleep patterns Muscular movements, emotions, intelligence Coordination of muscular movements, balance CSF Include Shock absorption, circulation of nutrients

19. Brainstem

22. Areas of Brain Function

23. Autonomic Nervous System Have specific perform specific Structure Functions Sympathetic Parasympathetic Nose Tongue Eye Ear Increase of heartbeat and breathing rate, energy expenditure, cope with stress Restoration of body to non stress state, controls vegetative activities Sense of smell Sour, bitter, sour, salty Sense of sight Sense of hearing and balance

25. CRANIAL NERVES # NAME FUNCTIONS I Olfactory Sensory: Conveys impulses related to smell II Optic Sensory: Conveys impulses related to sight III Oculomotor Motor: Movement of the eyeball, regulation of the size of the pupil IV Trochlear Motor: Eye movements V Trigeminal Sensory: Sensations of head and face Motor: Mastication Note: Divided into 3 branches – ophthalmic branch, maxillary branch and mandibular branch VI Abducens Motor: Movement of the eyeball VII Facial Sensory: Taste Motor: Facial expression, secretion of saliva VIII Vestibulocochlear Sensory: Balance, hearing Note: Divided into 2 branches – vestibular branch responsible for balance and cochlear branch responsible for hearing

26. IX Glossopharyngeal Sensory: Taste Motor: Swallowing, secretion of saliva X Vagus Sensory: Sensation of organs supplied Motor: Movement of organs supplied Note: Supplies the head, pharynx, bronchus, esophagus, liver and stomach XI Accessory Motor: Shoulder movement, turning of head, voice production XII Hypoglossal Motor: Tongue movements

28. DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE - results in severe mental retardation, it usually affect older people but may begin in middle life with symptoms of memory loss and behavioral changes. The disease produces a loss of neurons resulting decrease brain size. CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (stroke) - caused by a clot or thrombus in a blood vessel. This situation can result in localized cell death due to lack of blood supply in the tissue. MENINGITIS - inflammation of the meninges due to bacterial or viral infections. Severe cases may result in paralysis, coma and death

29. ENCEPHALITIS - inflammation of the brain tissue usually caused by a virus transmitted by the bite of a mosquito TETANUS - caused by the introduction of bacterium Clostridium tetani into an open wound. The bacteria produces neurotoxin that affects motor neuron in the spinal cord and brainstem PARKINSON’S DISEASE - characterized by tremors of the hand when resting and a slow shuffling walk with rigidity of muscular movements

30. CEREBRAL PALSY - condition caused by brain damage during brain development or the birth process. EPILEPSY - caused by a disorder in the brain where certain parts of it are overactive producing convulsive seizures and possible loss of consciousness. HEADACHE (cephalalgia) - can be caused by a variety of factors, from muscle tension and anxiety to swollen sinuses and toothache, can also be caused by inflammation of the meninges, brain tumors and vascular changes in the blood supply to the brain.

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