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End stage renal disease and its management
This document provides information on the management of patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). It discusses the pathophysiology and progression of chronic kidney disease to ESRD, clinical manifestations of ESRD, assessment and diagnostic findings, complications, and medical management including nutritional therapy, medications to treat complications, and dialysis. The main goals of management are to control fluid, electrolyte and acid-base imbalances and symptoms caused by kidney failure through dietary modifications and medications or renal replacement therapies like dialysis.
Cystitis INFLAMMATION OF URINARY BLADDER
The document discusses cystitis, or urinary bladder inflammation. It defines cystitis as a urinary tract infection that affects the bladder. The most common cause is bacterial infection, which can occur when bacteria enter the bladder from the urethra or anus. Common symptoms include pain or burning during urination, frequent urination in small amounts, and bloody or cloudy urine. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and self-care measures like drinking water and avoiding irritants. Preventative measures include proper hygiene and not delaying urination.
NEPHRITIS
DEFINITION OF NEPHRITIS
TYPES OF NEPHRITIS
SUB TYPES OF NEPHRITIS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NEPHRITIS
SYMPTOMS OF NEPHRITIS
MANAGEMENT OF NEPHRITIS
Uric acid test
The uric acid test measures levels of uric acid in the blood, which is a waste product from cell breakdown and purine-rich foods. High levels can indicate gout, recurrent kidney stones, or be a side effect of chemotherapy. The test is done via a blood sample and is used to diagnose gout, monitor uric acid levels in cancer patients, and check treatment efficacy for lowering levels. Abnormally high levels signal conditions like gout, while low levels can mean kidney or liver disease.
Nephritis2008.
1. The document discusses glomerular diseases in children, describing the anatomy of the kidneys and glomerulus.
2. It then focuses on acute glomerulonephritis (AGN), the most common form in children which typically follows a streptococcal infection.
3. AGN is characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, edema, hypertension, and other symptoms. It results from immune complexes depositing in the glomerular basement membrane.
Pyelonephritis, ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS, CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS,
Pyelonephritis
It is the inflammation of the kidney & upper urinary tract that usually results from the bacterial infection of the bladder.
Pyelonephritis can be classified in several different catagories:
-acute pyelonephritis
-chronic pyelonephritis
-xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
Renal calculi
This document discusses renal calculi (kidney stones). It defines kidney stones as solid masses that form in the kidneys from mineral deposits in urine. The main types are calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, struvite, uric acid, and cystine stones. Risk factors include certain foods, dehydration, and metabolic disorders. Symptoms include severe flank or abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves tests like ultrasound, IVU, or CT scan. Treatment includes pain medication, increased fluid intake, surgery like lithotripsy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and preventing recurrences through diet and lifestyle changes.
Renal calculi
Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, form in the kidneys from minerals in urine. There are five main types of kidney stones, with calcium oxalate being the most common at 80%. Risk factors include an imbalanced pH in urine and certain medical conditions. Symptoms include severe side and back pain, pain when urinating, nausea, and blood in the urine. Diagnostic tests include urine analysis, CT scans, x-rays, and ultrasounds. Treatment involves pain medication, increased fluids, shockwave lithotripsy, or surgery to remove the stones.
Recommended
End stage renal disease and its management
This document provides information on the management of patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). It discusses the pathophysiology and progression of chronic kidney disease to ESRD, clinical manifestations of ESRD, assessment and diagnostic findings, complications, and medical management including nutritional therapy, medications to treat complications, and dialysis. The main goals of management are to control fluid, electrolyte and acid-base imbalances and symptoms caused by kidney failure through dietary modifications and medications or renal replacement therapies like dialysis.
Cystitis INFLAMMATION OF URINARY BLADDER
The document discusses cystitis, or urinary bladder inflammation. It defines cystitis as a urinary tract infection that affects the bladder. The most common cause is bacterial infection, which can occur when bacteria enter the bladder from the urethra or anus. Common symptoms include pain or burning during urination, frequent urination in small amounts, and bloody or cloudy urine. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and self-care measures like drinking water and avoiding irritants. Preventative measures include proper hygiene and not delaying urination.
NEPHRITIS
DEFINITION OF NEPHRITIS
TYPES OF NEPHRITIS
SUB TYPES OF NEPHRITIS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NEPHRITIS
SYMPTOMS OF NEPHRITIS
MANAGEMENT OF NEPHRITIS
Uric acid test
The uric acid test measures levels of uric acid in the blood, which is a waste product from cell breakdown and purine-rich foods. High levels can indicate gout, recurrent kidney stones, or be a side effect of chemotherapy. The test is done via a blood sample and is used to diagnose gout, monitor uric acid levels in cancer patients, and check treatment efficacy for lowering levels. Abnormally high levels signal conditions like gout, while low levels can mean kidney or liver disease.
Nephritis2008.
1. The document discusses glomerular diseases in children, describing the anatomy of the kidneys and glomerulus.
2. It then focuses on acute glomerulonephritis (AGN), the most common form in children which typically follows a streptococcal infection.
3. AGN is characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, edema, hypertension, and other symptoms. It results from immune complexes depositing in the glomerular basement membrane.
Pyelonephritis, ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS, CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS,
Pyelonephritis
It is the inflammation of the kidney & upper urinary tract that usually results from the bacterial infection of the bladder.
Pyelonephritis can be classified in several different catagories:
-acute pyelonephritis
-chronic pyelonephritis
-xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
Renal calculi
This document discusses renal calculi (kidney stones). It defines kidney stones as solid masses that form in the kidneys from mineral deposits in urine. The main types are calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, struvite, uric acid, and cystine stones. Risk factors include certain foods, dehydration, and metabolic disorders. Symptoms include severe flank or abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves tests like ultrasound, IVU, or CT scan. Treatment includes pain medication, increased fluid intake, surgery like lithotripsy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and preventing recurrences through diet and lifestyle changes.
Renal calculi
Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, form in the kidneys from minerals in urine. There are five main types of kidney stones, with calcium oxalate being the most common at 80%. Risk factors include an imbalanced pH in urine and certain medical conditions. Symptoms include severe side and back pain, pain when urinating, nausea, and blood in the urine. Diagnostic tests include urine analysis, CT scans, x-rays, and ultrasounds. Treatment involves pain medication, increased fluids, shockwave lithotripsy, or surgery to remove the stones.
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Nephrotic syndrome is the most common presentation of glomerular injury in children, characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. It has an incidence of 2 children per 100,000, most commonly affecting males between ages 2-7. Nephrotic syndrome is classified as either primary, usually minimal change nephrotic syndrome which accounts for 75-80% of cases, or secondary which has identifiable causes such as infections, drugs, or other diseases. Treatment involves dietary management, medications, fluid balance monitoring, and parental education to manage the condition.
Nephritis
Nephritis refers to inflammation of the kidneys that can be caused by various factors like infection, autoimmune disease, or kidney disease. It affects the glomeruli, tubules, or surrounding tissue and can lead to impaired kidney function. Symptoms vary depending on the specific type and cause of nephritis but may include blood or protein in the urine, high blood pressure, swelling, and changes in kidney function test results. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, managing complications, and potentially using medications, dietary changes, or dialysis.
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE CAUSES, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND TRE...
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is one the major co-morbid condition in human body. what is CKD? what is the basic pathophysiology of the disease? what are the major causes of the disease? what are the sign and symptoms of the disease? and what are the treatment plan of the disease? all are discussed in the slides. hopefully you will find it helpful for your study.
Goodpasture Syndrome
Goodpasture syndrome (GPS) also known as Goodpasture’s disease is a rare autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the basement membrane in lungs and kidneys, leading to bleeding from the lungs and to kidney failure
Some forms of the disease involve just the lung or the kidney, most times, both.
Men are eight times more likely to be affected than women. The disease most commonly occurs in early adulthood.
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine. Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood.
Hypo thyroidism
Hypothyroidism, also known as cretinism and myxedema, is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones to meet the body's demands. The thyroid gland, located in the lower front of the neck, normally produces thyroid hormones which help control metabolism and organ functions. Hypothyroidism can be caused by autoimmune disease, radioactive iodine treatment, iodine deficiency, thyroid surgery or damage, or pituitary issues. Left untreated, it can lead to fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, cognitive changes, breathing problems, and even coma. Treatment involves lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Endocarditis
Endocarditis is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) that usually involves the heart valves. It is commonly caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus that enter the bloodstream through invasive procedures or wounds in the mouth, respiratory tract, GI tract, or GU tract. Risk factors include prior heart damage, dental procedures, heart surgery, and certain medical devices. Symptoms include fever, weakness, weight loss, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and imaging tests. Treatment consists of intravenous antibiotics for 4-6 weeks to eliminate the infecting bacteria.
Renal calculi
The document discusses renal stones (kidney stones). It defines renal stones as hard mineral deposits that form inside the kidneys. Risk factors include dehydration, family history, obesity, and certain medical conditions. The most common types of stones are calcium and uric acid stones. Symptoms include severe back and abdominal pain, painful urination, and blood in the urine. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests, along with imaging like ultrasound or CT. Treatment depends on the size and location of the stone but may include increased fluid intake, pain medication, surgery to remove large stones, or lithotripsy to break up stones. Preventing recurrence involves drinking plenty of water and eating a diet low in salt and oxalates
Glomerular disease
Glomerular disease is a group of diseases that affect the glomeruli in an inflammatory manner. They can be primary, arising from issues in the glomeruli themselves, or secondary, arising from other systemic diseases. Primary glomerular diseases include minimal change disease, membranous glomerulonephritis, and IgA nephropathy. Secondary glomerular diseases are often caused by systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, or amyloidosis. Glomerular diseases can present as nephrotic syndrome, with heavy proteinuria and edema, or nephritic syndrome, with hematuria and reduced kidney function. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is characterized by a severe loss
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a disorder where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. It can be caused by autoimmune disease, over treatment of hyperthyroidism, thyroid surgery, radiation therapy, or certain medications. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, and joint and muscle pain. Diagnosis is based on blood tests measuring thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroxine levels. Treatment involves lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy to replicate normal thyroid function. Diet and lifestyle changes like avoiding iodine and processed foods can also help manage the condition.
liver_function_tests.ppt
The document discusses liver function tests (LFTs), which are used to screen for and diagnose liver dysfunction. It outlines the major metabolic functions of the liver, causes of liver disease, and various markers that can be measured in LFTs to detect hepatic injury and assess liver function. These include liver enzymes, bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. The document explains what each marker indicates and the typical ranges seen in different types of liver disease.
Gsatritis
Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining that can be acute or chronic. Acute gastritis develops suddenly while chronic gastritis persists over a long period of time. Common causes include bacterial infections, NSAIDs, autoimmune disorders, and bile reflux. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, weight loss, and nausea or vomiting. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and tests like blood tests, stool tests, or endoscopy. Treatment focuses on antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs, antibiotics, and managing pain or nutrition imbalances. Prevention emphasizes diet, avoiding alcohol/smoking, exercise, and stress management.
Jaundice
Jaundice otherwise called icterus, which may occurs due to high bilirubin level in blood. The slides here explains the epidemiology, metabolism of bilirubin, types of jaundice, their etiology, risk factors involved, symptoms diagnosis and treatment.
Ascites ppts
Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The most common cause is portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis. Clinical signs include abdominal swelling and distension. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like shifting dullness and diagnostic imaging. Treatment involves restricting sodium intake, diuretics, and paracentesis to remove excess fluid. The nursing management focuses on pain management, fluid and electrolyte balance, preventing complications, and restoring normal gastrointestinal function.
Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli). Glomeruli remove excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine.
Cholelithiasis
The document discusses cholelithiasis (gallstone disease). It describes the anatomy and physiology of the gallbladder, including its structure and function of storing and releasing bile. Gallstones form when there is a change in the composition of bile leading to precipitation of cholesterol, calcium, or bilirubin crystals. Risk factors include hereditary factors, obesity, rapid weight loss, and certain medical conditions. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice. Treatment options include medical management with pain medications or stone dissolution agents, or surgical removal of the gallbladder via laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is an abnormally increased concentration of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. There are several types including primary, secondary, relative, and stress polycythemia. Symptoms result from increased blood volume and viscosity and include fatigue, headache, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels. Treatment may include phlebotomy to reduce blood volume, medications to decrease blood cell production, and lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for blood clots, administering treatments, providing skin care and pain management.
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It can be primary, caused by diseases of the kidney itself, or secondary, caused by systemic illnesses that affect the kidneys. The most common primary causes are minimal-change disease in children and membranous glomerulonephritis in adults. Secondary causes include diabetes, lupus, and infections. Treatment involves controlling edema with diuretics, treating underlying conditions, and using steroids, immunosuppressants, or ACE inhibitors depending on disease type and severity.
Lungs abscess
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Urinary tract infection
Symptomatic presence of micro-organisms within the urinary tract i.e., kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra.
• Associated with inflammation of urinary tract.
Leptospirosis
- The patient is a 59-year-old male who was admitted to the hospital with difficulty breathing.
- He had a history of flood exposure 3 months prior and fever 2 months prior.
- On examination, he had jaundice, crackles in his lungs, and renal failure.
- He was diagnosed with severe leptospirosis ("Weil's disease") characterized by fever, jaundice, acute renal failure, and respiratory distress.
Nephritis.pptx
Nephritis refers to inflammation of the kidney that can damage the kidney's ability to filter waste from the blood. It is caused by a variety of factors like throat infections, rheumatic fever, excessive alcohol consumption, and certain medications. Symptoms include swelling, difficulty breathing, joint pain, and blood or pus in the urine. Diagnosis involves physical exams, urine and blood tests, imaging scans, and sometimes a kidney biopsy. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with medications like corticosteroids and antibiotics, controlling blood pressure, and treating any underlying infections or conditions. For severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be needed.
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NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Nephrotic syndrome is the most common presentation of glomerular injury in children, characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. It has an incidence of 2 children per 100,000, most commonly affecting males between ages 2-7. Nephrotic syndrome is classified as either primary, usually minimal change nephrotic syndrome which accounts for 75-80% of cases, or secondary which has identifiable causes such as infections, drugs, or other diseases. Treatment involves dietary management, medications, fluid balance monitoring, and parental education to manage the condition.
Nephritis
Nephritis refers to inflammation of the kidneys that can be caused by various factors like infection, autoimmune disease, or kidney disease. It affects the glomeruli, tubules, or surrounding tissue and can lead to impaired kidney function. Symptoms vary depending on the specific type and cause of nephritis but may include blood or protein in the urine, high blood pressure, swelling, and changes in kidney function test results. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, managing complications, and potentially using medications, dietary changes, or dialysis.
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE CAUSES, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND TRE...
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is one the major co-morbid condition in human body. what is CKD? what is the basic pathophysiology of the disease? what are the major causes of the disease? what are the sign and symptoms of the disease? and what are the treatment plan of the disease? all are discussed in the slides. hopefully you will find it helpful for your study.
Goodpasture Syndrome
Goodpasture syndrome (GPS) also known as Goodpasture’s disease is a rare autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the basement membrane in lungs and kidneys, leading to bleeding from the lungs and to kidney failure
Some forms of the disease involve just the lung or the kidney, most times, both.
Men are eight times more likely to be affected than women. The disease most commonly occurs in early adulthood.
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine. Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood.
Hypo thyroidism
Hypothyroidism, also known as cretinism and myxedema, is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones to meet the body's demands. The thyroid gland, located in the lower front of the neck, normally produces thyroid hormones which help control metabolism and organ functions. Hypothyroidism can be caused by autoimmune disease, radioactive iodine treatment, iodine deficiency, thyroid surgery or damage, or pituitary issues. Left untreated, it can lead to fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, cognitive changes, breathing problems, and even coma. Treatment involves lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Endocarditis
Endocarditis is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) that usually involves the heart valves. It is commonly caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus that enter the bloodstream through invasive procedures or wounds in the mouth, respiratory tract, GI tract, or GU tract. Risk factors include prior heart damage, dental procedures, heart surgery, and certain medical devices. Symptoms include fever, weakness, weight loss, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and imaging tests. Treatment consists of intravenous antibiotics for 4-6 weeks to eliminate the infecting bacteria.
Renal calculi
The document discusses renal stones (kidney stones). It defines renal stones as hard mineral deposits that form inside the kidneys. Risk factors include dehydration, family history, obesity, and certain medical conditions. The most common types of stones are calcium and uric acid stones. Symptoms include severe back and abdominal pain, painful urination, and blood in the urine. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests, along with imaging like ultrasound or CT. Treatment depends on the size and location of the stone but may include increased fluid intake, pain medication, surgery to remove large stones, or lithotripsy to break up stones. Preventing recurrence involves drinking plenty of water and eating a diet low in salt and oxalates
Glomerular disease
Glomerular disease is a group of diseases that affect the glomeruli in an inflammatory manner. They can be primary, arising from issues in the glomeruli themselves, or secondary, arising from other systemic diseases. Primary glomerular diseases include minimal change disease, membranous glomerulonephritis, and IgA nephropathy. Secondary glomerular diseases are often caused by systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, or amyloidosis. Glomerular diseases can present as nephrotic syndrome, with heavy proteinuria and edema, or nephritic syndrome, with hematuria and reduced kidney function. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is characterized by a severe loss
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a disorder where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. It can be caused by autoimmune disease, over treatment of hyperthyroidism, thyroid surgery, radiation therapy, or certain medications. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, and joint and muscle pain. Diagnosis is based on blood tests measuring thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroxine levels. Treatment involves lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy to replicate normal thyroid function. Diet and lifestyle changes like avoiding iodine and processed foods can also help manage the condition.
liver_function_tests.ppt
The document discusses liver function tests (LFTs), which are used to screen for and diagnose liver dysfunction. It outlines the major metabolic functions of the liver, causes of liver disease, and various markers that can be measured in LFTs to detect hepatic injury and assess liver function. These include liver enzymes, bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. The document explains what each marker indicates and the typical ranges seen in different types of liver disease.
Gsatritis
Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining that can be acute or chronic. Acute gastritis develops suddenly while chronic gastritis persists over a long period of time. Common causes include bacterial infections, NSAIDs, autoimmune disorders, and bile reflux. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, weight loss, and nausea or vomiting. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and tests like blood tests, stool tests, or endoscopy. Treatment focuses on antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs, antibiotics, and managing pain or nutrition imbalances. Prevention emphasizes diet, avoiding alcohol/smoking, exercise, and stress management.
Jaundice
Jaundice otherwise called icterus, which may occurs due to high bilirubin level in blood. The slides here explains the epidemiology, metabolism of bilirubin, types of jaundice, their etiology, risk factors involved, symptoms diagnosis and treatment.
Ascites ppts
Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The most common cause is portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis. Clinical signs include abdominal swelling and distension. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like shifting dullness and diagnostic imaging. Treatment involves restricting sodium intake, diuretics, and paracentesis to remove excess fluid. The nursing management focuses on pain management, fluid and electrolyte balance, preventing complications, and restoring normal gastrointestinal function.
Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli). Glomeruli remove excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine.
Cholelithiasis
The document discusses cholelithiasis (gallstone disease). It describes the anatomy and physiology of the gallbladder, including its structure and function of storing and releasing bile. Gallstones form when there is a change in the composition of bile leading to precipitation of cholesterol, calcium, or bilirubin crystals. Risk factors include hereditary factors, obesity, rapid weight loss, and certain medical conditions. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice. Treatment options include medical management with pain medications or stone dissolution agents, or surgical removal of the gallbladder via laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is an abnormally increased concentration of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. There are several types including primary, secondary, relative, and stress polycythemia. Symptoms result from increased blood volume and viscosity and include fatigue, headache, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels. Treatment may include phlebotomy to reduce blood volume, medications to decrease blood cell production, and lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for blood clots, administering treatments, providing skin care and pain management.
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It can be primary, caused by diseases of the kidney itself, or secondary, caused by systemic illnesses that affect the kidneys. The most common primary causes are minimal-change disease in children and membranous glomerulonephritis in adults. Secondary causes include diabetes, lupus, and infections. Treatment involves controlling edema with diuretics, treating underlying conditions, and using steroids, immunosuppressants, or ACE inhibitors depending on disease type and severity.
Lungs abscess
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Urinary tract infection
Symptomatic presence of micro-organisms within the urinary tract i.e., kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra.
• Associated with inflammation of urinary tract.
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CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE CAUSES, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND TRE...
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE CAUSES, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND TRE...
Similar to Nephritis slide share ,ppt.pptx definition , types , sign symptom, Pathophysiology
Leptospirosis
- The patient is a 59-year-old male who was admitted to the hospital with difficulty breathing.
- He had a history of flood exposure 3 months prior and fever 2 months prior.
- On examination, he had jaundice, crackles in his lungs, and renal failure.
- He was diagnosed with severe leptospirosis ("Weil's disease") characterized by fever, jaundice, acute renal failure, and respiratory distress.
Nephritis.pptx
Nephritis refers to inflammation of the kidney that can damage the kidney's ability to filter waste from the blood. It is caused by a variety of factors like throat infections, rheumatic fever, excessive alcohol consumption, and certain medications. Symptoms include swelling, difficulty breathing, joint pain, and blood or pus in the urine. Diagnosis involves physical exams, urine and blood tests, imaging scans, and sometimes a kidney biopsy. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with medications like corticosteroids and antibiotics, controlling blood pressure, and treating any underlying infections or conditions. For severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be needed.
Renal tubulo interstitial diseases
This document discusses tubulointerstitial diseases, which are disorders involving injury to the kidney tubules and interstitium. Tubulointerstitial diseases include acute tubular necrosis, acute or chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, and conditions like reflux nephropathy. The document defines various tubulointerstitial diseases like pyelonephritis, which is a kidney infection that may cause symptoms like fever and back pain. Rare diseases like pyeloureteritis cystica are also discussed. The guidelines provide ICD-10 codes for classifying different types of tubulointerstitial and tubular diseases.
Nephrotic Syndrome .pdf
A 7-year-old boy was admitted with facial puffiness, passing smoky urine, and decreased urine output for 1 week. Examination showed pallor, high blood pressure, and a skin lesion on his elbow. Tests found protein and red blood cells in his urine, and raised blood urea. An ultrasound showed enlarged pale kidneys. The document discusses nephrotic syndrome, including its definition, causes, presentation, diagnosis, management, and nursing care. Nephrotic syndrome results from kidney damage that allows protein to leak into the urine, lowering blood protein levels and causing edema. Management focuses on fluid control, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and sometimes steroids to preserve kidney function.
Nephritic syndrome by Dukundane Alexandre
This document presents a case of an 8-year-old male patient presenting with facial swelling and dark urine. Investigations revealed hematuria, proteinuria, elevated creatinine and low C3 complement levels. A renal ultrasound showed enlarged kidneys. The differential diagnosis includes post-infectious glomerulonephritis given the recent sore throat and positive throat swab for Group A streptococcus. Nephritic syndrome is characterized by glomerular inflammation and injury leading to hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension and possible renal failure. Treatment involves managing complications, antibiotics if infection is present, dialysis for severe cases, and steroids if associated with nephrotic syndrome. Prognosis depends on severity and underlying cause
Renal manifestations of systemic disease(s).
Systemic diseases that commonly present with renal manifestations: diabetic and hypertensive nephropathy, lupus nephritis, congestive heart failure (Cardiorenal Syndromes), liver disease, and paraproteinemia , infections (HCV, HIV, COVID-19,..), other rheumatological disorders (Rhod A., Gout, SCL), HSP, Vasculitis, hereditary kidney diseases, Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF), and Malignancy.
Acute renal failure
This document provides an overview of acute renal failure (ARF). It defines ARF as a sudden decline in renal function associated with increased BUN and creatinine and oliguria. ARF can be pre-renal, post-renal, or intra-renal in origin. Clinical manifestations include fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, and declining kidney function. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, fluid hydration, diuretics, and possibly dialysis. Nursing care focuses on monitoring fluid balance and labs, preventing complications like infection, and supporting the patient.
Inflammatory urinary disorders
This document discusses various inflammatory urinary disorders including urinary tract infections, pyelonephritis, chronic cystitis, glomerular diseases, and nephrotic syndrome. It covers the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic findings, medical management, and nursing care for each condition. Urinary tract infections can be upper or lower and are common in women. Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection that may be acute or chronic. Chronic cystitis involves long-term inflammation and scarring of the bladder wall. Glomerular diseases damage the kidney filters and include acute and chronic glomerulonephritis. Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder defined by protein in the urine and low
glomerulonephritis.pdf
Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste from the blood. There are two main types - acute glomerulonephritis, which has a sudden onset typically in children following a streptococcal infection, and chronic glomerulonephritis, which develops over time and can lead to long-term kidney damage. Acute glomerulonephritis causes kidney dysfunction seen as edema, high blood pressure, reduced urine output, and blood in the urine. Treatment focuses on rest, fluid management, antibiotics, and controlling blood pressure. Chronic glomerulonephritis can develop from acute or other causes and may cause few symptoms initially
Introduction to Nephrology and Kidney Diseases
Kidney disease is a significant health problem that affects millions of people worldwide.
Ongoing research in nephrology aims to improve our understanding of kidney function and develop new treatments to improve outcomes for patients with kidney disease.
Early detection and treatment of kidney disease are crucial for maintaining kidney function and preventing complications.
https://www.neohospital.com/nephrology
Lupus and interstitial nephritis.pptx
Nephritis is a inflammation of kidney .
It is classified into various types like lupus nephritis ,interstitial nephritis , glomerulonephritis ,pyelonephritis.
Lupus nephritis is an inflammation of kidney due to autoimmune disorder named as lupus .
It is inflammation of lower urinary tract .
Uremia and Uremic Syndrome
Abstract: Uremia is a clinical manifestation of chronic kidney failure (CKD) and is defined as the elevation of urea levels in plasma associated to fluid, electrolytes and hormonal imbalances and metabolic abnormalities. Uremia even though arises from CKD, it can also occur with Acute Kidney injury (AKI). The terms uremia was first coined by Piorry which translates to urine in blood. Also, Uremia and uremic syndrome have been used interchangeably for a long time. Comparatively, Azotemia is also uremia but the only difference is that the urea elevation in azotemia is not high enough to have manifesting signs or symptoms. Thus, Uremia is pathological and symptomatic manifestations of severe azotemia.
Urea itself has direct and indirect toxic effects on our body; parathyroid hormone (PTH), beta2 microglobulin, polyamines, advanced glycosylation end products, and other middle molecules, are thought to contribute to the clinical syndrome. Patient’s symptoms range from mild bleeds to severe congestive heart failure. If left untreated complications include seizure, coma, cardiac arrest, and death. He most severe is cardiac arrest secondary to electrolyte abnormalities such as hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, or hypocalcemia. The patients, who are diabetic, tend to develop severe hypoglycemic reactions if the medications are not adjusted for creatinine clearance. Renal failure and renal osteodystrophy may cause early onset osteoporosis or formation of adynamic bone which predisposes the patient to fractures on mild trauma. Also medications the patient was previously on can lead to unwanted side effects due to impaired clearance e.g. Digoxin toxicity secondary to renal failure, increased sensitivity to narcotics.
Key Words: Uremia, Uremic syndrome, Chronic kidney failure, azotemia, beta 2 microglobulins, congestive heart failure, electrolyte abnormalities, hyperkalemia, hyocalcemia, metabolic acidosis, creatinine, osteodystrophy
Nephortic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. Patients present with marked edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia.
Nephrotic syndrome is a primary glomerular disease characterized by the following:
Marked increase in protein in the urine (proteinuria)
Decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia)
Edema (The swelling (edema), can be most noticeable on the face, around the eyes, around the feet and ankles, and in the belly area (or the abdomen).
High serum cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (hyperlipidemia)
Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by marked increase of protein in the urine ( proteinuria ), decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia ),edema, & excess lipids in the blood ( hyperlipidemia )
Pathophysiology
Nephrotic syndrome can occur with almost any intrinsic renal disease or systemic disease that affects the glomerulus.
Although generally considered a disorder of childhood, nephrotic syndrome does occur in adults, including the elderly. Causes include:
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Diabetes mellitus with intercapillary glomerulosclerosis
Amyloidosis of the kidney
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Multiple myeloma and renal vein thrombosis.
NSAIDs
Pre eclampsia
UrinSyndr_Lect#1_zoom+.pdfof urinary tract
The document provides an overview of urinary system semiotics and urine syndrome. It discusses the main symptoms of kidney and urinary tract diseases, which include pain, edema, dysuria, arterial hypertension, and renal failure. It then examines each of these symptoms in more detail. For example, it describes the different types of pain seen in diseases like nephrolithiasis and pyelonephritis. It also outlines disorders of urination like polyuria, oliguria, and dysuria. The document concludes by presenting the case of a 52-year-old male patient complaining of fever, back pain, delayed urination, and morning edema, who has a medical history of similar symptoms for several years.
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Kidney infection or pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidney that can be acute or chronic. Acute pyelonephritis causes symptoms like fever, flank pain, nausea, and painful urination. It is usually treated with antibiotics to control the bacterial infection. Chronic pyelonephritis can cause permanent kidney damage if not properly treated. Prompt treatment and prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections can help reduce the risk of chronic pyelonephritis.
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Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira bacteria transmitted through contact with infected animal urine. It causes flu-like symptoms initially and can progress to include jaundice, renal failure, hemorrhage, and multi-organ dysfunction. Diagnosis involves clinical suspicion along with lab tests to detect Leptospira bacteria or antibodies in blood, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid and treatment involves antibiotics like doxycycline or penicillin.
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The document discusses common renal pathologies and their management in the perioperative period. It covers acute renal failure (ARF), chronic renal failure (CRF), diabetic nephropathy, nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, and pyelonephritis. ARF is classified as prerenal, intrinsic, or postrenal based on etiology. CRF results in fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, cardiac and pulmonary issues, and anemia. Diabetic nephropathy is caused by hypertension and hyperglycemia damaging the kidneys over time. Treatment focuses on controlling blood sugar and hypertension.
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Acute glomerulonephritis
Acute glomerulonephritis is an immune complex disease caused by antigen-antibody reactions following a streptococcal infection. It commonly affects school-aged children and presents with decreased urine output, bloody or brown urine, edema, and sometimes hypertension. The disease is self-limiting and typically resolves within 2-3 weeks with supportive care such as antibiotics, antihypertensives, and fluid management. Nursing care involves monitoring for complications, enforcing diet and fluid restrictions, providing diversional activities, and educating families.
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Nephritis slide share ,ppt.pptx definition , types , sign symptom, Pathophysiology
- 1. Nephritis Presented by : - Tukeshwar
- 2. Definition : - A condition in which the tissues in the kidney become inflamed and have problems filtering waste from the blood. Nephritis may be caused by infection, inflammatory conditions
- 3. Types of nephritis : - 1.Acute nephritis 2. Chronic nephritis
- 4. 1. Acute nephritis : - Acute nephritis is most commonly caused by hypersensitivity to drug therapy like analgesic or aspirin Cyclosporine It is used for treatment of certain immune disease anti cancer drugs and medicine to treat depression Such as lithium 2. Chronic nephritis : - Chronic nephritis can similarly be due to a very large no of causes including high blood pressure or hypertension polycystic disease of the kidney high blood calcium deposit in the kidney and Uric acid deposit in the kidney lead and intoxication
- 5. Pathophysiology : - Due to etiological factors ! Antigen and antibody reactions occur in glomerlus capillaries ! Inflammatory damage and obstruct glomerulus ! Nephritis
- 6. Sign symptoms : - Change of colour of the skin proteinuria Oliguria Hematuria Hypertension Edema Nausea vomiting Headhache
- 7. Diagnostic evaluation : - History collection Physical examination Urine test analysis Blood urea nitrogen level test Needle biopsy
- 8. Medical management : - 1. Corticosteroids : - To relief for the inflamed area - prednisone - Methylprednisone 2. Anti hypertension drug to reduce the high blood pressure - propanol 3. Diuretic : - furosemide to stop absorption water and Na 4. Antibiotics :- streptomycin clindamycin
- 9. Nursing management : - Monitor the vital sign Monitor the intake and output Instruct the patient to avoid irritant that affect urinary tract Avoid the exposing the patient to person with infection
- 10. Prevention : - Maintaining healthy weight Quite smoking Keeping blood sugar and blood pressure within healthy limit Keep exercise regularly