The document details the concept of body temperature, defining it as the balance of heat production and loss within the body, which can be categorized into core and surface temperatures. It explains the mechanisms of thermoregulation, including thermogenesis (heat production through metabolism, exercise, hormonal effects, and environmental factors) and thermolysis (heat loss through the skin, lungs, kidneys, and various heat transfer methods). Additionally, it discusses temperature measurement methods and variations in temperature readings based on the method used.

1. TEMPERATURE
TUKESHNURSING 33

2. INTRODUCTION : -
• IT IS A MEASUREMENT OF THE AVERAGE ENERGY OF THE
MOLECULE IN AN OBJECT OR SYSTEM
• THERMOMETER OR CALORIMETER IT IS DETERMING THE
INTERNAL ENERGY CONTAINED

3. DEFINITION : -
• AMOUNT OF HIT MAINTAIN BY BODY OR DIFFRENCE
BETWEEN HIT PRODUCTION HIT LOSS COULD BODY
TEMPERATURE .
OR
• BODY TEMPERATURE MAY BE DEFINED AS THE DEGREE OF
HEAT MAINTAINED BY THE BODY OR IT IS THE BALANCE
BETWEEN THE HEAT PRODUCED AND THE HEAT LOSS IN
THE BODY.

4. TYPES OF BODY TEMPERATURE : -
BODY TEMPERATURE IS OF TWO TYPES :
1. CORE TEMPERATURE
2. SURFACE TEMPERATURE

5. 1. CORE TEMPERATURE
• CORE TEMPERATURE IS THE TEMPERATURE OF THE DEEP TISSUE OF
THE BODY . SUCH AS ABDOMINAL CAVITY AND THORACIC CAVITY
AND TEMPERATURE
• THE NORMAL CORE BODY TEMPERATURES IS A RANGE 36.5 TO 37.5
DEGREE CELSIUS
• THE BODY HAS REGULATE CORE TEMPERATURE DEPENDING UPON
THE HEAT PRODUCED AND THE BLOOD FLOW.

6. 2.SURFACE BODY TEMPERATURE
• SURFACE BODY TEMPERATURE OF THE SKIN ,SUBCUTANEOUS
TISSUE AND FAT CELLS BY CONTRAST RISES AND FALLS IN
RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL
• IT IS DOESN’T INDICATE INTERNAL PHYSIOLOGY
• MEASURE WITH THERMOMETER

7. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
MAINTAIN BY TWO MECHANISMS : -
1. THERMOGENESIS.
2. THERMOLYSIS

8. 1. THERMOGENESIS : -
• A CHEMICAL REGULATION BY THE
PRODUCTION BY HEAT AND CONTROL BY
POSTERIOR PARTS HEAT PRODUCTION OF
HYPOTHALAMUS.

9. PRODUCTION OF HEAT IN THE BODY
1. OXIDATION OF THE FOOD : - DURING THE METABOLISM
OF PROTEIN CARBOHYDRATES AND FAT HEAT PRODUCED AS BY
PRODUCT.
ONE GRAM OF CARBOHYDRATES GIVE 4 KCL HEAT
ONE GRAM OF PROTEIN GIVE 4 KCL HEAT
ONE GRAM OF FAT GIVE 9 KCL HEAT
2.SPECIFIC DAYNAMIC ACTION : - IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS
THERMIC EFFECT OF FOOD.

10. • SPECIFIC DAYNAMIC ACTION OF CARBOHYDRATES IS 5 TO 6 %
• SPECIFIC DAYNAMIC ACTION OF PROTEIN IN 30 %
• SPECIFIC DAYNAMIC ACTION OF MIXED DIET 12 %
3. EXERCISE : - DURING EXERCISE HEAT IS PRODUCED FASTER
THAN IT IS ELIMINATED FROM THE BODY .
• THE HEAVIER THE EXERCISES THE PRODUCTION OF HEAT IN THE
BODY DURING EXERCISE THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE SKIN IN THE
INCREASED AND THE INDIVIDUAL FEEL HOT
4. HORMONAL EFFECT : - INCREASED ACTIVITY OF THE
THYROID GLAND AND THE ADRENAL GLAND RISE THE BODY
TEMPERATURE .
• HORMONES ARE RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD THEY STIMULATE THE

11. 5 ENVIRONMENTAL : - HIGH ROOM TEMPERATURE INCENSE THE
BODY TEMPERATURE
• VERY HIGH EXTERNAL TEMPERATURE MAY UPSET THE HEAT
REGULATING MECHANISM AND THE TEMPERATURE OF BODY
INCREASED HIGH LEVEL SUN STROKE HEAT STROKE
5. DISEASED CONDITION : -
• FEVER OR PYREXIA IS CAUSED BY THE BACTERIAL INVISION.
• THE DEGREE OF TEMPERATURE DEPENDS UPON THE SEVERITY OF
INFECTION

12. 2. THERMOLYSIS : -
A PHYSICAL REGULATION BY LOSS OF HEAT ANTERIOR PART OF
HYPOTHALAMUS
• LOSING HEAT FROM THE BODY DIFFERENT ORGANS : -
1. THROUGH THE SKIN : - 60 % THE SKIN ACTS ONE OF THE
IMPORTANT ORGAN IN THE HEAT REGULATION .
• IT IS CONTROLLED BY HYPOTHALAMUS
• DUE TO VASODILATION MORE BLOOD COMES TO THE SKIN AND HEAT
IS LOST BY MEANS OF CONDUCTION, CONVECTION , RADIATION ,
EVAPORATION

13. 2. CONDUCTION : - IS THE TRANSFER OF HEAT DIRECTLY THROUGH A
SUBSTANCE FROM HOT PART TO THE COLD PART .
• FROM ONE MOLECULE TO THE OTHER BY DIRECT CONTACT.
• VERY LITTLE HEAT IS LOST BY CONDUCTION.
3. CONVECTION : - IS THE METHOD OF THE TRANSFER OF HEAT BY
CIRCULATING AIR OR LIQUID AND IT DEPENDS UPON THE AIR MOVEMENT
AND THE TEMPERATURE OF THE ATOMESHPHARE.
4. RADIATION : - IS THE TRANSFER OF HEAT FROM THE SURFACE OF
ONE OBJECT TO ANOTHER WHICH ARE NOT IN CONTACT WITH EACH
OTHER
5. EVAPORATION : - IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH A SUBSTANCE IN
LIQUID STATE IS CHANGED INTO VAPOUR
• SUCH A PROCESS REQUIRES HEAT .

14. 6. THROUGH THE LUNGS : - THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR WHICH
IS TAKEN TO THE LUNGS TO THE OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND IT IS LOWER
THAN THAT OF THE BODY TEMPERATURE
7. THROUGH THE KIDNEY : - THE KIDNEY SECRETE URINE WHICH IS
WARMED BY THE HEAT TAKEN FROM THE BODY .
• AS THE URINE OF IS EXCRETED THE HEAT IS ALSO LOST FROM THE
BODY

15. PARTS OF THE BODY WHERE THE TEMPERATURE IS
TAKEN : -
• THE TEMPERATURE IS HIGHEST WHEN TAKEN BY RECTUM .
• IT IS 1•F HIGHER THAN THE ORAL TEMPERATURE.
• II. THE TEMPERATURE IS LOWEST WHEN TAKEN BY AXILLA .
• IT IS 1•F LESS THAN THE ORAL TEMPERATURE.
• ORAL TEMPERATURE : - 98.6 •F (37•C )
• RECTAL TEMPERATURE : - 99. 6 •F ( 37.5• C )
• AXILLARY TEMPERATURE : - 97.6 •F ( 36.4•C )