Epididimitis
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Epididymitis is an inflammatory condition of the epididymis, a structure behind the testes that stores sperm. It is commonly caused by sexually transmitted infections in younger men. Symptoms include painful swelling of the epididymis and testicles. Diagnosis involves fluid and urine tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics and pain relief, while severe cases may require surgery to remove infected tissue. Complications can include abscesses, infertility, and testicular tissue death if not properly treated.
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Epididymitis
Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, the coiled tube behind the testicle that stores and carries sperm. It is most common in men ages 20-39 and is usually caused by a bacterial infection spreading from the urinary tract or an STD. Symptoms include testicle pain and tenderness, painful urination, and fever. Doctors evaluate with exams, tests, and imaging to diagnose and rule out other conditions, then treat with antibiotics and anti-inflammatories. Leaving epididymitis untreated can cause permanent damage.
Orchitis
Orchitis is an inflammation of the testicles that is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Common causes include mumps, STDs like chlamydia and gonorrhea, and infections that spread from other parts of the body through the bloodstream. Symptoms include pain, swelling and tenderness in one or both testicles. Diagnosis involves physical examination and tests to check for infection. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, scrotal support and rest. Complications can include infertility, testicular atrophy and chronic pain if left untreated. Prevention involves vaccination against mumps and safe sex practices.
Testis and adjustnt structure
This document discusses several conditions affecting the testes and adjacent structures, including orchitis, epididymitis, hydrocele, and varicocele. Orchitis is defined as an inflammation of the testes that can be caused by bacterial, viral, spirochetal, parasitic, traumatic, chemical or unknown factors. Risk factors include not being immunized against mumps, having recurrent UTIs, prior genital or urinary tract surgery, multiple sexual partners, and history of STDs. Symptoms include acute scrotal pain, edema, and tenderness, as well as potential fever, nausea and vomiting. Treatment involves antibiotics if bacterial, along with NSAIDs, analgesics, bed rest, scrotal elevation,
Penile disorders
This document summarizes a seminar on disorders of the male reproductive system presented by Nikhil Vaishnav. It discusses several conditions including balanitis, phimosis, paraphimosis, priapism, Peyronie's disease, penile cancer, and erectile dysfunction. For each condition, it provides definitions, causes, symptoms, diagnostic process and treatment options.
Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia is a condition where breast tissue swells in boys and men, causing enlarged breasts. It is usually caused by an imbalance of male and female hormones. Gynecomastia commonly occurs during adolescence, older age, and can be caused by certain medications, diseases, or substance abuse. Evaluation may involve blood tests, imaging scans, and biopsies to determine the cause. Treatment options include antiestrogen medications, surgery to remove breast tissue or fat, and lifestyle changes to prevent future occurrence.
Prostatitis
Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland that is caused by infectious agents like bacteria or other conditions. There are four main types: acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome where the cause is unclear, and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis. Prostatitis causes symptoms like perineal pain and difficulty urinating and is most common in men under 50. Treatment involves antibiotics, alpha-blockers, pain medication, and sitz baths. Chronic forms are difficult to treat due to poor antibiotic diffusion into prostatic fluid.
Hypospadias & epispadias
Hypospadias is a birth defect where the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. It occurs in around 4 in 1,000 male births. The cause is unknown but may involve deficient androgen stimulation during penis development in the womb. Treatment involves surgery to reposition the urethral opening, with the ideal age being 6-12 months. Surgical techniques vary depending on the location and severity of the hypospadias.
Epispadiasis
An epispadias is a rare birth defect where the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis rather than at the tip. It occurs more often in males, with an incidence of about 1 in 120,000 male births. The cause is unknown but may involve improper development of the pubic bone. In males, it can cause a shortened, curved penis and urinary tract infections. Treatment involves surgical repair to redirect the urethra, with follow-up care including antibiotics and pain medication. Complications can include urinary incontinence and damage to the kidneys from urine flowing backward.
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Epididymitis
Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, the coiled tube behind the testicle that stores and carries sperm. It is most common in men ages 20-39 and is usually caused by a bacterial infection spreading from the urinary tract or an STD. Symptoms include testicle pain and tenderness, painful urination, and fever. Doctors evaluate with exams, tests, and imaging to diagnose and rule out other conditions, then treat with antibiotics and anti-inflammatories. Leaving epididymitis untreated can cause permanent damage.
Orchitis
Orchitis is an inflammation of the testicles that is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Common causes include mumps, STDs like chlamydia and gonorrhea, and infections that spread from other parts of the body through the bloodstream. Symptoms include pain, swelling and tenderness in one or both testicles. Diagnosis involves physical examination and tests to check for infection. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, scrotal support and rest. Complications can include infertility, testicular atrophy and chronic pain if left untreated. Prevention involves vaccination against mumps and safe sex practices.
Testis and adjustnt structure
This document discusses several conditions affecting the testes and adjacent structures, including orchitis, epididymitis, hydrocele, and varicocele. Orchitis is defined as an inflammation of the testes that can be caused by bacterial, viral, spirochetal, parasitic, traumatic, chemical or unknown factors. Risk factors include not being immunized against mumps, having recurrent UTIs, prior genital or urinary tract surgery, multiple sexual partners, and history of STDs. Symptoms include acute scrotal pain, edema, and tenderness, as well as potential fever, nausea and vomiting. Treatment involves antibiotics if bacterial, along with NSAIDs, analgesics, bed rest, scrotal elevation,
Penile disorders
This document summarizes a seminar on disorders of the male reproductive system presented by Nikhil Vaishnav. It discusses several conditions including balanitis, phimosis, paraphimosis, priapism, Peyronie's disease, penile cancer, and erectile dysfunction. For each condition, it provides definitions, causes, symptoms, diagnostic process and treatment options.
Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia is a condition where breast tissue swells in boys and men, causing enlarged breasts. It is usually caused by an imbalance of male and female hormones. Gynecomastia commonly occurs during adolescence, older age, and can be caused by certain medications, diseases, or substance abuse. Evaluation may involve blood tests, imaging scans, and biopsies to determine the cause. Treatment options include antiestrogen medications, surgery to remove breast tissue or fat, and lifestyle changes to prevent future occurrence.
Prostatitis
Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland that is caused by infectious agents like bacteria or other conditions. There are four main types: acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome where the cause is unclear, and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis. Prostatitis causes symptoms like perineal pain and difficulty urinating and is most common in men under 50. Treatment involves antibiotics, alpha-blockers, pain medication, and sitz baths. Chronic forms are difficult to treat due to poor antibiotic diffusion into prostatic fluid.
Hypospadias & epispadias
Hypospadias is a birth defect where the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. It occurs in around 4 in 1,000 male births. The cause is unknown but may involve deficient androgen stimulation during penis development in the womb. Treatment involves surgery to reposition the urethral opening, with the ideal age being 6-12 months. Surgical techniques vary depending on the location and severity of the hypospadias.
Epispadiasis
An epispadias is a rare birth defect where the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis rather than at the tip. It occurs more often in males, with an incidence of about 1 in 120,000 male births. The cause is unknown but may involve improper development of the pubic bone. In males, it can cause a shortened, curved penis and urinary tract infections. Treatment involves surgical repair to redirect the urethra, with follow-up care including antibiotics and pain medication. Complications can include urinary incontinence and damage to the kidneys from urine flowing backward.
Benign Prostate Hypertrophy for nursing students
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs in most men as they age. It results from an increase in the number and size of cells in the prostate and affects around 50% of men by age 50 and 90% of men by age 80. Symptoms include difficulty urinating, frequent urination, urgency, and dribbling. Risk factors include family history, diet high in saturated fats, lack of exercise, and alcohol consumption. Treatment options range from medication to minimally invasive procedures like TUNA to more invasive surgeries like TURP. Nursing care focuses on restoring urinary drainage, treating any infections, educating patients, and managing
Cryptorchidism
Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. It occurs in approximately 3% of full term and 30% of premature baby boys. There are several types including retractile, palpable, nonpalpable, and ectopic. Risk factors include low birth weight, prematurity, family history, and maternal health conditions. Diagnosis involves physical examination and may include ultrasound, CT scan, or laparoscopy. Treatment is usually hormone therapy or surgery to bring the testes into the scrotum, helping them develop properly and reducing cancer risks.
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
Mr. Sachin Dwivedi's document discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It defines BPH as an enlargement of the prostate gland resulting from increased cells that obstruct urine flow. Symptoms include frequent urination and weak urine stream. Diagnosis involves exams and PSA tests. Treatment options discussed are medications that shrink the prostate, such as 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, or surgeries like transurethral resection of the prostate to remove obstructing tissue. With early detection and treatment, BPH has a good prognosis.
Epispadias
An epispadias is a rare malformation where the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis. It occurs more often in males and Caucasian firstborn children. There are three types - penopubic, penile, and glanular - depending on where the urinary opening is located. Signs include dribbling urine, UTIs, painful urination, and blood in the urine. Diagnostic tests involve history, physical exam, urine tests, and imaging. Surgical management includes the Modified Cantwell Ransley Repair and Mitchell Technique to reconstruct the penis and move the urethra into a normal position.
Bph
The prostate gland is located below the bladder in males and produces fluid for semen. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common condition where the prostate enlarges with age, compressing the urethra and impairing urinary flow. Symptoms include frequent urination and weak urine stream. Treatment options include medications to shrink the prostate, heat therapies, and surgeries like transurethral resection of the prostate, which uses an electric knife to remove excess prostate tissue through the urethra.
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Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. About 70% of undescended testes remain in the inguinal ring, 25% remain in the abdomen, and 5% are located elsewhere. The exact cause is unknown but may involve mechanical factors like a short spermatic cord or narrow inguinal canal, genetic factors like trisomy or scrotal maldevelopment, or hormonal deficiencies. Undescended testes are small, firm, and fibrotic. Histologically, seminiferous tubules show reduced diameter and germ cell number in early life with thickened stroma and spared Leydig cells. Complications include infertility, hernia,
Ureteral stricture
This document discusses urethral strictures, which are characterized by a narrowing of the urethral lumen causing obstruction. Common causes include ureteropelvic junction obstruction, pelvic radiation therapy, urinary diversion surgery, traumatic injuries, congenital anomalies, kidney stones, cancers, and infections. Symptoms include blood in urine or semen, painful urination, and decreased urine flow. Diagnosis involves examinations, urinalysis, imaging tests. Treatment options include balloon dilation, endoureterotomy, ureteral stents, transureteroureterostomy, and ureteroneocystostomy.
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Phimosis is a condition where the foreskin of the male penis cannot retract fully, preventing it from being pulled back over the glans. There are two main types - infantile/congenital phimosis where infants are born with a tight foreskin, and acquired phimosis in adults caused by infections under the foreskin like balanitis. Diagnosis involves physical examination of the penis and foreskin. Treatment options include circumcision, steroid creams, or stretching the foreskin gradually with devices. Complications can include pain urinating and recurring infections if not treated.
Cancer of penis
Smegma is the accumulation of dead skin cells and oils under the foreskin of uncircumcised males. It can lead to lesions or cancers of the penis like condyloma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leukoplakia, and erythroplasia. Penile cancer is staged based on extent of spread from the glans to the shaft and lymph nodes. Risk factors include poor hygiene, religious practices like not retracting foreskin, and being uncircumcised. Symptoms include itching, burning, discharge, and ulceration. Diagnosis involves examination, biopsy, and scans. Treatment may include radiation, chemotherapy, surgery like partial or total penectomy, or laser therapy depending on stage.
Climactric changes
Andropause, also known as male menopause, is a physiological phenomenon where men experience a decrease in testosterone levels between the ages of 40 to 55, resulting in reduced physical, mental, and sexual activity. Symptoms include loss of muscle and energy, obesity, erectile dysfunction, loss of libido, and mood changes. While testosterone production naturally slows with age, lifestyle factors like obesity, smoking, lack of exercise, and excessive alcohol or drug use can also contribute to premature andropause. Hormone replacement therapy, including testosterone therapy, is a potential treatment to address low testosterone levels and symptoms.
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This document provides an overview of glomerulonephritis (GN), including its definition, types, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, management, complications, and nursing care. GN involves inflammation or damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys. It discusses the anatomy of the nephron and causes of GN, including infections and immune or genetic factors. Types of GN include acute and chronic forms. Treatment depends on severity and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and dialysis. Complications can include renal failure, hypertension, and fluid overload. Nursing care focuses on pain management, fluid balance, breathing exercises, and patient education.
Orchitis & epididymitis
This document provides information about orchitis, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Orchitis is an inflammation of the testicles that is usually caused by a virus like mumps or bacteria that spreads from an associated epididymitis. Common symptoms include pain and tenderness in the testicles and scrotum. Diagnosis involves examination of the testicles and scrotum along with potential laboratory tests. While viral orchitis cannot be cured, it will resolve on its own. Bacterial orchitis is treated with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications.
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According to the National Cancer Institute, approximately 3 in 100 women will be diagnosed with uterine cancer at some point in their lives. More than 80 percent of people with uterine cancer survive for five years or longer after receiving the diagnosis.
If you have endometrial cancer, early diagnosis and treatment increases your chances of remission.
Gyneacomastia
Gynecomastia is the swelling of breast tissue in males caused by an imbalance of hormones like estrogen and testosterone. It can affect one or both breasts and causes symptoms like swollen or tender breasts. While usually not a health risk, it can cause psychological problems due to appearance. Risk factors include certain drugs and medications, and treatment options range from medication to surgical procedures like liposuction or mastectomy.
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This document discusses phimosis and circumcision. It provides background information on phimosis including definitions, types, epidemiology, embryology, anatomy, etiology, pathophysiology, prognosis, history and physical examination. It also discusses the medical and surgical treatment of phimosis, including conservative surgical alternatives and conventional male circumcision. The document is authored by multiple professors and assistant professors from the Department of Urology at Govt Royapettah Hospital and Kilpauk Medical College in Chennai, India.
Hypospadias
Hypospadias is a relatively rare congenital condition where the opening of the penis is on the underside of the organ. This condition is more common in infants with a family history of hypospadias.
The penis may curve down in an infant and the baby may spray while urinating.
Prostatitis
1. Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland that can be acute or chronic and is caused by bacterial or non-bacterial factors.
2. It is classified into four categories including acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and asymptomatic inflammatory types.
3. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include urinary issues, pain, and sexual dysfunction. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, urine culture, and examination of expressed prostatic secretions. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacterial infections and supportive care.
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Benign Prostate Hypertrophy for nursing students
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs in most men as they age. It results from an increase in the number and size of cells in the prostate and affects around 50% of men by age 50 and 90% of men by age 80. Symptoms include difficulty urinating, frequent urination, urgency, and dribbling. Risk factors include family history, diet high in saturated fats, lack of exercise, and alcohol consumption. Treatment options range from medication to minimally invasive procedures like TUNA to more invasive surgeries like TURP. Nursing care focuses on restoring urinary drainage, treating any infections, educating patients, and managing
Cryptorchidism
Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. It occurs in approximately 3% of full term and 30% of premature baby boys. There are several types including retractile, palpable, nonpalpable, and ectopic. Risk factors include low birth weight, prematurity, family history, and maternal health conditions. Diagnosis involves physical examination and may include ultrasound, CT scan, or laparoscopy. Treatment is usually hormone therapy or surgery to bring the testes into the scrotum, helping them develop properly and reducing cancer risks.
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
Mr. Sachin Dwivedi's document discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It defines BPH as an enlargement of the prostate gland resulting from increased cells that obstruct urine flow. Symptoms include frequent urination and weak urine stream. Diagnosis involves exams and PSA tests. Treatment options discussed are medications that shrink the prostate, such as 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, or surgeries like transurethral resection of the prostate to remove obstructing tissue. With early detection and treatment, BPH has a good prognosis.
Epispadias
An epispadias is a rare malformation where the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis. It occurs more often in males and Caucasian firstborn children. There are three types - penopubic, penile, and glanular - depending on where the urinary opening is located. Signs include dribbling urine, UTIs, painful urination, and blood in the urine. Diagnostic tests involve history, physical exam, urine tests, and imaging. Surgical management includes the Modified Cantwell Ransley Repair and Mitchell Technique to reconstruct the penis and move the urethra into a normal position.
Bph
The prostate gland is located below the bladder in males and produces fluid for semen. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common condition where the prostate enlarges with age, compressing the urethra and impairing urinary flow. Symptoms include frequent urination and weak urine stream. Treatment options include medications to shrink the prostate, heat therapies, and surgeries like transurethral resection of the prostate, which uses an electric knife to remove excess prostate tissue through the urethra.
CRYPTORCHIDISM, TESTICULAR ATROPY SLIDE SHARE, DEVELOPED FOR B.SC N II YEAR S...
Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. About 70% of undescended testes remain in the inguinal ring, 25% remain in the abdomen, and 5% are located elsewhere. The exact cause is unknown but may involve mechanical factors like a short spermatic cord or narrow inguinal canal, genetic factors like trisomy or scrotal maldevelopment, or hormonal deficiencies. Undescended testes are small, firm, and fibrotic. Histologically, seminiferous tubules show reduced diameter and germ cell number in early life with thickened stroma and spared Leydig cells. Complications include infertility, hernia,
Ureteral stricture
This document discusses urethral strictures, which are characterized by a narrowing of the urethral lumen causing obstruction. Common causes include ureteropelvic junction obstruction, pelvic radiation therapy, urinary diversion surgery, traumatic injuries, congenital anomalies, kidney stones, cancers, and infections. Symptoms include blood in urine or semen, painful urination, and decreased urine flow. Diagnosis involves examinations, urinalysis, imaging tests. Treatment options include balloon dilation, endoureterotomy, ureteral stents, transureteroureterostomy, and ureteroneocystostomy.
Renal cancer
Renal cell carcinoma is a type of kidney cancer that occurs in the lining of the kidney's tubules. Risk factors include older age, smoking, obesity, and high blood pressure. Staging involves determining if the cancer is confined to the kidney or has spread elsewhere. Surgery is often the primary treatment and can involve removing part or all of the affected kidney. Other options include ablation, embolization, radiation, and chemotherapy. Nurses monitor for side effects and provide support to patients undergoing treatment.
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Phimosis is a condition where the foreskin of the male penis cannot retract fully, preventing it from being pulled back over the glans. There are two main types - infantile/congenital phimosis where infants are born with a tight foreskin, and acquired phimosis in adults caused by infections under the foreskin like balanitis. Diagnosis involves physical examination of the penis and foreskin. Treatment options include circumcision, steroid creams, or stretching the foreskin gradually with devices. Complications can include pain urinating and recurring infections if not treated.
Cancer of penis
Smegma is the accumulation of dead skin cells and oils under the foreskin of uncircumcised males. It can lead to lesions or cancers of the penis like condyloma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leukoplakia, and erythroplasia. Penile cancer is staged based on extent of spread from the glans to the shaft and lymph nodes. Risk factors include poor hygiene, religious practices like not retracting foreskin, and being uncircumcised. Symptoms include itching, burning, discharge, and ulceration. Diagnosis involves examination, biopsy, and scans. Treatment may include radiation, chemotherapy, surgery like partial or total penectomy, or laser therapy depending on stage.
Climactric changes
Andropause, also known as male menopause, is a physiological phenomenon where men experience a decrease in testosterone levels between the ages of 40 to 55, resulting in reduced physical, mental, and sexual activity. Symptoms include loss of muscle and energy, obesity, erectile dysfunction, loss of libido, and mood changes. While testosterone production naturally slows with age, lifestyle factors like obesity, smoking, lack of exercise, and excessive alcohol or drug use can also contribute to premature andropause. Hormone replacement therapy, including testosterone therapy, is a potential treatment to address low testosterone levels and symptoms.
Glomerulonephritis
This document provides an overview of glomerulonephritis (GN), including its definition, types, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, management, complications, and nursing care. GN involves inflammation or damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys. It discusses the anatomy of the nephron and causes of GN, including infections and immune or genetic factors. Types of GN include acute and chronic forms. Treatment depends on severity and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and dialysis. Complications can include renal failure, hypertension, and fluid overload. Nursing care focuses on pain management, fluid balance, breathing exercises, and patient education.
Orchitis & epididymitis
This document provides information about orchitis, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Orchitis is an inflammation of the testicles that is usually caused by a virus like mumps or bacteria that spreads from an associated epididymitis. Common symptoms include pain and tenderness in the testicles and scrotum. Diagnosis involves examination of the testicles and scrotum along with potential laboratory tests. While viral orchitis cannot be cured, it will resolve on its own. Bacterial orchitis is treated with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications.
Uterine cancer (Endometrial cancer)
Endometrial cancer is a type of uterine cancer that starts in the inner lining of the uterus. This lining is called the endometrium.
According to the National Cancer Institute, approximately 3 in 100 women will be diagnosed with uterine cancer at some point in their lives. More than 80 percent of people with uterine cancer survive for five years or longer after receiving the diagnosis.
If you have endometrial cancer, early diagnosis and treatment increases your chances of remission.
Gyneacomastia
Gynecomastia is the swelling of breast tissue in males caused by an imbalance of hormones like estrogen and testosterone. It can affect one or both breasts and causes symptoms like swollen or tender breasts. While usually not a health risk, it can cause psychological problems due to appearance. Risk factors include certain drugs and medications, and treatment options range from medication to surgical procedures like liposuction or mastectomy.
Adrenal tumour
Adrenal tumors are growths that develop on the adrenal glands. They can be cancerous or noncancerous. Risk factors for adrenal tumors include hereditary conditions such as Carney complex, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, and neurofibromatosis type 1. Symptoms vary depending on the hormones secreted by the tumor but may include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, weight changes, and mood changes. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, urine tests, CT scans, MRIs, and biopsies. Treatment options include hormone therapy, surgery to remove the adrenal gland, chemotherapy, and radiation. Complications can arise from surgery or side effects of
Penis phimosis & circumcision
This document discusses phimosis and circumcision. It provides background information on phimosis including definitions, types, epidemiology, embryology, anatomy, etiology, pathophysiology, prognosis, history and physical examination. It also discusses the medical and surgical treatment of phimosis, including conservative surgical alternatives and conventional male circumcision. The document is authored by multiple professors and assistant professors from the Department of Urology at Govt Royapettah Hospital and Kilpauk Medical College in Chennai, India.
Hypospadias
Hypospadias is a relatively rare congenital condition where the opening of the penis is on the underside of the organ. This condition is more common in infants with a family history of hypospadias.
The penis may curve down in an infant and the baby may spray while urinating.
Prostatitis
1. Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland that can be acute or chronic and is caused by bacterial or non-bacterial factors.
2. It is classified into four categories including acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and asymptomatic inflammatory types.
3. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include urinary issues, pain, and sexual dysfunction. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, urine culture, and examination of expressed prostatic secretions. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacterial infections and supportive care.
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endometriosis.pdf
Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus that responds to hormones in a cyclical manner. There are several theories for its pathogenesis, including retrograde menstruation and lymphatic/vascular spread. It commonly involves the ovaries, pelvic peritoneum, and rectovaginal septum. Symptoms include painful periods, infertility, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis is made by laparoscopy and histological confirmation. Staging of disease severity ranges from minimal to severe. Treatment involves drug therapy such as combined oral contraceptives or progestogens for mild cases. Surgery is indicated for more severe or refractory cases to ablate and excise lesions. Prognosis
Endometriosis
what is endometriosis? Theories in endometriosis, sites of endometriosis. types and clinical presentation. signs and symptoms.
Investigations :TVS, CA125
laparoscopic findings
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Scrotal swelling
The document provides information on scrotal swelling and its underlying causes. It begins with an anatomy section describing the structures of the scrotum. It then discusses various conditions that can cause scrotal swelling including varicocele, hydrocele, haematocele, skin problems, infections, testicular inflammation and tumors, and scrotal hernias. For each condition, it provides details on anatomy, risk factors, clinical features, complications, and management approaches.
Endometriosis
Endometriosis is the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, most commonly found in the ovaries, pelvic peritoneum, and rectovaginal septum. The exact cause is unknown but theories include retrograde menstruation through the fallopian tubes. Symptoms include dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and infertility. Diagnosis involves clinical exam, ultrasound, MRI, and laparoscopy with biopsy. Treatment options include pain medications, hormonal therapy to induce pseudopregnancy or menopause, and surgery to remove lesions and adhesions. Combined medical and surgical approaches may provide the best outcomes.
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Pelvic inflammatory disease is ascending infection from the endocervix. There are two main groups of organisms involved. These are STIs and commensals of the female genital tract
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Melioidosis is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, which thrives in tropical climates like Southeast Asia and Australia. People can contract melioidosis through contact with contaminated soil or water, usually through cuts or abrasions, inhalation of dust, or ingestion of contaminated water. Those with diabetes, renal or liver disease are most at risk. Symptoms range from localized skin infection to severe pneumonia or bloodstream infection. Diagnosis involves culture of the bacteria from clinical samples. Treatment requires long-term antibiotics like ceftazidime, cotrimoxazole, and doxycycline to eliminate the infection.
Pelvic inflammatory disease
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Epididimitis
- 1. EPIDIDYMITIS
- 2. DEFENITION Epididymitis is an inflammatory process that occurs in the epididymis. The epididymis is a structure that forms a curve (coil) that attaches behind the testes and is made as a storage place for mature sperm.
- 3. CLASSIFICATION Based on the onset of pain, Epididymitis can be divided into: • Acute epididymitis: has pain and swelling in just a few days while on • Chronic epididymitis: the onset of pain and inflammation in the epididymitis has lasted for at least six weeks accompanied by the emergence of induration in the scrotum.
- 4. EPIDEMIOLOGY Epididymitis can affect men of various ages, but most often at the age of 19-35 years
- 5. ETIOLOGY The cause of epididymitis depends on your age and behavior, such as: • Sexually transmitted diseases: the main causes of epididymitis in young men (<35 years) are Neisserria Gonorrhea and Chlamidia trachomatis. • Infection: non-sexual bacterial • Amiodarone (Pacerona) • Urine in the epididymis (chemical epididymis) occurs when there is urine flow in the opposite direction due to lifting heavy objects or straining. • Trauma due to a thigh injury. • Tuberculosis infection: this condition is a rare cause. • Torsion testis. • Behḉet's disease. • The most common children and parents are IE.coli or Ureoplasma ureolitikum
- 6. RISK FACTOR • Having sex with a sexually transmitted disease sufferer, without using condoms. • Has a history of sexually transmitted infections. • Have performed medical procedures that affect the urinary tract. • Has prostate enlargement. • Have been infected with a prostate infection or urinary tract infection. • Uncircumcised men. • Has an abnormal anatomic location of the urinary tract. • Use a urine catheter for the long term. • Has Tuberculosis • Using Amiodarone medicine
- 7. PATHOGENESIS This inflammation is thought to originate from bacteria that are in the bladder, prostate, or urethra which ascending into the epididymis. Can also occur urine reflux through the ejaculatory duct or hematogenous spread of bacteria or directly to epiididitis as in the spread of tuberculosis bacteria.
- 8. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • Epididymis is painful and swollen • Fever • Goosebumps • Urinating frequently and always feeling incomplete and painful • Discharge from the penis • Testicular pain • Sex hurts • There is blood in semen. • The scrotum will swell, feel warm, and pain when touched. • Lumps appear around the testes caused by fluid buildup. • Discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen or around the pelvis. • Enlarged lymph nodes in the groin.
- 9. DIAGNOSIS To find out the cause of epididymitis, the doctor will recommend several types of tests, such as: • Fluid sample test. • Blood and urine tests. • Digital rectal examination. • Ultrasound.
- 10. TREATMENT • Treatment of epididymitis aims to treat infections and relieve symptoms that arise. One way is by administering drugs, such as: • Antibiotics. Examples of antibiotic drugs are doxycycline and ciprofloxacin. • Pain relievers. Examples are paracetamol or ibuprofen. • In patients under 35 years old with germs that cause Chlamidia or N. gonorrhea, the selected antibiotic is amoxicillin, accompanied by probenecid or ceftriaxone that is given intravenously. Then proceed with administration of doxycillin or erythromycin orally for 10 days.
- 11. patients can make an independent effort at home to help relieve the symptoms of epididymitis. Among them by: • Lying in bed for at least 2 days, with scrotal position raised (assisted support). • Compress scrotum with cold water. • Avoid lifting heavy loads. • Avoid sexual relations with other people to prevent the spread of infection
- 12. surgical procedure: In cases of epididymitis that are not successfully treated with drugs, the doctor will recommend surgery. This procedure can be done if pus has arisen in the epididymis. In other more severe cases, the patient must undergo epididymectomy or surgical removal of the epididymal canal.
- 13. COMPLICATIONS • abscess (suppurating infection) in the scrotum. • infertility. • Tearing of the scrotal skin layer. • Death of testicular tissue due to lack of blood (testicular infarction).