Just basic information for presentation purpose.

1. NEPHRITIC
SYNDROME
- UNVEILING THE KIDNEY'S MYSTERY
- SHANMUKH TUNUGUNTLA

2. DEFINITION
• Nephritic syndrome is a group of clinical signs and symptoms resulting from
glomerular inflammation, often leading to hematuria, proteinuria, and
hypertension.

3. KIDNEY FUNCTION
• Kidney’s play important role in maintaining our body's internal balance.
• Glomeruli help in the filtration of waste products and excess substances from the
blood.

4. ANATOMY OF THE
GLOMERULUS
The glomerular structure, including
:
• Endothelial cells
• Basement membrane
• Podocytes

5. GLOMERULAR
FILTRATION
• How Your Kidneys Clean Your Blood?
• The Glomerulus:
• The Blood Arrives:
• Filtering Action:
• The Filtrate:
• Protecting the Good Stuff:
• The Filtration Barrier:
• Essential Proteins and Blood Cells Stay In:
• Waste and Extra Stuff Go Out:
• Keeping Your Body Balanced:

6. NEPHRITIC SYNDROME'S HALLMARKS
The key features of nephritic syndrome :
• Hematuria: The presence of blood in the urine.
• Proteinuria: The presence of excess proteins in the urine.
• Hypertension: Elevated blood pressure.
• Edema: Swelling due to fluid retention.

7. THE UNDERLYING CAUSE - INFLAMMATION
• What is Inflammation?
• Inflammation in the Glomerulus:
• The Immune System's Role:
• Immune Complexes:
• The Battle in the Glomerulus:
• Consequences of the Battle:

8. IMMUNE COMPLEX FORMATION
• Antigens and Antibodies Reacting:
• A Case of Mistaken Identity:
• Immune Complexes:
• Roaming Trouble:
• Trouble Reaches the Glomerulus:
• Deposition in the Glomerulus:
• A Castle Under Attack:
• Consequences:

9. INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS
Overview of the role of inflammatory mediators :
• Cytokines : When troublemakers (immune complexes) enter your kidney's castle
(glomerulus), the immune cells inside send messages using cytokines.
• Complement system : It's a system of proteins that can target and destroy
invaders.
• Chemotactic factors : Think of chemotactic factors as trackers or detectives. They
follow a trail to find where they need to go.
• They're like bloodhounds sniffing out the trouble.

10. CELLULAR RESPONSE
• Endothelial cell injury: Increased permeability.
• Mesangial cell proliferation: Matrix expansion.
• Podocyte injury: Proteinuria.

11. GLOMERULAR INJURY MECHANISMS
• Endothelial cell damage leading to leakage of plasma proteins and cells.
• Mesangial cell proliferation causing matrix expansion.
• Podocyte injury leading to foot process effacement and proteinuria.

12. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Overview of the typical clinical features :
• Hematuria: Red or brown urine.
• Proteinuria: Foamy urine.
• Hypertension: Elevated blood pressure.
• Edema: Swelling of the face, hands, or lower extremities.

13. DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION
How nephritic syndrome is diagnosed?
• Urinalysis to confirm hematuria and proteinuria.
• Blood tests to assess kidney function.
• Renal biopsy for definitive diagnosis.

14. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Other kidney conditions that can mimic nephritic syndrome :
• Nephrotic syndrome (Like cousin brother)
• Acute kidney injury
• Different types of glomerulonephritis.

15. MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT
Overview of treatment options :
• Immunosuppressive therapy.
• Antihypertensive medications.
• Management of complications.
• Stress the importance of early intervention.

16. CONCLUSION

17. THANK YOU!
- SHANMUKH TUNUGUTNLA