Poster prepared by Getnet Taye, Enyew Adgo and Teklu Erkossa at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
Land, soil and water management: Watershed management practices and hydrologi...ICRISAT
Improve smallholder agricultural productivity through sustainable intensification by managing water resources using a watershed approach. Studying the seasonal variations of water levels in shallow wells at land scale level, establishing new sets of monitoring stations and field experiments to study the dynamics of water availability and land cover changes, water balance modelling from farm to watershed scale and, regional climate change modelling.
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between
stations. However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l
and 14.8 g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as
evaporation and marine influence by aerosol.
Land, soil and water management: Watershed management practices and hydrologi...ICRISAT
Improve smallholder agricultural productivity through sustainable intensification by managing water resources using a watershed approach. Studying the seasonal variations of water levels in shallow wells at land scale level, establishing new sets of monitoring stations and field experiments to study the dynamics of water availability and land cover changes, water balance modelling from farm to watershed scale and, regional climate change modelling.
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between
stations. However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l
and 14.8 g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as
evaporation and marine influence by aerosol.
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...journal ijrtem
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between stations.
However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l and 14.8
g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as evaporation and
marine influence by aerosol.
Zn distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludgeSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2008 b. Zn distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental Management (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 88: 1571-1579. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.07.026 ISSN: 0301-4797.
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The Fetzara basin occupying an area of about 515 km2 is a part of the alluvial deposits of the Annaba plain. The main source of irrigation water in Fetzara basin is groundwater, hence its quality needs to be controlled; otherwise it can damage soil and reduce crop production. The aim of this study was to review hydro chemical processes that control the groundwater chemistry and to determine the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Hydro chemical analysis has been carried out based on concentrations of Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4–, CO3– and HCO3-. Different irrigation quality parameters viz, salinity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazards (MH), Kelly’s index (KI) and Permeability Index (PI) are calculated for the evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes. The evaluation of SAR (2.127-9.021) and EC (1240-6390 µS/cm) resulted in classification category ‘C3S1 and C4S1’, indicating high salinity and low sodium water which can be used for irrigation in most soils and crops with little to medium danger of development of exchangeable sodium and salinity. However, samples with doubtful Na% (56%), unsuitable KI and MH (88%, 64% respectively), and high salinity hazard (60%) values restrict the suitability of the groundwater for agricultural purposes, and plants with good salt tolerance should be selected for such ground waters.
Digital Platforms: an analytical framework for identifying and evaluating pol...panooren
Digital Platforms: a practical framework for evaluating policy options, by Pieter Nooren (TNO), presented at the European Consumer and Competition Day, Amsterdam, April 18, 2016
The increasing economic and societal impact of digital platforms, such as Google, Apple, Uber, Airbnb and Netflix, raises a number of questions for policy makers. On the one hand, digital platforms offer efficiencies and opportunities for innovation. On the other hand, they challenge existing policy frameworks by disrupting markets. Concerns are raised about whether the current regulatory approaches and instruments suffice to promote and safeguard public interests.
We suggest that policy makers should not focus on trying to define digital platforms but rather recognise that platform economics is only one element of a much broader set of characteristics of digital business models. Each business model is built on strategic choices in how it operationalises platform economics in order to exploit direct and indirect network effects. This choice is made together with strategic choices in other characteristics of the business model, such as how data is being used, what revenue model is applied, etc. Each of these characteristics can introduce a risk or opportunity for public interests. A policy that aims to address one particular public interest can easily affect the balance between the various business model characteristics and may have unintended effects on other public interests. It is therefore crucial to recognise the heterogeneous nature of digital platforms. In particular, one should stay away from attempts to force digital platforms into a single category, as the positive and negative impacts on public interests differ from case to case.
We have developed a practical framework that provides structured guidance for policy makers when designing policies in the context of the digital economy. Our framework differs from other approaches in that we take the digital business models as the starting point for the analysis. The framework has been applied to a number of case studies in the European context.
The framework consists of three pillars:
1. Platform characteristics capturing the various technical and business aspects of platforms, such as the revenue model (direct payment, advertising, revenue share), network effects, use of data (internal, external, curation/editorial control) and dependence of other companies on a platform.
2. Public interests categorized in four broad areas: competition and innovation, consumer interests, freedom from improper influence, and integrity and continuity of applications.
3. Policy options broadly divided in three categories: removing obsolete instruments, using existing instruments (stricter enforcement or tailor their application to the digital economy) and adopting new instruments.
2009 a conceptual and analytical framework for interpreting the spatiality ...Lee Pugalis
This paper provides a framework for understanding the phenomenon of the discursive-material production of space, and also, for considering how unknowns may be organised. Language is instrumental to the production of place but has been overshadowed by investigations of material transformations. This is partly being redressed by the ‘linguistic turn’ in urban policy analysis over recent decades which recognise the performative aspects of language. However, the methodological ‘gap’ between discursivities and materialities remains as too often analysis of urban policy discourse has taken an aspatial analytic approach. Representations of space cannot be divorced from spatial practices and vice versa. Based on my premise that many visions, plans and strategies never materialise, and even some that do materialise have little bearing on what is produced, a mixed-method approach is required that considers the recursive interactions between spatial practices and representations of space. Grounded in the theories of Henri Lefebvre and Michel Foucault, which conceptualis space as a social process and broaden discourse to embrace spatial practice respectively, I devise a conceptual and operational analytics which I refer to as interpretive-spatial analysis with the goal of helping to bridge the problematic ontological, epistemological and methodological divide between discursivities and materialities.
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...journal ijrtem
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between stations.
However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l and 14.8
g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as evaporation and
marine influence by aerosol.
Zn distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludgeSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2008 b. Zn distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental Management (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 88: 1571-1579. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.07.026 ISSN: 0301-4797.
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The Fetzara basin occupying an area of about 515 km2 is a part of the alluvial deposits of the Annaba plain. The main source of irrigation water in Fetzara basin is groundwater, hence its quality needs to be controlled; otherwise it can damage soil and reduce crop production. The aim of this study was to review hydro chemical processes that control the groundwater chemistry and to determine the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Hydro chemical analysis has been carried out based on concentrations of Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4–, CO3– and HCO3-. Different irrigation quality parameters viz, salinity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazards (MH), Kelly’s index (KI) and Permeability Index (PI) are calculated for the evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes. The evaluation of SAR (2.127-9.021) and EC (1240-6390 µS/cm) resulted in classification category ‘C3S1 and C4S1’, indicating high salinity and low sodium water which can be used for irrigation in most soils and crops with little to medium danger of development of exchangeable sodium and salinity. However, samples with doubtful Na% (56%), unsuitable KI and MH (88%, 64% respectively), and high salinity hazard (60%) values restrict the suitability of the groundwater for agricultural purposes, and plants with good salt tolerance should be selected for such ground waters.
Digital Platforms: an analytical framework for identifying and evaluating pol...panooren
Digital Platforms: a practical framework for evaluating policy options, by Pieter Nooren (TNO), presented at the European Consumer and Competition Day, Amsterdam, April 18, 2016
The increasing economic and societal impact of digital platforms, such as Google, Apple, Uber, Airbnb and Netflix, raises a number of questions for policy makers. On the one hand, digital platforms offer efficiencies and opportunities for innovation. On the other hand, they challenge existing policy frameworks by disrupting markets. Concerns are raised about whether the current regulatory approaches and instruments suffice to promote and safeguard public interests.
We suggest that policy makers should not focus on trying to define digital platforms but rather recognise that platform economics is only one element of a much broader set of characteristics of digital business models. Each business model is built on strategic choices in how it operationalises platform economics in order to exploit direct and indirect network effects. This choice is made together with strategic choices in other characteristics of the business model, such as how data is being used, what revenue model is applied, etc. Each of these characteristics can introduce a risk or opportunity for public interests. A policy that aims to address one particular public interest can easily affect the balance between the various business model characteristics and may have unintended effects on other public interests. It is therefore crucial to recognise the heterogeneous nature of digital platforms. In particular, one should stay away from attempts to force digital platforms into a single category, as the positive and negative impacts on public interests differ from case to case.
We have developed a practical framework that provides structured guidance for policy makers when designing policies in the context of the digital economy. Our framework differs from other approaches in that we take the digital business models as the starting point for the analysis. The framework has been applied to a number of case studies in the European context.
The framework consists of three pillars:
1. Platform characteristics capturing the various technical and business aspects of platforms, such as the revenue model (direct payment, advertising, revenue share), network effects, use of data (internal, external, curation/editorial control) and dependence of other companies on a platform.
2. Public interests categorized in four broad areas: competition and innovation, consumer interests, freedom from improper influence, and integrity and continuity of applications.
3. Policy options broadly divided in three categories: removing obsolete instruments, using existing instruments (stricter enforcement or tailor their application to the digital economy) and adopting new instruments.
2009 a conceptual and analytical framework for interpreting the spatiality ...Lee Pugalis
This paper provides a framework for understanding the phenomenon of the discursive-material production of space, and also, for considering how unknowns may be organised. Language is instrumental to the production of place but has been overshadowed by investigations of material transformations. This is partly being redressed by the ‘linguistic turn’ in urban policy analysis over recent decades which recognise the performative aspects of language. However, the methodological ‘gap’ between discursivities and materialities remains as too often analysis of urban policy discourse has taken an aspatial analytic approach. Representations of space cannot be divorced from spatial practices and vice versa. Based on my premise that many visions, plans and strategies never materialise, and even some that do materialise have little bearing on what is produced, a mixed-method approach is required that considers the recursive interactions between spatial practices and representations of space. Grounded in the theories of Henri Lefebvre and Michel Foucault, which conceptualis space as a social process and broaden discourse to embrace spatial practice respectively, I devise a conceptual and operational analytics which I refer to as interpretive-spatial analysis with the goal of helping to bridge the problematic ontological, epistemological and methodological divide between discursivities and materialities.
Presented by Deborah Bossio, Bharat Sharma, Amare Haileslassie , Birhanu Zemadim, Teklu Erkossa, Fergus Sinclair, Catherine Pfeifer, Solomon Seyoum, Kinde Getnet, Lisa-Maria Rebelo, An Nottenbart and Tilahun Amede at the Nile Basin Development Challenge Science and Reflection Workshop, Addis Ababa, 4-6 May 2011.
Resource Conflict, Collective Action, and Resilience: An Analytical FrameworkCAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Slides on background, concepts, instruments and procedures of managing the phases of the project cycle through proper identification, formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
Quantification of annual soil greenhouse gas emissions under different land u...ILRI
Prepared by Sheila Wachiye , Lutz Merbold, Timo Vesala, Janne Rinne, Matti Räsänen and Petri Pellikka for the General Assembly 2019 of the European Geosciences Union (EGU), Vienna, Austria, 7–12 April 2019.
Particle-size fractions-dependent extracellular enzyme activity in sediments ...GJESM Publication
The distribution of extracellular enzyme activities in particle-size fractions of sediments was investigated
in a subtropical mangrove ecosystem. Five enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling were analyzed in the sand, silt, and clay of sediments. Among these fractions, the highest activities of phenol oxidase (PHO), β-D-glucosidase (GLU), and N-acetyl-glucosiminidase (NAG) were found in sand, and greater than bulk sediments of both intertidal zone (IZ) and mangrove forest (MG). This result implied that sand fractions might protect selective enzymes through the adsorption without affecting their activities. Additionally, the enzyme-based resource allocation in various particle-size fractions demonstrated that nutrients availability varied with different particle-size
fractions and only sand fraction of MG with highest total C showed high N and P availability among fractions. Besides,
the analysis between elemental contents and enzyme activities in particle size fractions suggested that enzymes could monitor the changes of nutrients availability and be good indicators of ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Thus, these results provided a means to assess the availability of different nutrients (C, N, and P) during decomposition of sediment organic matter (SOM), and thus helping to better manage the subtropical mangrove ecosystems to sequester C into SOM.
Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Werer, Middle Awash Valley during the dry season of the 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on onion yield and water productivity under semi-arid conditions. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to the main plot and the three mulching materials (no mulch, wheat straw and white plastic mulch), were to the sub-plot. Results indicate that marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency were affected by the main effect of furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials (p< 0.05). But the interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency. The conventional furrow irrigation (10081.52kg ha-1) and wheat straw mulch (12121.63 kg ha-1) resulted in the maximum marketable bulb yield. The highest water use efficiency (3.27 kg/m3) was obtained from alternate furrow irrigation method with straw mulch. This suggests that under limited irrigation water, alternate furrow irrigation along with wheat straw mulch minimize evaporation loss; maximize water productivity and sustain onion production at Amibara and similar agro-ecology and soil type.
Does fertilization practices increase residual nitrate nitrogen in soil irrig...IJEAB
Treated wastewater has significantly improved DM yield compared to ground water. The form of nitrogen provided by the water was determinant in drawing yields. Irrigation with ground water (where nitrogen is as nitrate) induces a faster migration of nitrogen at depth. In contrast, using treated wastewater (where nitrogen is as ammonium), resulting in a relative distribution of the remaining nitric smaller in the lower profile and therefore higher in the surface, especially after the second year (2010). In addition, the relative distribution of nitrates in the soil surface is even more important in the presence of organic manure. All happens as if a certain amount of ammonium provided by treated wastewater is retained in the organic compounds of manure. Yields were significantly lower in irrigation with treated wastewater in the second year and especially when fertilization was given in additional. If the soil can be used for storage of the nitrogen supplied by the treated wastewater during the first year of irrigation (24 kg N-NO3/ha before irrigation to 115 kg N-NO3/ha after irrigation), to the second year the capacity drops (to 64 N-NO3/ha) and a significant increase in nitrate leaching occurs. Therefore, unlike the contribution of manure that seems enrich the topsoil nitrate nitrogen, at least during the first campaign, mineral fertilization unreasoning causes faster migration of nitrogen at depth.
In the agroecological zone of the Biemso basin in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, soil erodibility
and rainfall erosivity patterns were estimated. The study aimed at investigating the temporal
variability of rainfall erosivity using the Fournier Index Method and assessing the soil
erodibility parameters of a Sawah site using the WEPP model. Four plots representing the
major land uses in the area for maize, oil palm, natural vegetation and plantain cultivation
were selected. Results showed that soil organic matter content ranged from 1.95 to 5.52%;
sand ranged from 14.34 to 31.86 %; silt ranged from 31.63 to 68.77%; clay ranged from 16.04
to 20.08% and very fine sand from 3.38 to 8.84%. The derived interrill erodibility (Ki) values
ranged from 44.26 to 51.70 kg s m-4 under all land uses considered at the study site and soils
in the study area were moderately resistant to erosion by raindrops. The derived rill erodibility
(Kr) values ranged from 0.005 to 0.012 s m-1 under all land uses considered at the study site.
Rill erodibility values were higher at the foot slopes under all land uses except under Oil Palm
land use. Rainfall values exceeded the 20-25 mm threshold value for erosive rains. Erosivity
values determined for the study site revealed a moderate erosion risk in the major rainy season
(April-July); low erosion risk in the minor rainy season (August-October ) and very low erosion
risk in the dry season (November-March). It is recommended that soil and land management
practices that would reduce water erosion during the major rainy season should be implemented
such as bunding, mulching and contour farming.
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and interZiziphus Jujubealleys cropping on ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In order to test the effects of intercropping and nitrogen fertilization on blue panic (panicum antidotale) yield, a field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of King Abdulaziz University, located at Hada Al-Sham during two consecutive seasons (2013 and 2014). Blue panic was intercropped between interspaces alleys of Ziziphus Jujube under three different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0 kg N/ha, 200 kg N/ha and 400 kg N/ha in the form of commercial Urea,46%) and three distances from the jujube tree (1m ,2m and 4m). Blue panic fresh and dry forage yield (tons/ha) and quality was assessed during ten cuttings harvests. The results exhibited significant effects of intercropping, nitrogen fertilization and distance from the tree on forage yield and quality. Forage yield across all ten harvests were higher under intercropped plots compared to sole crops and in plots treated with 200 and 400 kg N and 2-meter distance from the trees. Total fresh forage yield /ha/10 cuts of the intercropped blue panic under 400 kg N/ha and 2m distance reached 186 tons/ha/year. Whereas the highest protein content means overall the different cuts was 11.51% in plots fertilized with 400 kg N/ha at 1m distance from the trees. This current study highlights the importance of utilizing jujube alleysto maximize land use value of this widely planted arid land tree.
Keywords— Forage yield, Forage quality, Jujube tree, alley cropping.
Challenges of soil organic carbon sequestration in drylandsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rachid Mrabet , from INRA – Morocco, in FAO Hq, Rome
Aptitude of Ground waters for Irrigation in the South-East Coastal Region of ...inventionjournals
Development of agricultural areas pressures on the availability of water resources in the South-East coastal region of Côte d'Ivoire (from Abidjan to Aboisso) require farmers to use groundwater for irrigation food and industrial crops. The objective of this study is to assess the aptitude of groundwater for irrigation in this region by using methods that take into account the Sodium Adsorption Report (SAR) and the Permeability Index (PI). The different results show that the SAR values range from 0.03 to 9.90 with an average of 1.83 while the PIs range from 5.11 to 210.77 with an average of 91.40. The C1S1 and C2S1 classes, corresponding to the water suitable for irrigation, represent 95% of the water sampled. In general, therefore, the sampled waters quality is suitable for irrigation except the boreholes waters of Memni (No. 59) and Palmafrique (No. 64).
By Asad Sarwar Qureshi, Samina Yasmin, Nikar C. Holader, Timothy J. Krupnik
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By J. Bhattacharya, M.K. Mondal, E. Humphreys, M.H. Rashid, P.L.C. Paul, S.P. Ritu
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By M. Maniruzzaman, J.C. Bisawas, M.A.I. Khan, G.W. Sarker, S.S. Haque, J.K. Biswas, M.H. Sarker, M.A. Rashid, N.U. Sekhar, A. Nemes, S. Xenarios, J. Deelstra
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By M. Harunur Rashid, Faruk Hossain, Deb Kumar Nath, Parimal Chandra Sarker, AKM Ferdous, Timothy Russel
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Camelia Dewan, Marie-Charlotte Buisson and Aditi Mukherji
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Urs Schulthess, Timothy J. Krupnik, Zia Uddin Ahmed, Andy J. McDonald
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Parvesh Kr Chandna, Andy Nelson, Zahirul Khan, Moqbul Hossain, Sohel Rana, Fazlur Rashid, M. Mondal, T.P. Tuong
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Parvesh Kumar Chandna, Andy Nelson, Sohel Rana, Marie-Charlotte Buisson, Sam Mohanty, Nazneed Sultana, Deepak Sethi, T.P. Tuong
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Asad Sarwar Qureshi, Samina Yasmin, Nikar C. Howlader, Timothy J. Krupnik
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman (Wheat Research Centre, BARI)
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Sanjida P. Ritu, M.K. Mondal, T.P. Tuong, S.U. Talukdar, E. Humphreys
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Kazi Ahmed Kabir, S.B. Saha, Manjurul Karim, Craig A. Meisner, Michael J. Phillips
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By S.B. Saha, K.A. Kabir, M.K. Mondal, M. Karim, P.L.C. Paul, M. Phillips, E. Humphreys, T.P. Tuong
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Shankar K Biswas, Tausif Ahmed Qurashi
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Subhra Bikash Bhattacharyya, Tapas Kumar Ghoshal, Jitendra Kumar Sundaray (Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, India)
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
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Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
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Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
Characteristics and estimated onsite costs of sediment lost by runoff from Mizewa catchments, Blue Nile Basin
1. Abstract
This study was conductedin Mizewa watershedwhich is located in Blue Nile Basin (BNB) to
quantify and characterize the suspendedsediment(SSL) and to estimateonsite financial cost of
erosion in terms of yield reductiontaking maize as representativecrop. For this purpose,discharge
measurementand runoff samplingwas madeduring the rainy seasonof 2011 at the outletof three
subwatersheds(lower Mizewa (MZ 0), UpperMizewa (MZ 1) andGindenewur(GN 0)). The samples
were filtered to separate the sediment which was sub sampled for determinationof suspended
sediment concentration(SSC), total Kjeldal nitrogen (TN),organic carbon (OC),NO 3
-,NH 4
+and
available phosphorous(P) content. The onsite cost of erosion was estimatedbasedon productivity
changeapproach(PCA) focusingon available NP losses. The resultrevealedthattheSSC andits NP
contentvaried in spaceandtime, in which lower SSC occurredtowardstheendof therainy season.
The meanseasonaldischargewas found to be 2.12±0.75,1.49±0.52 and 0.57±0.20 m3/sec at MZ0,
MZ1 and GN0 stationsin thatorder while the correspondingsedimentconcentrationwas 510±370
mg/l, 230±190 mg/l and 370±220 mg/l. This lead to the total suspendedsedimentloss (SSL) of 4
ton/ha/year,2 ton/ha/yearand3 ton/ha/yearfrom therespectivesubwatersheds. The on-site financial
cost due to N and P lost associatedwith SSL was estimatedto be 200$/ha, 186$/ha and 227$/ha
from MZ0, MZ1 andGN0 watershedsrespectively. The studyrevealedthattheeconomicimpactsof
soil erosion which is variable based on the characteristics of the land resources and management
practicesdeservedueattention. The result may helpin sensitizingbothfarmers anddecisionmakers
abouttherisk of soil erosionandin targetingmanagementpracticestoovercomethechallenges.
Keywords : Blue Nile basin, Soil Erosion, Runoff, Sedimentconcentration,Nutrientloss
Introduction
Blue Nile Basin is heavily affected by land degradation problems. Overpopulation, poor
cultivation and land use practices are the major cause, which resulting in significant loss of
soil fertility, rapid degradation of the natural eco-systems, significant sediment and nutrient
depositions in lakes and reservoirs (Tamene et. al,2006).To supplement rainfed agriculture
with irrigation, a massive surface water harvesting effort has been undertaken in the dry
lands of Ethiopia in the last few years. However, most of the water harvesting schemes is
under serious siltation and dry up (Amanul, 2009) due to upstream land degradation
mainly soil erosion. Circumstances in turn lead to a reduction of productivity because of
risky land use exercise. This study was conducted in Mizewa catchment to determine loss
of SSL with associated nutrients in runoff, input to the NBDC Program on Water and Food
being implemented in the BNB. The result was helpful for estimating productivity loss and
corresponding economic cost which provide crucial evidence to inform the land users and
policy makers to take actions. Taking this into considerations, it is essential to design and
implement suitable land management practices to curtail optimum utilizations of resources.
Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify suspended sediment as well as nutrient
loss and to estimate impact of nutrient lost on crop yield along with its financial cost in
Mizewa catchments.
Results & Discussion
The averagedischargewas 2.12±0.75, 1.49±0.52 and 0.57±0.20 m3/sec with total flow volume of
18.34(106m3), 12.87(106m3), and4.92(106m3) per seasonat MZ0, MZ1 andGN0 rivers respectively.
Peak daily dischargewas observedaroundAugust17- August26 in thethreestations,may bedueto
excess in saturationand full vegetationland coverage. Mean flow rate was statistically significant
betweensites (t=2.68 andP≤0.025 betweenMZ0 andMZ0, t = 6.58 andP≤0.000 betweenMZ0 and
GN0 andt=5.54 andP≤0.000 betweenMZ1 andGN0 rivers.
Mean SSC duringtherainy seasonwas 510±370 mg/l, 230±190 mg/land370±220 mg/lfrom MZ0,
MZ1 andGN0 stationsrespectivelyandsignificant variationswas observedbetweentimeandspace.
In MZ0 mean SSC varied from 67 mg/l to 900 mg/l per decade. SSC coefficient of variation
betweenperiodswas 73%, 82 % and 61% for MZ0, MZ1 and GN0 stations,respectively implying
thatSSC in MZ1 was morevariable over timethanMZ0 andGN0 rivers. Statistical testfor temporal
and spatial variability of mean SSC (mg/l) over decades has shown that there is a significant
variation betweenperiods(F=4.51 andp≤0.0032) andsites (F=5.61 andp≤0.013) betweenthethree
sites. From thegeneraltrendof hysteresisloop, it is possibleto concludefor MZ0 andMZ1 stations
for a given runoff discharge,lower SSC values occur towardstheendof therainy seasonthanat the
beginning. This may be due to an increase in vegetationcover which decreasedsedimentsources;
though,dischargehas positive correlation to SSC (Amanuel, 2009). Walling (1977) indicatedthat
scatterSSC –Q relationshipis typical of ‘supply-limited’ or sedimentsourcesconditionsin its upper
catchmentswhich can be explainedby clockwise hysteresis effects of sedimenttransportsystems.
This is mostly attributedto sedimentdepletionin upperslopesof a basin, sometimesevenbeforethe
runoff has peakedsedimentis derivedfrom thebedandbanksof thechannelor areasadjacentto the
channel(Ongley,1996). GN0 stationdisplay counterclockwisehysteresisloop early in runoff (from
D1 to D4) reversing to clockwise afterward. This may be causedby a variety of factors relatedto
sedimentsourcesanddischargeconditions; initial sedimentcontributionfrom thestreambedandits
banks, a delayedcontributionof sedimentfrom subcatchmentandoccurrenceof dry periods(Seeger
etal., 2004).
Mean clay, silt andfine sandcontentof sedimentwas 42±10, 39±5, 20±15% for MZ0; 37±13, 36±4,
27±17% for MZ1 and40±1138±3, 22±15 % for GN0 stationrespectively. In this studyconcentration
of silt and clay have a decreasing trained with time; while, the proportionof fine sand in the
sedimentincreasestowardsendof runoff sedimentmonitoringseasons(Amanul,2009). Particle size
was highly relatedto thesedimentloss, this is becausetheactive fractionof sedimentis usually cited
as thatportionwhich is smaller than63µm (silt + clay) (Lal, 998). Statistically textural contentof
suspendedsedimentwas not significant (P<=0.05) betweenthe stations. Significant correlation of
sedimenttexture was observed with all NC and SSC in all stations. This implies that fine soil
particles play greatrole in theprocessof erosionin thewatershed(Lal, 1998); reflects therate and
severity of erosion in the study watershedand it was a challenge for the livelihood of the poor
farmers. This is because nutrients are strongly adsorbed to the finer soil fractions, which are
preferentiallytransportedby thesedimentationprocessesbecauseof theirhighspecific surface areas
(Haregeweynet al.2008). Mean soil loss from MZ0 catchmentusing RUSEL modelwas estimated
to be13.21 ton/ha/year,nearly 80 % of soil loss was from 15 - 50 % slopeclass dominatedby finger
millet, nigger seed and teff cultivation, and this is above tolerable soil los limit in Ethiopia.
Cultivated land use system contributingmore than 60% of total soil los (mean=20.4 ton/ha/year)
which was about1.5 timesmeanannualsoil loss ratein Mizewa.
Seasonal OC concentration was 23.8±10.1 g/kg(CV=42%) in MZ0 (Fig.2.a), 19.76±9.44
g/kg(CV=48%) in MZ1 (Fig.2.b) and 10.37±6.12 g/kg (CV= 59%) in GN0 (Fig.2.c) monitoring
stations. This OC lost revealedthatarea specific organiccarbonloss of 97 kg/ha,35 kg/haand30.4
kg/ha from the respective watersheds. This may result in a serious detrimental effect land
productivityin bothshortandlong termsin which threateningthefood security of thelocal people,
this is becausein the process of erosion, loss of OC leads to depletionof soil and other nutrients
associated with the organic fraction (Lal, 1998). In addition to OC loss, TN concentrationsin
suspendedsedimentwas vary from 0.43 g/kg in MZ1 (Fig.2b) to 4.46 g/kg at MZ0 (Fig.2a) with
meanvalue of 2.05±0.87 in MZ0 (CV= 42%), 1.68±0.85 in MZ1 (CV= 50%) and0.88±0.47 in GN0
(CV= 54%) stations. Area specific TN lost throughrunoff sedimentin each monitoringstationwas
8.4 kg/ha at MZ0, 3.1 kg/ha at MZ1 and 2.5 kg/ha at GN0 only in monitoringperiod. Significant
plantavailable nutrientswere lost in associatedwith runoff and sediment. Mean area specific plant
available NP lost was (2.3 kg N/ha, 4.0 kg P2O5/ha), (1.6 kg N/ha, 4.1 kgP2O5/ha) and(2.3 kg N/ha,
4.8 kgP2O5/ha) from MZ0, MZ1 and GN0 catchmentsrespectively. Statically, there was a clear
difference in the concentrationof sedimentnitrate(F=6.23, p=0.006) and NH4
+ (F=3.85, p=0.034)
across stationsduring the study period. There was no temporalvariation in available plantnutrient
concentrationregardlessof thestationsexceptonly for soluble phosphate(F=10.47, p≤0.000). This
available nutrientspecies compositionand magnitudevaried widely within the watershedwhich
could be causedby several factors thatneedsfurther researchand detail data to come up the with
controlvariablesfor thesedifferencesamongstations.
In this study, plant available N and P lost throughrunoff suspendedsedimentwas responsiblefor
significant economic onsite costs, and this was reflected in maize grain yield reduction during
monitoringseason. Regression equationsd betweenmaize grain yield and additional N and P2O5
application based on Tilahun Tadesse et.al (2007) data source was used as a bridge to link soil
nutrientlost with grain yield loss of maize crop. R2 (in theequationsshowsa wide variationof yield
responseto thealmostequivalentamountof fertilizer level. The show thatmeangrain yield with no
P andN fertilizers were 2691kg/haand2537kg/ha,respectively. Correspondingly,thelost netmaize
grain yield due to the loss of available N and P were (134 kg/ha, 320 kg/ha, total 453 kg/ha) from
MZ0, (93 kg/ha, 328 kg/ha, total421 kg/ha) from MZ1 and(134 kg/ha,382 kg/ha, total453 kg/ha)
from GN0 watersheds. Taking 20 quintal/ha averagemaize grain yield productivityin thestudyarea
(accordingto CSA, 2011), thelost maize yield dueto available N andP2O5 account23%, 21% and
26% productivity reductionfrom MZ0, MZ1 and GN0 watershedscorrespondingly. This effect of
soil erosionon grain yield is abovetheestimatesof (Helmecke, 2009) cereal (10%), pulse(5%) and
root (12%) crops productionloss estimatedat global scale. As a result a farm enterprisehaving a
hectareof landwith maize cultivationin thestudyareahas a profit loss of about200$/hafrom MZ0,
186$/hafrom MZ1 and227$/hafrom GN0 watershedin consequenceof plantavailable N andP lost
throughrunoff soil erosionprocessonly in oneparticularrainy season.
CHARACTERISTICS AND ESTIMATED ONSITE COSTS OF SEDIMENT LOST BY RUNOFF
FROM MIZEWA CATCHMENTS, BLUE NILE BASIN
CHARACTERISTICS AND ESTIMATED ONSITE COSTS OF SEDIMENT LOST BY RUNOFF
FROM MIZEWA CATCHMENTS, BLUE NILE BASIN
Getnet Taye 1, Enyew Adgo 1, Teklu Erkossa 2
1 Bahir Dar University, collage of Agriculture and Environmental science, P.O.Box 78,
2 International Water Management Institute, Adiss Ababa, Ethiopia, P.O.Box 5689
Getnet Taye 1, Enyew Adgo 1, Teklu Erkossa 2
1 Bahir Dar University, collage of Agriculture and Environmental science, P.O.Box 78,
2 International Water Management Institute, Adiss Ababa, Ethiopia, P.O.Box 5689
Methods
The study was conductedat Mizewa catchment; Fogera, Northwest of Ethiopia, drained by
Mizewa River a tributaryof the Rib River thatfeeds to Lake Tana; covering a total area of 2664
ha, located between latitude 11.88°–11.94°N and longitude 37.78°-37.86°E. Chromic-
Luvisols,Chromic Vertisols and Leptosols are the most common soil types with basaltic rock
formations(Birhanu et.al.,2012). Mixed crop-livestock farming system with maize, rice, finger
millet, teff, groundnutand barley are the principal crops grown in the area (Birhanu et.al.,2012).
Urea and DAP are the commonly used chemical fertilizers. Mizewa lie between1852m and
2360m, dominatedby hill to rolling undulatingplain land forms and characterizedby unimodal
rain fall (mean,1204mm) pattern,peaksaroundAugust 20th.Mean annualtemperaturerangesfrom
16.730C to19.320C.
Flow height(h), surface flow velocity (Vs) measurementand suspendedsedimentsamplingwere
conductedat thethreemonitoringstationsthreetimes a day from July8, 2011 throughOctober16,
2011 to calculate discharge (Q), suspendedsedimentconcentration(SSC), suspendedsediment
load (SSL), nutrientconcentration(NC) and nutrientloss (NL) . Fertilizer maize grain yield (GY)
response data were obtained from research results under similar agro-ecological conditions.
Surface flow velocity was measuredusing a plastic bottleand convertedto the averagevelocity
(V) using Graff methoda (1996). Record of h was convertedinto flow cross-sectional area (A)
usingan empirical relationshipb betweenh andA. The volumeof water(Q) passinga cross section
per unit of time was calculated using the area-velocity methodc (Hudson, 1993). Sample runoff
sedimentwas bulkedin to oneas decade(D) accordingto thedateof samplingstartingfrom July8,
2011 throughOctober 16, 2011 in order to have enoughsedimentfor laboratoryanalysis and to
reducecost of laboratory. A compositesub-sampleof onelitter was takenfrom bulkedsamplesfor
analysis. In the laboratory, the decade runoff sediment sample was filtered using Whatman
(0.42mm) filter paper to have SSC . The filtered water was analyzed for dissolved nitrate and
dissolved phosphate. The sedimentleft on the filter paperwas air dried and weightedto analyze
texture,OC, TN, NO-
3, NH+
4, andavailable P concentration. In laboratory,OC was assessedusing
Walkley and Black (1934), texture of sediment was determined using hydrometer method
following Sahlemedhin and Taye (2000), Jackson (1958) method was used for TN, while
Gregorich and Ellert(1993) methodwas applied for NO-
3 and NH+
4 analysis and Olsen et.al.
(1954) procedurewas applied for available P. Dissolved nitrate and dissolved Phosphatewere
determinedusingspectrophotometer(Bache andWilliams, 1971). Load of sediment(SSL), load of
dissolved NO3
-and PO4
3- load was productof Q(m3/D) and their concentrationin mg/l. Sediment
boundedloads of OC, TN, NH4
+, NO3
- andavailable P was theproductof mg/kgof each species
with SSL massin Kg/D. Seasonalloadwas thesumof 10 decadesof eachspecies.
RUSLE modelestablishedby Wischmeier andSmith (1978) was appliedto identify hotspotareas
for sedimentsources. Hysteresis loop was developingto assess the temporaleffect on sediment
and dischargeinteractionover time. Productivity changeapproach(PCA) techniqueBojo (1995)
was used to estimate on-site cost of soil erosion. Available NP lost with runoff suspended
sediment,NP fertilizers responseof maize GY andmarketprice of GY werethebasic datasources
for evaluatingthecost of nutrientloss throughrunoff soil erosion. Effect of soil loss on crop yield
andits onsitefinancial cost estimationwas calculatedtakingtheloss of available NP nutrientsand
puta value onit usingtheequivalentestimatednetmaize grain yield loss. Effect on cropyield was
simply calculatedas thenetgrain yield lost betweenpotentialgrain yield dueto lost available NP
onfittingcurve andmeangrainyield with noNP fertilizers.
Statistical comparisons were performed using SPSS 16. Analyses were performed to make
comparison with in groups of runoff sediment and nutrient loss between sites and decades.
Significance differences in sedimentload, rate of discharge, and nutrientloss betweensites was
determinedby t-test at 95% confidence limit. Pearson correlation analysis was done for effect
analysis amongsedimentparameters.
Conclusions & Recommendations
During
water
which
understand
during
study
downstream
The
OC/ha,
3
2
GN
transport,
measuring
sediment
The
characterized
great
and
the
indicated
the
though
natural
This
and
MZ
to
nutrient
considered
The
an
same
study
benefit
letting
measures,
Therefore
national
to
impact
productivity
expedite
prevent
Acknowledgements
This
Challenge
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Conclusions & Recommendations
During the monitoringperiod 18.34x106m3, 12.87x106m3 and 4.92x106m3 of
water was lost from MZ0, MZ1 and GN0 watershedsin the form of runoff
which has a potentialto irrigate a significant hectareof land, so thatonecould
understandthe valuable benefits gained by farmers if this water was used
duringdry seasonthroughwaterharvestingtechnologiesthoughit needsdetail
study for recommendations,as the off-site costs from sedimentationand other
downstreamimpactswerenotinvestigatedin this paper.
The meanSSL of 4 ton/ha,2 ton/haand 3 ton/hain associationwith ((97 kg
OC/ha, 8.4 kg TN/ha, 2.3 kg available N/ha, and4 kg P2O5/ha), (35 kg OC/ha,
3.1 kg TN/ha, 1.6 kg available N/ha, and4.1 kg P2O5/ha) and(30.4 kg OC/ha,
2.5 kg TN/ha, 2.3 kg available N/ha, and4.8 kg P2O5/ha)) from MZ0, MZ1 and
GN0 watershedsrespectively. The sediment lost did not consider bed-load
transport, which might be important in the Mizewa catchments. Hence,
measuringbedload in futureis importantin orderto obtainmorerealistic total
sedimentandnutrientloadcalculation.
The relationshipbetweendischarge and suspendedsedimentconcentrationis
characterizedby clockwise hysteresis for MZ0 and MZ1 stations, despitethe
great differences betweenthe decades,i.e. differences in terms of pre-decade
anddecade. Estimatedsedimentloss (RUSEL, 13.2 ton/ha/year)dataregarding
the loss of SSL and associated plant nutrientsduring the monitoringperiod
indicatedthattheridges of MZ1 andGN0 rivers alongwith themiddlepartof
thewatershedandlower partof MZ0 werethemostcritical sourceof sediment;
thoughit needsfurther investigationas of the complex interactionof multiple
naturalandanthropogenicfactors.
This study concludethat, a reductionin maize gain productivityof 23%, 21%
and 26% and equivalentfinancial cost of 200$/ha, 186$/ha and 227$/ha from
MZ0, MZ1 andGN0 catchmentsrespectivelywas estimated. However, in order
to obtain a better picture of erosion impacts in the area, studies on other
nutrient losses like calcium and magnesium, off-site effects need to be
considered.
The study also recommenda detail study as of runoff water harvestingalso is
an opportunityfor enhancingrural livelihoods and food security and at the
same time minimizes the risk of erosion in the Mizewa watershedsand as the
study translatesthe onsiteeffect of soil erosion into economicterms; this will
benefitthe understandingof the problemby land users and/orpolicy makers,
letting them see the need to promote and/or implement soil conservation
measures,as thatis thelanguagethattheyusually understandbest.
Therefore, the researcher recommends considering cost of soil erosion in
nationaleconomyaccountingis importantto show significance of soil erosion
to policy makers andto land users; evenif, moreeconomicandenvironmental
impact analyses at the country level are neededto help set priorities for land
productivityissues, to assess the costs and benefitsof policy decisions, and to
expedite identification of the type of investments that will be required to
preventlandresourcesdegradationandincreaseproduction.
Acknowledgements
This paper presents findings from IWMI Nile4 project of the CGIAR
ChallengeProgramonWater andFood ; Blue Nile Basin, East Africa, Ethiopia.
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northwestEthiopia.
16. Walling D.E., 1977. Limitation of theratingcurve techniquefor estimating
suspendedsediment loads, with particular reference to British rivers;
InternationalAssociation of Hydrological SciencesWallingford; 3448.
Nile
a V=0.6*Vs, b A=5.5h2+3.6h for MZ0 , A=2.9h2+0.95h+0.05 for MZ1 andA=9.95h2+7.44h for GN0, c Q=V*A
d GY =-0.29N2+58.6N+2537.3(R2=0.75) and GY= -0.55(P
2
O
5
)2+82.25P
2
O
5
+2690.7 (R2=0.88) regression equations between GY of maize to N and P
2
O
5
.
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