Wastewater quality characteristics as affected by industrial discharges, its extent for environmental pollution and implication on food security in ethiopia
This study analyzed soil samples from 30 sites in the Santa Monica Mountains to examine the impact of nitrogen deposition on soil characteristics. Nitrogen deposition is increasing in the area due to air pollution from the nearby Los Angeles basin. The study found that oxidized nitrogen (NO3-) levels in the soil increased with higher nitrogen deposition levels, indicating air pollution is contributing to increased soil nitrogen availability. Sodium levels were negatively correlated with nitrogen deposition. No other significant correlations were found between soil nutrients and nitrogen deposition. The increasing soil nitrate levels from air pollution could negatively impact native plant diversity in coastal sage scrub communities by favoring invasive species or decreasing water efficiency of natives.
The document describes a study examining changes in hydrolysable amino acids during soil development. Key points:
- Hydrolysable amino acid composition changed over time and differed between seasons, indicating changes in soil protein patterns during pedogenesis.
- Changes in amino acid composition aligned with hypotheses about soil organic matter formation being influenced by shifting sources (plants and microbes) and sinks (mineral associations).
- Early-successional bacterial communities like Actinobacteria, high in alanine and glycine, declined over time, changing amino acid pools. Acidobacteria increased and are rich in histidine peptides.
- Shifting bacterial communities and associations with soil minerals likely drove changes in hydrolysable amino acids and
This study investigated nitrogen transformations in aquaponic systems under different conditions. The main findings were:
1) Nitrate continuously accumulated in the recirculating water, termed the "Balloon Effect", because nitrate input from fish waste exceeded plant uptake.
2) Denitrification, the conversion of nitrates/nitrites to nitrogen gas, was found to be the major source of nitrogen loss. Higher dissolved oxygen and lower feeding rates decreased denitrification.
3) Isotopic analysis showed denitrification rates were higher under low dissolved oxygen conditions, as evidenced by higher nitrate δ15N values. This supported denitrification as the primary nitrogen loss pathway.
This document provides a summary of several studies on the application of biosolids to soil. It discusses how biosolids application can increase soil organic matter and crop yields while reducing disposal costs. However, it also notes risks from the complex interactions between biosolids and soil systems. Several studies highlighted found that biosolids increased carbon storage and nutrient levels in soil. Vegetated buffer strips were shown to reduce nutrient runoff. Biosolids also aided the establishment of native grasses on degraded lands. The document reviews the impacts of biosolids on metal uptake by plants and phosphorus leaching at different temperatures.
This study examined the effects of treated municipal wastewater, magnetized wastewater, and normal water on soil chemical properties under furrow irrigation. Soil samples were taken from surface and subsurface layers after the first, third, and fifth irrigations and analyzed for salinity (EC) and pH. Results showed that soil salinity did not significantly differ between treatments in surface layers but increased significantly in subsurface layers under magnetized wastewater, likely due to increased salt mobility. Soil pH was reduced by wastewater but not significantly affected by magnetization. In conclusion, magnetizing wastewater increased salt accumulation in subsurface soils compared to untreated wastewater or normal water under furrow irrigation conditions.
Rainy seasonal analysis of Physico-chemical parameters of Mukungwa River at N...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Water availability and quality are important factors that determine not only where people can live, but also the quality of life. The Mukungwa river is affected by rainy season especially at Ngaru point before discharge in Nyabarongo river, where its physico-chemical properties are seasonally changed. This may cause serious problems on all forms of life in the river. Objective of this work was to assess the impacts of rainy season on physico-chemical properties of Mukugwa River before discharging into Nyabarongo River at Ngaru. The parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TSS), phosphates, nitrates, and ammonium were monitored in three rainy seasons: April, 2012; October, 2012 and May, 2017 respectively. In this research, pH, temperature, electric conductivity were analyzed in situ using multifunction pH-meter and others parameters, were analyzed in laboratory using electrometric, volumetric, turbidity tube and colorimetric methods. The measured values for each parameter in three seasons were analyzed using MS Excel, and then compared to their international standards for surface water delivered by World Health Organization (WHO). The findings showed high variation of TSS (134mg/l, 178mg/l, and 582mg/l), turbidity (322NTU, 317NTU and 1560NTU) and ammonium (0.498mg/L, 0.536mg/L and 0.78mg/L) in three rainy seasons assessed. The quality of Mukungwa River needs prevention measures in order to control its pollution by erosion.
Three arrays of MacroRhizone pore water samplers were deployed at the abandoned Devon Great Consols mine site to investigate water-substrate interactions and potential environmental contamination. Samples were taken from three distinct tailings types - copper, tin, and arsenic tailings - deposited at different stages of the mine's history. Pore water compositions varied significantly between tailings types, with copper tailings highest in copper, aluminum, and manganese, tin tailings highest in tin but lowest in other metals, and arsenic tailings highest in arsenic, sodium, and strontium but lowest in copper. This suggests ongoing geochemical processes influence pore water compositions differently in each tailings type. SEM-EDX analysis showed
The document examines the effects of fertilized biofuel production of Miscanthus X giganteus on soil pH. Soil samples from four Miscanthus field sites in different states were collected in 2008 before planting and again in 2012 after 4 years of growth. Results showed no significant change in soil pH from 2008 to 2012 at most sites. Application of nitrogen fertilizer at rates up to 120 kg/ha also did not significantly affect soil pH. The only exception was a site in Kentucky where soil pH significantly increased from 5.11 to 5.44 after Miscanthus growth. However, more research is needed to fully understand impacts on soil pH over longer time periods and with higher fertilizer application rates.
This study analyzed soil samples from 30 sites in the Santa Monica Mountains to examine the impact of nitrogen deposition on soil characteristics. Nitrogen deposition is increasing in the area due to air pollution from the nearby Los Angeles basin. The study found that oxidized nitrogen (NO3-) levels in the soil increased with higher nitrogen deposition levels, indicating air pollution is contributing to increased soil nitrogen availability. Sodium levels were negatively correlated with nitrogen deposition. No other significant correlations were found between soil nutrients and nitrogen deposition. The increasing soil nitrate levels from air pollution could negatively impact native plant diversity in coastal sage scrub communities by favoring invasive species or decreasing water efficiency of natives.
The document describes a study examining changes in hydrolysable amino acids during soil development. Key points:
- Hydrolysable amino acid composition changed over time and differed between seasons, indicating changes in soil protein patterns during pedogenesis.
- Changes in amino acid composition aligned with hypotheses about soil organic matter formation being influenced by shifting sources (plants and microbes) and sinks (mineral associations).
- Early-successional bacterial communities like Actinobacteria, high in alanine and glycine, declined over time, changing amino acid pools. Acidobacteria increased and are rich in histidine peptides.
- Shifting bacterial communities and associations with soil minerals likely drove changes in hydrolysable amino acids and
This study investigated nitrogen transformations in aquaponic systems under different conditions. The main findings were:
1) Nitrate continuously accumulated in the recirculating water, termed the "Balloon Effect", because nitrate input from fish waste exceeded plant uptake.
2) Denitrification, the conversion of nitrates/nitrites to nitrogen gas, was found to be the major source of nitrogen loss. Higher dissolved oxygen and lower feeding rates decreased denitrification.
3) Isotopic analysis showed denitrification rates were higher under low dissolved oxygen conditions, as evidenced by higher nitrate δ15N values. This supported denitrification as the primary nitrogen loss pathway.
This document provides a summary of several studies on the application of biosolids to soil. It discusses how biosolids application can increase soil organic matter and crop yields while reducing disposal costs. However, it also notes risks from the complex interactions between biosolids and soil systems. Several studies highlighted found that biosolids increased carbon storage and nutrient levels in soil. Vegetated buffer strips were shown to reduce nutrient runoff. Biosolids also aided the establishment of native grasses on degraded lands. The document reviews the impacts of biosolids on metal uptake by plants and phosphorus leaching at different temperatures.
This study examined the effects of treated municipal wastewater, magnetized wastewater, and normal water on soil chemical properties under furrow irrigation. Soil samples were taken from surface and subsurface layers after the first, third, and fifth irrigations and analyzed for salinity (EC) and pH. Results showed that soil salinity did not significantly differ between treatments in surface layers but increased significantly in subsurface layers under magnetized wastewater, likely due to increased salt mobility. Soil pH was reduced by wastewater but not significantly affected by magnetization. In conclusion, magnetizing wastewater increased salt accumulation in subsurface soils compared to untreated wastewater or normal water under furrow irrigation conditions.
Rainy seasonal analysis of Physico-chemical parameters of Mukungwa River at N...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Water availability and quality are important factors that determine not only where people can live, but also the quality of life. The Mukungwa river is affected by rainy season especially at Ngaru point before discharge in Nyabarongo river, where its physico-chemical properties are seasonally changed. This may cause serious problems on all forms of life in the river. Objective of this work was to assess the impacts of rainy season on physico-chemical properties of Mukugwa River before discharging into Nyabarongo River at Ngaru. The parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TSS), phosphates, nitrates, and ammonium were monitored in three rainy seasons: April, 2012; October, 2012 and May, 2017 respectively. In this research, pH, temperature, electric conductivity were analyzed in situ using multifunction pH-meter and others parameters, were analyzed in laboratory using electrometric, volumetric, turbidity tube and colorimetric methods. The measured values for each parameter in three seasons were analyzed using MS Excel, and then compared to their international standards for surface water delivered by World Health Organization (WHO). The findings showed high variation of TSS (134mg/l, 178mg/l, and 582mg/l), turbidity (322NTU, 317NTU and 1560NTU) and ammonium (0.498mg/L, 0.536mg/L and 0.78mg/L) in three rainy seasons assessed. The quality of Mukungwa River needs prevention measures in order to control its pollution by erosion.
Three arrays of MacroRhizone pore water samplers were deployed at the abandoned Devon Great Consols mine site to investigate water-substrate interactions and potential environmental contamination. Samples were taken from three distinct tailings types - copper, tin, and arsenic tailings - deposited at different stages of the mine's history. Pore water compositions varied significantly between tailings types, with copper tailings highest in copper, aluminum, and manganese, tin tailings highest in tin but lowest in other metals, and arsenic tailings highest in arsenic, sodium, and strontium but lowest in copper. This suggests ongoing geochemical processes influence pore water compositions differently in each tailings type. SEM-EDX analysis showed
The document examines the effects of fertilized biofuel production of Miscanthus X giganteus on soil pH. Soil samples from four Miscanthus field sites in different states were collected in 2008 before planting and again in 2012 after 4 years of growth. Results showed no significant change in soil pH from 2008 to 2012 at most sites. Application of nitrogen fertilizer at rates up to 120 kg/ha also did not significantly affect soil pH. The only exception was a site in Kentucky where soil pH significantly increased from 5.11 to 5.44 after Miscanthus growth. However, more research is needed to fully understand impacts on soil pH over longer time periods and with higher fertilizer application rates.
Biophysical Characteristics and the Anthropogenic Activities in San Roque Riv...YogeshIJTSRD
River provides essential various ecosystem goods and services that are essential for living organisms’ survival. As such, its quality must be maintained to ensure the healthy condition of the environment as well as the safety of the community. The study aimed to assess the biophysical characteristics and the anthropogenic activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar. It employed descriptive research combined with laboratory analysis and SPSS was employed to treat and analyze the data.The study revealed that the physico chemical characteristics of the water in San Roque River in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, and turbidity were within the DENR standards. However, the water of the river was highly contaminated with total coli forms and fecal coli forms. Likewise, the salinity was beyond from the standard that made the water of the river salty. T test revealed that the characteristics of water during high and low tides showed no significant differences. On the contrary. It has shown significant difference on water parameters in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, and DO between high tide and the standards. Likewise, pH, TSS, BOD, and DO have shown significant difference on low tide with the standards. It also revealed that there were anthropogenic activities and practices of the community living along the river that directly affect the water quality and condition of the river. Moreover, this also concludes that there were no significant relationships on the characteristics of the water and the anthropogenic activities. Lastly, the San Roque River was classified as Class D river at the time of the conduct of the study. This concludes that the river needed rehabilitation so that the potential uses of the river would be maximized which would redound to better benefits of the community. Elvin L. Jarito | Gerald T. Malabarbas "Biophysical Characteristics and the Anthropogenic Activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38775.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/38775/biophysical-characteristics-and-the-anthropogenic-activities-in-san-roque-river-northern-samar/elvin-l-jarito
1. Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, with the top meter of soil storing over 1500 petagrams of carbon.
2. SOC exists in different pools that cycle carbon between the soil, vegetation, oceans and atmosphere at varying rates, from 1-2 years for the fast pool to over 1000 years for the slow pool.
3. The document discusses concepts like SOC saturation and different models for SOC stabilization in soils. It also presents two case studies, one on SOC saturation thresholds and one comparing saturation levels in soils with different mineral compositions.
The document summarizes research from a dissertation on microbial contributions to carbon and nutrient cycling across tropical landscapes. It finds that:
1) Soil carbon and nutrients decline rapidly with depth, while microbial biomass and activity also decline but metabolic activity per unit biomass remains similar or increases in deeper soils.
2) Soil organic matter chemistry differs between forest types near the surface but not with soil type, and alkyl carbon may be important for long-term tropical carbon storage.
3) Specific phosphatase enzyme activity is higher in deeper soils, suggesting microbes invest more in phosphorus acquisition under resource-limited conditions.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of biochar amendment on soil microbial communities, greenhouse gas fluxes, and crop yields. Random matrix theory-based network analysis revealed that biochar treatment resulted in a more complex and resilient microbial community network compared to the no biochar treatment. Crop yields tended to increase for the Napier biograss but not for corn. Greenhouse gas flux data and further microbial analyses are still underway. The long term goals are to improve agricultural sustainability through biochar amendment and understand the underlying microbial processes influencing greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration.
1. Di-nitrogen was produced both abiotically and in the presence of live and dead fungi, with no evidence that N2O consumption was required for N2 production.
2. Isotope pairing experiments indicated the N2 was produced abiotically by the combination of glutamine nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen.
3. Di-nitrogen was produced abiotically under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions, calling into question the assumptions that anaerobic conditions and N2O production are required for N2 formation.
Dynamics of Cd, Cu and Pb added to soil through different kinds of sewage sludgeSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2008 a. Dynamics of Cd, Cu and Pb added to soil through different kinds of sewage sludge. Waste Management (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 28: 821-832. ISSN: 0956-053X. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.020.
Jakob Magid - University of Copenhagen, Denmark - Urban organic waste: problem or resource? 100 years’ application of sewage biosolids and urban waste compost - data on heavy metals, soil biology, antibiotic resistance – potential for study of pharmaceuticals and organic contaminants
Presentation at the ESPP workshop Pharmaceuticals in sewage biosolids, Malmo, 27-10-2016
European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP)
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Sustainable management of nutrients is crucial for agriculture, food, industry, water and the environment. ESPP brings together companies and stakeholders to address the Phosphorus Challenge and its opportunities for the circular economy.
Countries:
Austria AT
Belgium BE
Bulgaria BG
Cyprus CY
Czech Republic CZ
Germany DE
Denmark DK
Estonia EE
Spain ES
Finland FI
France FR
Greece EL
Hungary HU
Ireland IE
Italy IT
Lithuania LT
Luxembourg LU
Latvia LV
Malta MT
Netherlands NL
Poland PL
Portugal PT
Romania RO
Sweden SE
Slovenia SI
Slovakia SK
United Kingdom UK
Switzerland CH
Phosphorus:
Fosfor
Fosfor
Fòsfòr
Фосфор
Fosfor
Фосфор
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosforas
Fosfors
Fuosfuors
Fosfor
Ffуsfforws
Fosfar
Fosfaras
Fosfaar
Fosforus
Φωσφορος
Ֆոսֆոր
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
ফসফরাস
فسفر
ફૉસ્ફરસનો
फास्फोरस
Fosfor
Fosfori
Foszfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Паликандур
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosfor
فوسفور
Fosfor
Fosforoa
ფოსფორი
[fūsfūr]
זרחן
Fosfru
Lìn
リン
인
ฟอสฟอรัส
Photpho
磷
Posporo
Fosfor
Pūtūtae-whetū
Fosforus
ഫോസ്ഫറസ്
பொஸ்பரசு
Fosofo
Fosforase
Posfori
Fósforo
Phusphuru
Fosforimi
Fosforo
Fosforon
Pesticium
Cadmium and lead hazards as occurring with their speciations in periurbain ag...Premier Publishers
Environment pollution hazard awareness is required for less industrialized countries which are faced with increasing periurban agriculture practice however. Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) were characterized around Abidjan city (Bingerville, Port-Bouët and Yopougon) in soil, perched ground water and vegetable crops (Hibiscus and sweet potato). Total amounts and speciations of metals were determined respectively. The sites were mainly differing with pH observed at Yopougon characterized by highest soil content of Pb (40 mg kg-1). In contrast with the low soil contents of metals, plant contaminations were observed in the root for Cd and Pb at Yopougon and Port-Bouët sites respectively with variance involving above and below ground organs as specific contamination of Hibiscus or sweet potato. Skeleton fractions as exchangeable (F1) and carbonate bound (F2) were characterizing these contaminations although additional fraction as oxide bound (F3) Cd and organic (F4) Pb were required respectively for effectiveness. The non-polluted perched groundwater pH, Eh, temperature and O2 concentration were likely concerned by these fractions availability beside that of residual fraction (F5) of Cd. Enhance isomorphic substitution of anionic Pb forms transforming F2 into F5 and the cationic substitutions between Cd and Pb were suggested for pollution management.
Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of dif...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of different treated sewage sludge in soils of the Pampas region. In: Sewage Treatment: Uses, Processes and Impact. Editors: Anna Stephens and Mark Fuller, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788. ISBN: 978-1-60692-959-9. 95-123. 394p.
Macedo et al (2015)-Irrigation Groundwater Quality for Agricultural UseJenkins Macedo
The document summarizes a study on assessing irrigation groundwater quality for agricultural use in Ekxang Village, Lao PDR. Daily field tests were conducted to measure parameters like EC, TDS, pH, and temperature of the groundwater. Laboratory analyses found that mean EC and SAR were below thresholds for crop tolerance, indicating groundwater quality was suitable for agriculture with low salinity and sodicity risks. While groundwater irrigation could help smallholders adapt to climate change, constant monitoring of quality is needed to sustainably increase crop yields and soil health.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on soil carbon dynamics. It begins with definitions of key terms like climate change and climatic extremes. It then outlines the different global carbon pools, with soils containing the third largest pool. The document discusses how climate change can impact the quantity and quality of soil organic carbon through changes in temperature, CO2, precipitation patterns, and climate extremes. It also examines potential carbon losses from soils under different climate change scenarios and considers approaches to mitigate these impacts through improved agricultural and land management practices.
Effect of global warming on soil organic CarbonP.K. Mani
Global temperatures are projected to increase 1.5-5.8°C by 2100 due to greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Soil contains over twice as much carbon as the atmosphere and warming could cause soils to release large amounts of carbon, creating a positive feedback loop. The response of soil carbon to warming depends on factors like changes in inputs from plant growth and increases in decomposition rates from higher temperatures. High latitude regions with carbon-rich permafrost soils may be particularly vulnerable to carbon release under warming. Strategies to sequester carbon in soils through practices like reduced tillage, cover cropping, and biochar addition could help mitigate climate change.
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
11.soil solution changes affected by biosolids and aluminumAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an incubation experiment that investigated the effects of biosolids and aluminum-based drinking water treatment residuals (Al-WTRs) on soil solution chemistry in Troy soils over time. Soil samples were treated with different rates of biosolids (0, 25, 50 g/kg) and WTRs (0, 20, 40, 80 g/kg) and incubated for various times. The results showed that soil solution pH and electrical conductivity increased with higher WTR application rates. Concentrations of elements like calcium, potassium, sodium, and aluminum in the soil solution changed significantly over incubation time and with biosolids and WTR application rates. The results provide insights into how biosolids and
This study evaluates the transformation dynamics of trenbolone acetate (TBA), an anabolic steroid used in beef cattle production that is a potent endocrine disruptor in aquatic life. Previous research discovered that TBA metabolites can reversibly transform between forms, depending on environmental conditions like temperature and pH. This reversible transformation has implications for the unexpected persistence and transport of TBA and suggests current occurrence data may underestimate bioactive steroid levels. The objectives of this study are to develop analytical methods to detect novel TBA photo-products, evaluate how reversible transformations impact transport risk, detect uncharacterized products in the field, and use modeling to predict impacts on agroecosystems. Key outcomes include optimized analytical methods and findings that reversible transformations
Phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. The experiments involved amending the soils with varying rates of biosolids and WTRs and analyzing the resulting P species after incubation periods of 60 days and 30 days, respectively. The results from both experiments indicated that the dominant P species formed depended on the soil type and application rates of biosolids and WTRs.
Long-term forest soil acidification, nutrient leaching and vegetation
development: Linking modelling and surveys of a primeval spruce forest
in the Ukrainian Transcarpathian Mts.
In pollution stressed environment, change in the community structure is refl ected in the diversity pattern of the component species. These changes can be quantifi ed as diversity indices, which are useful
in water quality monitoring
The study investigated the effects of different concentrations of lead (Pb) and sewage water on the growth and Pb uptake of two radish varieties. The results showed that total biomass and root diameter were generally not affected by the treatments, except at the highest Pb concentration of 400 mg/L. Pb treatments significantly reduced plant growth and yield for both varieties. Pb uptake in roots and leaves increased with increasing Pb concentration, with the highest levels found in plants treated with 400 mg/L Pb. Plants treated with sewage water showed higher biomass, root weight, and root diameter compared to the control and Pb treatments. The interaction between varieties and treatments was found to be significantly different for various measured parameters
This document discusses a study on the effect of land use change from paddy fields to vegetable fields on residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils. Soil samples were taken from vegetable fields that had been converted from paddy fields for 0 to 50 years. The mean concentrations of various OCPs were measured, with DDTs being the highest. Residues of OCPs, especially DDTs, increased over the first 15 years after conversion and then decreased from 20 to 30 years before increasing slightly after 30 years. The changes in OCP residues over time are suggested to be controlled by the alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the soils.
11.modeling the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and dry ma...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of floriculture effluent on soil quality parameters and wheat yield on Vertisols in Ethiopia. Floriculture effluent was characterized by high pH, EC, nitrogen, phosphorus and bases, and low micronutrients and heavy metals. When applied to soil in increasing volumes, the effluent did not affect soil texture but decreased field capacity, permanent wilting point and water holding capacity over time. It increased soil pH, EC, exchangeable bases and micronutrients. Organic carbon and total nitrogen initially increased at low effluent volumes but decreased at higher volumes. Wheat shoot dry weight was significantly affected by effluent volume, initially increasing but then decreasing in line
Modeling the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and dry matte...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and crop performance. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using soil sampled from farmers' fields that was split into sterilized and non-sterilized samples. Seven rates of effluent were applied as treatments. The effluent was found to have high pH, EC, nutrients but low micronutrients and heavy metals. Application of effluent reduced crop dry weight and decreased soil organic carbon and total nitrogen over time. Higher effluent volumes increased pH, EC and exchangeable bases in both soils. The non-sterilized soil showed initial benefits from low effluent volumes but effects eventually matched the steril
Biophysical Characteristics and the Anthropogenic Activities in San Roque Riv...YogeshIJTSRD
River provides essential various ecosystem goods and services that are essential for living organisms’ survival. As such, its quality must be maintained to ensure the healthy condition of the environment as well as the safety of the community. The study aimed to assess the biophysical characteristics and the anthropogenic activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar. It employed descriptive research combined with laboratory analysis and SPSS was employed to treat and analyze the data.The study revealed that the physico chemical characteristics of the water in San Roque River in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, and turbidity were within the DENR standards. However, the water of the river was highly contaminated with total coli forms and fecal coli forms. Likewise, the salinity was beyond from the standard that made the water of the river salty. T test revealed that the characteristics of water during high and low tides showed no significant differences. On the contrary. It has shown significant difference on water parameters in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, and DO between high tide and the standards. Likewise, pH, TSS, BOD, and DO have shown significant difference on low tide with the standards. It also revealed that there were anthropogenic activities and practices of the community living along the river that directly affect the water quality and condition of the river. Moreover, this also concludes that there were no significant relationships on the characteristics of the water and the anthropogenic activities. Lastly, the San Roque River was classified as Class D river at the time of the conduct of the study. This concludes that the river needed rehabilitation so that the potential uses of the river would be maximized which would redound to better benefits of the community. Elvin L. Jarito | Gerald T. Malabarbas "Biophysical Characteristics and the Anthropogenic Activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38775.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/38775/biophysical-characteristics-and-the-anthropogenic-activities-in-san-roque-river-northern-samar/elvin-l-jarito
1. Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, with the top meter of soil storing over 1500 petagrams of carbon.
2. SOC exists in different pools that cycle carbon between the soil, vegetation, oceans and atmosphere at varying rates, from 1-2 years for the fast pool to over 1000 years for the slow pool.
3. The document discusses concepts like SOC saturation and different models for SOC stabilization in soils. It also presents two case studies, one on SOC saturation thresholds and one comparing saturation levels in soils with different mineral compositions.
The document summarizes research from a dissertation on microbial contributions to carbon and nutrient cycling across tropical landscapes. It finds that:
1) Soil carbon and nutrients decline rapidly with depth, while microbial biomass and activity also decline but metabolic activity per unit biomass remains similar or increases in deeper soils.
2) Soil organic matter chemistry differs between forest types near the surface but not with soil type, and alkyl carbon may be important for long-term tropical carbon storage.
3) Specific phosphatase enzyme activity is higher in deeper soils, suggesting microbes invest more in phosphorus acquisition under resource-limited conditions.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of biochar amendment on soil microbial communities, greenhouse gas fluxes, and crop yields. Random matrix theory-based network analysis revealed that biochar treatment resulted in a more complex and resilient microbial community network compared to the no biochar treatment. Crop yields tended to increase for the Napier biograss but not for corn. Greenhouse gas flux data and further microbial analyses are still underway. The long term goals are to improve agricultural sustainability through biochar amendment and understand the underlying microbial processes influencing greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration.
1. Di-nitrogen was produced both abiotically and in the presence of live and dead fungi, with no evidence that N2O consumption was required for N2 production.
2. Isotope pairing experiments indicated the N2 was produced abiotically by the combination of glutamine nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen.
3. Di-nitrogen was produced abiotically under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions, calling into question the assumptions that anaerobic conditions and N2O production are required for N2 formation.
Dynamics of Cd, Cu and Pb added to soil through different kinds of sewage sludgeSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2008 a. Dynamics of Cd, Cu and Pb added to soil through different kinds of sewage sludge. Waste Management (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 28: 821-832. ISSN: 0956-053X. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.020.
Jakob Magid - University of Copenhagen, Denmark - Urban organic waste: problem or resource? 100 years’ application of sewage biosolids and urban waste compost - data on heavy metals, soil biology, antibiotic resistance – potential for study of pharmaceuticals and organic contaminants
Presentation at the ESPP workshop Pharmaceuticals in sewage biosolids, Malmo, 27-10-2016
European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP)
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Sustainable management of nutrients is crucial for agriculture, food, industry, water and the environment. ESPP brings together companies and stakeholders to address the Phosphorus Challenge and its opportunities for the circular economy.
Countries:
Austria AT
Belgium BE
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Phosphorus:
Fosfor
Fosfor
Fòsfòr
Фосфор
Fosfor
Фосфор
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosforas
Fosfors
Fuosfuors
Fosfor
Ffуsfforws
Fosfar
Fosfaras
Fosfaar
Fosforus
Φωσφορος
Ֆոսֆոր
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
ফসফরাস
فسفر
ફૉસ્ફરસનો
फास्फोरस
Fosfor
Fosfori
Foszfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Паликандур
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosfor
فوسفور
Fosfor
Fosforoa
ფოსფორი
[fūsfūr]
זרחן
Fosfru
Lìn
リン
인
ฟอสฟอรัส
Photpho
磷
Posporo
Fosfor
Pūtūtae-whetū
Fosforus
ഫോസ്ഫറസ്
பொஸ்பரசு
Fosofo
Fosforase
Posfori
Fósforo
Phusphuru
Fosforimi
Fosforo
Fosforon
Pesticium
Cadmium and lead hazards as occurring with their speciations in periurbain ag...Premier Publishers
Environment pollution hazard awareness is required for less industrialized countries which are faced with increasing periurban agriculture practice however. Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) were characterized around Abidjan city (Bingerville, Port-Bouët and Yopougon) in soil, perched ground water and vegetable crops (Hibiscus and sweet potato). Total amounts and speciations of metals were determined respectively. The sites were mainly differing with pH observed at Yopougon characterized by highest soil content of Pb (40 mg kg-1). In contrast with the low soil contents of metals, plant contaminations were observed in the root for Cd and Pb at Yopougon and Port-Bouët sites respectively with variance involving above and below ground organs as specific contamination of Hibiscus or sweet potato. Skeleton fractions as exchangeable (F1) and carbonate bound (F2) were characterizing these contaminations although additional fraction as oxide bound (F3) Cd and organic (F4) Pb were required respectively for effectiveness. The non-polluted perched groundwater pH, Eh, temperature and O2 concentration were likely concerned by these fractions availability beside that of residual fraction (F5) of Cd. Enhance isomorphic substitution of anionic Pb forms transforming F2 into F5 and the cationic substitutions between Cd and Pb were suggested for pollution management.
Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of dif...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of different treated sewage sludge in soils of the Pampas region. In: Sewage Treatment: Uses, Processes and Impact. Editors: Anna Stephens and Mark Fuller, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788. ISBN: 978-1-60692-959-9. 95-123. 394p.
Macedo et al (2015)-Irrigation Groundwater Quality for Agricultural UseJenkins Macedo
The document summarizes a study on assessing irrigation groundwater quality for agricultural use in Ekxang Village, Lao PDR. Daily field tests were conducted to measure parameters like EC, TDS, pH, and temperature of the groundwater. Laboratory analyses found that mean EC and SAR were below thresholds for crop tolerance, indicating groundwater quality was suitable for agriculture with low salinity and sodicity risks. While groundwater irrigation could help smallholders adapt to climate change, constant monitoring of quality is needed to sustainably increase crop yields and soil health.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on soil carbon dynamics. It begins with definitions of key terms like climate change and climatic extremes. It then outlines the different global carbon pools, with soils containing the third largest pool. The document discusses how climate change can impact the quantity and quality of soil organic carbon through changes in temperature, CO2, precipitation patterns, and climate extremes. It also examines potential carbon losses from soils under different climate change scenarios and considers approaches to mitigate these impacts through improved agricultural and land management practices.
Effect of global warming on soil organic CarbonP.K. Mani
Global temperatures are projected to increase 1.5-5.8°C by 2100 due to greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Soil contains over twice as much carbon as the atmosphere and warming could cause soils to release large amounts of carbon, creating a positive feedback loop. The response of soil carbon to warming depends on factors like changes in inputs from plant growth and increases in decomposition rates from higher temperatures. High latitude regions with carbon-rich permafrost soils may be particularly vulnerable to carbon release under warming. Strategies to sequester carbon in soils through practices like reduced tillage, cover cropping, and biochar addition could help mitigate climate change.
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
11.soil solution changes affected by biosolids and aluminumAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an incubation experiment that investigated the effects of biosolids and aluminum-based drinking water treatment residuals (Al-WTRs) on soil solution chemistry in Troy soils over time. Soil samples were treated with different rates of biosolids (0, 25, 50 g/kg) and WTRs (0, 20, 40, 80 g/kg) and incubated for various times. The results showed that soil solution pH and electrical conductivity increased with higher WTR application rates. Concentrations of elements like calcium, potassium, sodium, and aluminum in the soil solution changed significantly over incubation time and with biosolids and WTR application rates. The results provide insights into how biosolids and
This study evaluates the transformation dynamics of trenbolone acetate (TBA), an anabolic steroid used in beef cattle production that is a potent endocrine disruptor in aquatic life. Previous research discovered that TBA metabolites can reversibly transform between forms, depending on environmental conditions like temperature and pH. This reversible transformation has implications for the unexpected persistence and transport of TBA and suggests current occurrence data may underestimate bioactive steroid levels. The objectives of this study are to develop analytical methods to detect novel TBA photo-products, evaluate how reversible transformations impact transport risk, detect uncharacterized products in the field, and use modeling to predict impacts on agroecosystems. Key outcomes include optimized analytical methods and findings that reversible transformations
Phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. The experiments involved amending the soils with varying rates of biosolids and WTRs and analyzing the resulting P species after incubation periods of 60 days and 30 days, respectively. The results from both experiments indicated that the dominant P species formed depended on the soil type and application rates of biosolids and WTRs.
Long-term forest soil acidification, nutrient leaching and vegetation
development: Linking modelling and surveys of a primeval spruce forest
in the Ukrainian Transcarpathian Mts.
In pollution stressed environment, change in the community structure is refl ected in the diversity pattern of the component species. These changes can be quantifi ed as diversity indices, which are useful
in water quality monitoring
The study investigated the effects of different concentrations of lead (Pb) and sewage water on the growth and Pb uptake of two radish varieties. The results showed that total biomass and root diameter were generally not affected by the treatments, except at the highest Pb concentration of 400 mg/L. Pb treatments significantly reduced plant growth and yield for both varieties. Pb uptake in roots and leaves increased with increasing Pb concentration, with the highest levels found in plants treated with 400 mg/L Pb. Plants treated with sewage water showed higher biomass, root weight, and root diameter compared to the control and Pb treatments. The interaction between varieties and treatments was found to be significantly different for various measured parameters
This document discusses a study on the effect of land use change from paddy fields to vegetable fields on residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils. Soil samples were taken from vegetable fields that had been converted from paddy fields for 0 to 50 years. The mean concentrations of various OCPs were measured, with DDTs being the highest. Residues of OCPs, especially DDTs, increased over the first 15 years after conversion and then decreased from 20 to 30 years before increasing slightly after 30 years. The changes in OCP residues over time are suggested to be controlled by the alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the soils.
Similar to Wastewater quality characteristics as affected by industrial discharges, its extent for environmental pollution and implication on food security in ethiopia
11.modeling the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and dry ma...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of floriculture effluent on soil quality parameters and wheat yield on Vertisols in Ethiopia. Floriculture effluent was characterized by high pH, EC, nitrogen, phosphorus and bases, and low micronutrients and heavy metals. When applied to soil in increasing volumes, the effluent did not affect soil texture but decreased field capacity, permanent wilting point and water holding capacity over time. It increased soil pH, EC, exchangeable bases and micronutrients. Organic carbon and total nitrogen initially increased at low effluent volumes but decreased at higher volumes. Wheat shoot dry weight was significantly affected by effluent volume, initially increasing but then decreasing in line
Modeling the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and dry matte...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and crop performance. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using soil sampled from farmers' fields that was split into sterilized and non-sterilized samples. Seven rates of effluent were applied as treatments. The effluent was found to have high pH, EC, nutrients but low micronutrients and heavy metals. Application of effluent reduced crop dry weight and decreased soil organic carbon and total nitrogen over time. Higher effluent volumes increased pH, EC and exchangeable bases in both soils. The non-sterilized soil showed initial benefits from low effluent volumes but effects eventually matched the steril
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within acceptable limits. Some metals like chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas during the wet season and effluent discharges from industrial and municipal waste during the dry season. The river's ecological status is important to protect.
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. Results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within WHO standards. Chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. Some metals like iron, zinc, copper, lead and hydrocarbons varied significantly between seasons. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas in the wet season and effluent discharges in the dry season. The river's heavy
Effects of land use on E. coli and total coliformDouglas Anyona
Land use types have an effect on microbial contamination levels in the Mara River in East Africa. A study analyzed total coliform and E. coli counts at five sites with different land uses along the river. The urban site (Bomet Bridge) had the highest E. coli counts, while the swamp site (Kirumi Bridge) had the lowest. Overall, E. coli levels exceeded World Health Organization standards. Sections of the river near human settlements and inappropriate land uses generally had higher coliform bacteria levels, indicating potential point sources of fecal contamination. Managing land use and wastewater is important for controlling microbial contamination in the river.
Impact of long term application of agrochemicals on the agro-ecology of the l...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the impact of long-term agrochemical use on soil and water quality in the lower Anambra River Basin in Nigeria. Samples were analyzed for heavy metal content and microbial load. Results found heavy metal levels in soil and runoff water exceeded standards for agriculture and domestic use. Microbial loads in soil samples were also reduced compared to standards. Long-term application of agrochemicals like fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides introduced heavy metals into the soil and water that harmed microbial life and contaminated the environment. Countermeasures like adding organic manure were recommended to remediate soils and improve quality.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Specific physicochemical parameters influence on the plankton structure in ag...Innspub Net
The continuous discharge of effluents into Warri River, impacts on its water quality parameters as well as plankton species which requires commensurate surveillance. This study focuses on its physicochemical characteristics and their influence on plankton composition and abundance. The surface water samples and plankton collected monthly from June to November 2014 were analyzed using standard methods. The physicochemical parameters showed variations among the stations. The ANOVA results revealed that water temperature, transparency, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, pH, acidity, Dissolved Oxygen and phosphate were significantly different (P <0.05) among the studied sites. A total of 849 plankton species identified; 814 species were phytoplankton consisting of four groups (Bacillariophyta> Chlorophyta> Euglenophyta> Cyanophyta, arranged in order of dominance. While zooplankton had 35 species grouped into 5 groups; Rotifera> Copepoda> Protozoa> Cladocera> Arachnida, in order of dominance. Pearson correlation revealed a significant correlation between different Plankton species population and some parameters (p<0.05). The principal component analysis labelled acidity, organic load, mineralization, nutrient, and organic pollution as influential factors governing plankton abundance in the studied area. These factors identify with materials from industries and human activities along the river, which results in the alteration of plankton composition, particularly Melosira granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs,1861. Inferred biological indicator of the water body. Diversity indices ranged from 0.28 to 1.39; Station 2 had the highest (1.39) and Station 1 the lowest species richness, a highly polluted river.
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
This study assessed the baseline water quality and ecology of 7 streams near Geneva Marsh in Crawford County, Pennsylvania before construction of a proposed tire burning plant. Land use in the watersheds was analyzed using GIS and remote sensing. Water quality parameters like phosphorous and macroinvertebrate communities were assessed. Results showed urban land use decreased phosphorous and agricultural land use decreased sensitive macroinvertebrate taxa. The 3 streams with the highest agricultural and urban land use (Towpath, Shafer Run, and Williams Run) were identified for further monitoring after plant construction.
Surface and ground water pollution in abata ogun agricultural wetlandAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study assessing the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on surface and ground water quality in Abata Ogun agricultural wetland in Nigeria. Water sampling during rainy and dry seasons found high concentrations of nutrients, bacteria, and other pollutants indicating contamination from agricultural activities. Wells and streams on the farm had lower water quality than the control well, with measurements exceeding standards. The wetland's stream deposited sediments and contamination spread downstream. The study highlights the need for awareness and sustainable farming practices to prevent health risks from consuming contaminated water.
Trace metals concentration determination in domestic waterAlexander Decker
This document analyzes trace metal concentrations in domestic water samples from Keana mine area in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from wells, boreholes, and streams in the area and analyzed for concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, strontium, lead, thorium, and zinc using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results found high levels of arsenic exceeding WHO guidelines in all samples. Strontium levels were close to the acceptable range. Lead and zinc concentrations were low. The high arsenic levels pose a health risk and suggest closer monitoring of water sources is needed to reduce risks to local inhabitants.
11.phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. In the Egyptian experiment, different application rates of WTRs and biosolids were added to soils and incubated for 60 days. In the US experiment, soils were amended with various rates of WTRs and biosolids and incubated for 30 days. XANES spectroscopy was then used to identify the chemical forms of P present in the amended soils. The results provided information on
Abstract— This research focuses primarily on the causes, consequences and ways of mitigating the ongoing fresh water pollution problems among Akure communities. Surface water quality of River Ala, which cut across the town of Akure was assessed and three locations (3) were chosen spatially to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities capable of changing the quality of river water. Water samples were analyzed for physio-chemical parameters and it was observed that variations exists in the quality of the sampled waters and impaired to different degrees using WHO drinking water standards for the selected parameters. Leo road (Ala 3) has the highest dissolved solids, which shows that the dumping of waste to the water bodies might have caused the higher occurrence; the PH was low in Ala 3 and high in Ala 1 (Oke-Ijebu) with 6.9 and 7.4 respectively. The water is coloured, total alkalinity total hardness, iron and turbidity were found to be above the WHO standard, therefore not suitable for domestic use.
Aptitude of Ground waters for Irrigation in the South-East Coastal Region of ...inventionjournals
Development of agricultural areas pressures on the availability of water resources in the South-East coastal region of Côte d'Ivoire (from Abidjan to Aboisso) require farmers to use groundwater for irrigation food and industrial crops. The objective of this study is to assess the aptitude of groundwater for irrigation in this region by using methods that take into account the Sodium Adsorption Report (SAR) and the Permeability Index (PI). The different results show that the SAR values range from 0.03 to 9.90 with an average of 1.83 while the PIs range from 5.11 to 210.77 with an average of 91.40. The C1S1 and C2S1 classes, corresponding to the water suitable for irrigation, represent 95% of the water sampled. In general, therefore, the sampled waters quality is suitable for irrigation except the boreholes waters of Memni (No. 59) and Palmafrique (No. 64).
the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposesIJEAB
Shallow groundwater in Ikere-Ekiti was assessed for potability and irrigation employing chemical and bacterial analyses. Twenty two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometer for cations and ion chromatographic method for anions determinations (˚C), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) (µS/cm) were measured in the field using pH Testr meter. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using nutrient agar medium to obtain plate count of living bacteria. Results of the analysis revealed that all EC values were less than 1000µS/cm indicating fresh water. The pH with average values of 9.48, 7.82 and 7.44 in migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains respectively exceeded the approved standard (6.5 – 8.5) for drinking water in two samples from migmatite, one sample from granitic terrain and none from the charnockites. Sodium was the dominant cation with average concentrations (mg/L) of 95.65, 38.33 and 6.61 in migmatite, granite and charnockite respectively while K+ ions in the same order of rock units have average concentrations (mg/L) of 60.49, 32.33 and 15.77. The average concentrations (mg/L) of Ca2+ ions in groundwater located on migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains were 36.67, 24.63 and 10.98 respectively while those for Mg2+ were 9.94, 7.48 and 4.57. The order of cation abundance was Na+> K+ > Ca2+> Mg2+. In respect of the major anions, Cl- was dominant with average concentrations (mg/L) in charnockites (187.20) within approved standard of 250mg/L while the average values (mg/L) in migmatite (475.2) and granite (340.62) exceeded the standard value. Following the same sequence of rock units, HCO3- average concentrations (mg/L) were 34.6mg/L, 27.07mg/L and 25.7. Sulphate and nitrate were less dominant ions and the order of anions abundance in the groundwater was Cl- > HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-. Bacteria evaluation revealed that all sampled groundwater tested positive to bacteria with TBC values (CFU/100ml) ranging from 1.76X108 to 1.78X109 in migmatite, 5.3x105 to 8.9x108 in granite and 2.55x107 to 8.2x108 in charnockite. Gibb’s diagram revealed that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals has contributed to solute source in the groundwater of the area. Water type on migmatite was mainly NaCl while granite and charnockite had NaCl and CaCl types revealing lithologic effects. Irrigation water quality assessment employing Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percent (SSP), Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and Permeability index (PI) revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation purpose. Groundwater in the study area is low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but infected by bacteria pollutants. Differences in rock types affected the chemistry of the groundwater as reflected in their physico-chemical compositions, water facies and irrigation quality.
The multivariate statistical analysis of the environmental pollutants at lake...Alexander Decker
1. The document analyzes environmental pollutants in Lake Nyamagoma in Tanzania using multivariate statistical analysis of water samples collected from 8 sites during the wet season.
2. The results show variation in pollutant levels controlled by factors like primary productivity, redox conditions, dissolution, nitrification, denitrification, mixing, and reduction processes, as well as human activities in the area.
3. Four factors were extracted from the analysis: 1) high turbidity and primary productivity, 2) cation exchange processes, 3) variation in pollutants by depth and nutrients from the catchment, and 4) reduction processes and increased salinity.
Environmental Qualitative assessment of rivers sedimentsGJESM Publication
In this study, the concentrations of heavy metals (Ca, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni) in thesediment of Shavoor River in Khuzestan Province in Iran has been investigated. After the library studies and field studies, six samples of water
and sediment were taken from the river in order to evaluate heavy metal pollution in sediments. To determine the
geochemical phases of metals in sediment samples the 5-step method was used for chemical separation. For quantitative assessment of the severity of contamination in the sediments, the geochemical indicators such as enriched factor (EF) and the accumulation index (Igeo) were used. Also, the statistical analyses including methods such as correlation analysis cluster analysis the (CA), were conducted.The results of the experiments showed that the organic matter deposited varies
with the average of 2.49 and ranges between 1.95% and 3.43%. Samples showed concentrations of metals such as calcium, iron, manganese, copper and nickel at all the sampling points were below the global average, whereas the concentration of copper was slightly higher than the global scale. Enriched factor (EF) was calculated for the elements revealed that heavy metals are classified as non-infected. The Geo-accumulation Index showed that the studied elements were uninfected peers. Based on the results of multivariate statistical analysis it was concluded that metals such as manganese, copper, iron, nickel and zinc are mainly natural and calcium metal is likely to have an organic origin.
An investigation on role of salinity, pH and DO on heavy metals elimination t...GJESM Publication
One of the most paramount processes that play a considerable role in reducing the concentration of
heavy metals during estuarine mixing is flocculation. Not only does such a process cause a huge percentage of metals to come into the particulate phase, but also it provides ample nutrients for the aquatic life. In the present study, impact of such factors as salinity, pH and DO on flocculation of Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd and Mn throughout mixing of Chaluse River with Caspian Sea is investigated. The trend of flocculation of Pb (24.32%) < Zn (24.38%) < Cd (40.00%) < Cu (64.71%) < Ni (68.00%) < Mn (76.47%) reveals that among the studied elements Mn and lead experience minimum and maximum flocculation at diverse salinity regimes, respectively. Moreover, flocculation rate of studied metals fluctuates between 24.32 and 76.47 percent. It is interesting to note that much of metal flocculation occurs at the very lower (less than 2 ppt) salinity regimes.
Assessment of pesticide residues in sediments collected from river ravi and i...Alexander Decker
The study assessed pesticide residue levels in sediments collected from 18 sites along the River Ravi and its tributaries in Pakistan. All sediment samples were found to contain pesticide residues below national and international tolerance limits, with endosulfan being the most prevalent. Sediment samples collected downstream of the Degh fall and Hudiara drain tributaries, which receive untreated industrial and domestic waste, exhibited the highest contamination levels of DDT, DDE, endosulfan, and carbofuran.
Similar to Wastewater quality characteristics as affected by industrial discharges, its extent for environmental pollution and implication on food security in ethiopia (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
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Wastewater quality characteristics as affected by industrial discharges, its extent for environmental pollution and implication on food security in ethiopia
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
Wastewater Quality Characteristics as Affected by Industrial
Discharges, Its Extent for Environmental Pollution and
Implication on Food Security in Ethiopia:
A Case Study from at Akaki and Debre Zeit
Mesfin K.* YifruA., Girma K. FitsumY. Gebreyes G.
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR)
*ethiosoils@gmail.com
Abstract
In Ethiopia, there is a growing concern with regard to the adverse effect of industrial discharge on the
environment where soil and water qualities are the main pillar of it. The majority of the people who lived in
agriculture are highly affected by this consequence. Therefore, this study was conducted on wastewater
discharged from industries in the central part of Ethiopia with the objective of studying its quality as affected by
these industries, the extend for environmental pollution and their implication on food security efforts in Ethiopia.
For these, several wastewater samples were collected at the point of impact and every 100 m from the point of
discharges, and characterized for their chemical composition, concentration and proportion of elements in them.
The analytical results indicated that the reaction (pH) ranged from slightly alkaline (7.86- textile) to heavily
alkaline (9.27- Agro-stone) at Akaki while at Debre Zeit t varies from 7.99 (flower) to 9.23 (East Africa food
processing) and heavily saturated with basic cations except Ca2+ raising the electrical conductivity to 2.2dS m-1.
Available P, chlorides, sulfate and carbonates and bicarbonates were found to be too high to use for agricultural
purposes while micronutrients are too low to affect the wastewater quality. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) vary
from 2.01 (low) to 16.41 (medium) at Akaki while it ranges from 11.19 (medium) to 46.13 (high) at Debre Zeit
implying that the high potential of these wastewater to contaminate or pollute the soil. Accordingly, it might
significantly affect the soil physico-chemical properties as well as plant growth. Positive Relative Pollution
Potential (RPP) and positive ad more than 1 contamination/pollution index (C/P) implying that these wastewater
do have a potential to pollute the environment and significantly affecting the food security efforts in the region.
Keywords: Discharges, environmental pollution, food security, soil quality, water quality
Introduction
The life and livelihood of millions of people, more than 83 % of the total population in Ethiopia, entirely depend
on agriculture which is now severely affected by the expansion of industries through their wastewater discharges.
Following this, the natural resources base gets degraded and the severities of the problems are increasing mainly
due to lack of appropriate management of industrial wastes (Getu, 2009; Malefia, 2009; Sisay, 2007).Low
external input agricultural practices are also contributing to soil degradation, whereas damping industrial wastes
to the nearby water sources highly contributing to the pollution of water bodies thereby affecting the
environment (Mesfinet al., 2012a; Mesfin and Sheleme, 2012b; Malefia, 2009; Sisay, 2007). The central part of
the country is under high pressure in this glimpse.
Wastewatersare used by farmers for irrigation in many regions around the globe where freshwater is scarce and
agricultural land is located near cities such as Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Haroonabad, Pakistan; Dakar, Senegal;
Cochabamba, Bolivia; and Irapuato and Guanajuato, Mexico (Buechler and Devi, 2005). There is an association
between the quality of these wastewater and the soil qualities after and during irrigation. Generally, the quality of
wastewater should be measured in terms of pH, EC, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), nutrient status such as
cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg) and anions (nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, chloride), metal ions (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Al),
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Total Solids (TS) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). If the wastewaer
having a pH of different or far from 7 and EC above 1 dS m-1 (1000 uS cm-1) should be investigated further
(Patterson, 1999). According to the same author, for any agricultural purposes, the influence of any effluents
should be seen from the point current nutrient status, cation exchange capacity-nutrient storage, and sodium
adsorption ratio (SAR).
Therefore, this study was conducted on wastewater generated from industries around Akaki (3) and Debre Zeit
(4) to study its quality and dynamics as affected by the discharge and its implication on food security efforts in
the region.
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Vol.4, No.15, 2014
Materials and Methods
Site description:
Akaki is geographically located at 8033'-8057' N latitude and 38043'-38050' E longitude. The average annual
range of maximum temperature lies between 15 0C and 20 0C, whereas, low temperature lies between 10 0C and
15 0C. The average annual range of rainfall is from 800-1200 mm. The District lies between the altitudinal
ranges of 1500 and 2300 m a.s.l (Damitewet al., 2012). According to WRB (2006) and FAO (2006), Vertisols
are the most dominant soil types.
Debre Zeit is located at coordinates of 8045’52’’N to 8048’45’’N latitude and 38058’53’’E to 39001’00’’E
longitude with altitude of 1950 masl. It is characterized by a humid tropical climate and heavy precipitations
from June to August having annual mean rainfall of 801.3 mm (NMA, 2007). The mean annual maximum
temperature is about 25.5 0C and monthly values range between 23.7 0C in July and 27.7 0C in May. The mean
annual minimum temperature is 10.50C and monthly values range between 7.40C in December and 12.1 0C in
July and August. According to FAO soil classification (WRB, 2006) Vertisols are the dominant soil types of the
area. Geologically, these soils consist of alkaline basalt and trachyte belonging to the Bishoftu Formation of the
Cenozoic volcanic eruptions (Teferaet al., 1996).
Wastewater sampling and preparation
Wastewater samples were collected from three industries at Akaki (agro-stone, steel and textile) and four at
Debre Zeit (ELSE, Flower, steel and East Africa food and packaging processing) at the point of impact and
every 100 meters to the point where it was not able to access it. At each location and sampling site, the
wastewater samples were taken from three different points along the same equi-distance and bulked to make a
representative composite sample. Then, each sample collected from the impact site as well as from every 100 m
were passed through Whatman No.42 and prepared following the standard procedures for the analysis of their
chemical composition, concentrations and proportion of the elements.
Wastewater analysis and characterization
The pH, EC and Na were directly measured with the respective pH, EC and flame photometer, respectively
while available P, carbonate, chloride and sulfate by turbidity test, all micronutrients and bases were extracted
with EDTA and each element is directly read from the respective instrument (FAO, 2008). These wastewaters
were also characterized in terms of Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Relative Pollution Potential (RPP) and
contamination/pollution (C/P) index parameter respectively.
Results and Discussion
pH
The wastewater pH ranges from 7.86 - 9.27 and 7.99 - 9.23 with the mean value of 8.50 and 8.58 at Akaki and
Debre Zeit, respectively, and hence classified as moderately to highly pollutants according to Patterson (1999).
Generally, it followed the trends of decreasing its value as the distance increased at every 100 m implying that
the dilution factor with other sources contributes to the low levels of soluble salts (Table 1).
136
DF
∗ 100
Where DF = Dilution Factor
A = At impact point
B = After every 100 m
The average dilution factor for Akaki and Debre Zeit were found to be positive and stood at 0.07 and 0.02
implying that there is sufficient water sources with relatively good quality at Akaki than Debre Zeit. The dilution
factor at Akaki decreased from textile, steel and agro-stone factory with 0.09, 0.06 and 0.056 while at Debre Zeit
except flower which has a dilution factor of 0.01, all the three industries have got 0.02. East Africa (food
processing, packaging…), ELSE and Steel factories contributes to the highest level of pH for the water bodies
and their pollution capacity differs in decreasing order. Therefore, this figures are implying that agro-stone and
flower industries at Akaki and Debre Zeit contributes to the highest level of pollutants to the nearby water bodies
that can affect the capacity of the water sources to limit the dilution effect for the same. These results confirm the
previous study made by Mesfin et al., 2012a; Mesfin and Sheleme, 2012b and Malefia, 2009.
Electrical Conductivity (EC)
Similar trends were also observed for EC whereby their values range from 507-1744 μScm-1 at Akaki while at
Debre Zeit 707 to 2220 μScm-1 with the mean values of 971.86 and 1141.39 μScm-1 (Table 1) and still seems
that the problem is aggravated at the latter and both are classified as slightly to moderately pollutant (FAO,
1985). At Akaki, Textile, Agro-stone and steel, and at Debre Zeit Flower, steel, ELSE, and East Africa
3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
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Vol.4, No.15, 2014
contribute highly soluble salts in relatively decreasing order. This results is also has been confirmed by the
dilution factor presented earlier.
Available P (ppm)
Significant variations in the available P were observed among the different industries at both Akaki and Debre
Zeit with values ranging from 15 to 285 and 15 to 425 ppm, respectively (Table 1). According to FAO (1985)
these wastewaters are of poor quality and were found to be good enough to pollute the soil.
Chlorides, Sulfates and Carbonates (mgL-1)
Chloride concentration in the wastewater generated by these industries ranges from 209 to 2605.6 and 407.7 to
2481.5 mg L-1 while sulfates vary from 3200 to 12180 and 5060 to 38000 mg L-1 with average values of 1043.63
and 5848.57 for Akaki and 1131.45 and 15330.67 for Debre Zeit, respectively (Table 1). Thus, chlorides and
sulfate concentration were found to be too high for all sampling points irrespective of the type of industries while
carbonates are ranges from low to medium and bicarbonates falls in sever category by having more than 10 ppm
(FAO, 1985).
Basic Cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+and Mg2+) and SAR
Generally, these wastewaters were classified as slightly to severely pollutant in most parameters (FAO, 1985).
Accordingly, the concentrations of basic cations considerably vary from none to sever. For example, the
concentration of Na was 2.78 which is classified as none (3) to 23.72 which is sever (9) at Akaki. Unlike to
Akaki, at Debre Zeit, the concentration of Na in wastewater falls in the sever category by having values more
than 9 (Table 2). This has been also proved by the previous parameters like pH ad EC.
Besides, the SAR, which is calculated as the concentration of sodium divided by the average square root of the
concentration of Ca and Mg, values considerably varies at these two locations owing to the fact that the
industries along with the inputs and process do vary. Accordingly, the SAR value ranges from 2.01 to 16.41 at
Akaki and from 11.19 to 46.13 at Debre Zeit characterize the wastewaters (Table 2). They are classified as low
to medium for Akaki while medium to high at Debre Zeit (FAO, 1985). Therefore, using these wastewaters for
agricultural purposes is not recommended as it might cause soil salinity according to Mohammed et al., 2010;
Mesfin and Yifru, 2012b and Mesfin et al., 2012a
Micronutrients (Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+and Zn2+)
The concentrations of metals considerably vary from none to moderately pollutant (FAO, 1985). Accordingly,
the concentration of Fe (5.0), and Zn (2.0) classified as none while Mn (0.2-0.5) is slightly and Cu (0.01-0.2)
ranges from slightly to moderately pollutants for both locations (Table 2). The application of these wastewaters
might not have causing pollution according to Mohammed et al., 2010; Mesfin and Yifru, 2012b and and Mesfin
et al., 2012a
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Relative pollution potential (RPP) of these wastewaters
RPP of a pollutant is a measure of the level of chemical interaction between the point of impact, pollutant, and
every 100 m apart, the recipient. This was computed using the following scheme (Eghareveba and Odjada, 2002)
Y
139
Where Y= Relative Pollution Potential (RPP)
A= Concentration at impacted point
B= Concentration at point away from impacted point
At Akaki, RRP for all sampling points were found to be positive except for textile industry in Na, textile and
steel in Ca and negative for steel in Mg implying that these wastewaters relatively possess high pollution
potential in terms of soluble salts (Table 3). Similarly, only negative values for textile in Cu, agro-stone and steel
in Fe and for all industries in Zn explains little effect on the pollution potential in terms of these metals (Table 4).
The highest RPP were found for agro-stone at Akaki in terms of K, Ca, Mg and Na with a significant impact on
the concentration of K.
At Debre Zeit, RRP for all sampling points were negative except for flower on Na and Mg, East Africa on Na
and Ca, and ELSE on Na and Ca. It is not surprising that ELSE (metal industry) produces a positive RPP on
metals like Fe, Mn and Zn while East Africa join ELSE in Zn (Table 5 and 6).
Table 3 Lateral distribution of salts in wastewaters at impact point and a point far away from at Akaki
Salts Industry Point of impact Far away RPP
Na+ Agro-stone 3.16 2.78 0.14
Steel 3.73 3.53 0.06
Textile 19.44 23.72 -0.18
K+ Agro-stone 1.21 0.94 0.29
Steel 1.22 1.05 0.14
Textile 8.25 7.70 0.07
Ca2+ Agro-stone 0.91 0.82 0.11
Steel 1.71 1.76 -0.03
Textile 2.06 2.35 -0.12
Mg2+ Agro-stone 3.57 2.29 0.56
Steel 2.88 3.60 -0.20
Textile 1.97 1.83 0.08
Table 4 Lateral distribution of metals at impact point and a point far away from at Akaki
Metals Industry Point of impact Far away RPP
Cu2+ Agro-stone 0.08 0.07 0.19
Steel 0.11 0.06 0.75
Textile 0.15 0.17 -0.12
Fe2+ Agro-stone 0.14 0.35 -0.60
Steel 0.31 0.33 -0.08
Textile 0.23 0.10 1.30
Mn2+ Agro-stone 0.27 0.26 0.04
Steel 0.91 0.46 0.97
Textile 0.32 0.31 0.02
Zn2+ Agro-stone 0.08 0.10 -0.20
Steel 0.05 0.06 -0.25
Textile 0.03 0.04 -0.25
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Table 5 Lateral distribution of salts at impact point and a point far away from at Debre Zeit
Salts Industry Point of impact Far away RPP
Na+ ELSE 20.64 17.16 0.20
Flower 11.05 9.51 0.16
Steel 17.31 20.86 -0.17
East Africa 16.64 10.28 0.62
K+ ELSE 18.61 20.89 -0.11
Flower 52.15 54.81 -0.05
Steel 8.69 9.06 -0.04
East Africa 9.76 9.87 -0.01
Ca2+ ELSE 0.52 0.43 0.20
Flower 5.18 5.91 -0.12
Steel 0.84 0.86 -0.03
East Africa 0.43 0.37 0.15
Mg2+ ELSE 0.81 0.51 0.58
Flower 3.61 3.33 0.08
Steel 2.38 2.54 -0.06
East Africa 0.51 0.58 -0.13
Table 6 Lateral distribution of metals at impact point and a point far away from at Debre Zeit
Metals Industry Point of impact Far away RPP
Cu2+ ELSE 0.10 0.11 -0.14
Flower 0.09 0.09 -0.06
Steel 0.10 0.11 -0.14
East Africa 0.12 0.14 -0.18
Fe2+ ELSE 0.59 0.35 0.67
Flower 0.67 0.62 0.08
Steel 0.28 0.36 -0.22
East Africa 0.39 0.47 -0.16
Mn2+ ELSE 0.55 0.44 0.24
Flower 0.34 0.3 0.13
Steel 0.36 0.28 0.27
East Africa 0.60 0.98 -0.39
Zn2+ ELSE 0.09 0.06 0.46
Flower 0.05 0.10 -0.50
Steel 0.09 0.09 0.00
East Africa 0.10 0.06 0.58
Contamination/pollution index (C/P) of wastes
The contamination/pollution index (C/P) in the wastewater was calculated using the scheme formulated by
Lacatusu (2000)
140
C/P
targetted value
If C/P ˃ 1, pollution ranges
If 0.1 ˂ C/P ˂ 1, contamination ranges
If C/P ˂ 0.1, slight contamination ranges
Based on the detailed analytical results three selected parameters (Mg, Cu and Zn) were taken to see the possible
contamination or pollution index of these wastewaters from short and long term perspectives.
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Table 7 Contamination/Pollution (C/P) Index of the Metals in the wastewater sample
Site Industry Mg Cu Zn
Short term
Akaki Agro-stone 0.36 0.02 0.01
Steel 0.29 0.02 0.00
Textile 0.20 0.03 0.00
Debre Zeit ELSE 0.08 0.02 0.01
Flower 0.36 0.02 0.01
Steel 0.16 0.01 0.01
East Africa 0.05 0.02 0.01
Long term
Akaki Agro-stone 17.83 0.42 0.04
Steel 14.38 0.53 0.02
Textile 9.85 0.75 0.02
Debre Zeit ELSE 4.04 0.48 0.04
Flower 18.03 0.43 0.03
Steel 2.38 0.1 0.09
East Africa 0.51 0.12 0.10
Accordingly, the concentration of these elements should not exceed 0.2, 0.2 and 2 for short term while 10, 5 and
10 mg L-1 long term perspectives for safe use of these wastewater for agricultural purposes, respectively.
Therefore, these wastewaters can be used for short term without significantly affecting its quality as the ratio is
less than critical values for all the respective elements as they fall to meet slightly contamination stage while for
long term use, however, these ratios could split in to three and ranging from slightly contamination to pollution
ranges. Accordingly, it was found to be slightly contamination ranges, contamination ranges and pollution ranges
for Zn, Cu and Mg respectively.
Conclusion and recommendations
All these industries were found to either contaminate or pollute with different magnitudes. Overall, agro-stone
from Akaki and flower industries from Debre Zeit were found to press their influence on the soils. The analytical
results indicated that the reaction (pH) and the electrical conductivity is too high to produce negative influences
on the wastewater quality. Available P, chlorides, sulfate and carbonates and bicarbonates were found to be too
high to use for agricultural purposes. Calculations on SAR, RPP and C/P values indicating that these
wastewaters do have a potential to pollute the environment and significantly threatening the food security efforts
in the region. Therefore, it is recommended that careless disposal of industrial wastes to the nearby water bodies
or to the soil without pretreatment should be discouraged and the regulatory body should develop ways to
monitor how these industrial wastes are managed by the respective industries in order to ensure the protection of
soil and water resources from further degradation.
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