The slides discuss the basic idea about public policy, types of policies, nature of public policy, forms of policies and models/ approaches of the public policies.
The slides discuss the basic idea about public policy, types of policies, nature of public policy, forms of policies and models/ approaches of the public policies.
Good Governance : Origin, concepts and componentsNayana Renukumar
The presentation speaks about the origin of Good Governance, its major definitions, key components and strategies. The presentations also dwells upon the Good Governance scenario in India as well that in the state of Andhra Pradesh
G
et
ty
Im
ag
es
Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn to:
•Demonstrate knowledge of the key concepts in public policy formulation and adoption.
•Identify the key actors involved in public policy formulation and adoption.
•Identify the different arenas of influence and contexts in which public policy formulation and
adoption occur.
Formulating, Designing,
and Adopting Policy
5
the80472_05_c05_145-188.indd 145 11/21/12 12:48 PM
Section 5.1 What Is Policy Formulation? CHAPTER 5
Federal public policies do not just appear; they have to be created or designed and then adopted by an authoritative decision-making body. If policies are to solve per-ceived problems or emerging issues, then analysis of the most appropriate action
to address the problem must take place. As Chapter 1 discussed, policy makers can then
choose which type of policy to formulate and adopt. The choice of policy type will also
include decisions about who will benefit and who will bear the burden of the policy, based
on how groups are socially constructed. In essence, this amounts to which target popula-
tion will be affected by the policy. Groups that society perceives negatively will either be
ignored or negatively affected by the policy. Analysis involves policy makers’ choosing
among alternative courses of action. Inherent in this process is the fact that policy makers
must deal with the question of policy design—selecting the correct set of instruments that
can actually be adopted and best match the problem. Simply, for successful policy formu-
lation, a policy must be politically adoptable. Ideally, the best policy formulation solves
the identified problem. In actuality, policy formulation is a political exercise in which the
best policy is often sacrificed in favor of an adoptable policy. In sum, the policy must be
acceptable to those who adopt policy as well as to target populations. Just as a football
team needs support to help it play well, policy formulation is influenced heavily by policy
makers’ need to win support for their proposed policy from policy actors within the for-
mal institutions of government and society as a whole.
Once policy alternatives are designed, however, some kind of governmental decision must
be made regarding the direction and type of governmental action that will follow. This
seemingly simple act of making the decision to adopt a proposed course of policy action
represents a defining moment in the policy process. Only by adopting policies can a pro-
posed course of action garner legitimacy within the political and public arena. In sum, the
policy adoption stage represents the critical stage in which policy makers politically explore
alternatives in the law-making arenas, conduct debate and negotiate within the legislative
bodies, and take official actions to promote specific legislative positions over others.
5.1 What Is Policy Formulation?
Once a problem or issue is on the public age ...
Public relations in policy evaluation and implementationBolaji Okusaga
The role of Public Relations in helping to create an ambient environment for policy discussions and policy engagement continues to come under focus. This presentation discusses best practice route to attaining that objective.
Below are some terms and concepts you should be familiar with for .docxAASTHA76
Below are some terms and concepts you should be familiar with for the exam. - Be clear on the differences between Marx, Weber, and the functionalist perspective when used to explain class inequality - Make sure to understand how claimsmakers and policymakers have similar restraints when it comes to their respective roles in the social problems process - Be clear on the differences of causal stories in policymaking - Know the difference between prejudice and discrimination and the different types of discrimination - Be clear on the different types of feminism and what makes them different.
Here are some of the slides not to copy but only to understand.
Most claimsmakers hope to do more than just draw attention to a troubling situation To that end claimsmakers seek to solve social problems through policymakers, those who have the power to make policy changes Policy largely refers to laws; laws define what is and is not legitimate within a particular environment; they are key to our social norms.
Policy making
Other types of policies include the rules and practices of non-legislative entities, such as corporation, churches, professions, charities, etc Non-legislative entities have polices that have direct influence on many social problems and require the attention of claimsmakers Both of these environments are part of a policy domain, a part of the political system that focuses on a particular troubling situation
Influencing policymaking As it relates to creating and changing policies within congress, researchers have identified three social streams that are involved in that process: -Problem recognition stream: a set of claims that policymakers hear about in a troubling situation -Policy proposal stream: a set of policy proposals that policy makers hear for addressing a troubling situation -Political stream: the current political situation recognized by policymakers in which a troubling situation might be addressed -When all streams merge it is called a confluence
Social pressures/constraints on policymakers Media coverage/publicity- depending on how much publicity a troubling issue gets a policy may be easier or harder to pass Expectations from constituents- the power and social status of a social problem’s constituents also provide pressure and constraints on policymakers Conflicting demands- because lobbying can take place from different sources policymakers have to sometimes juggle the demands from each side Limited resources- the amount of physical resources needed to solve a problem affects whether a policy is created or changed.
Symbolic politics and the rhetoric of policymaking Just like claimsmakers, policymakers must explain and justify why their policies are the right decision To that end, policymakers have to create causal stories, a story that classifies a troubling situation in a familiar category to the nature of its cause Types of causal stories are characterized as accidental (the antecedents and consequences of a soci ...
Similar to models-of-public-policy-formulation (20)
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Future Of Fintech In India | Evolution Of Fintech In IndiaTheUnitedIndian
Navigating the Future of Fintech in India: Insights into how AI, blockchain, and digital payments are driving unprecedented growth in India's fintech industry, redefining financial services and accessibility.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
ys jagan mohan reddy political career, Biography.pdfVoterMood
Yeduguri Sandinti Jagan Mohan Reddy, often referred to as Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, is an Indian politician who currently serves as the Chief Minister of the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was born on December 21, 1972, in Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, to Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy (popularly known as YSR), a former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, and Y.S. Vijayamma.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
27052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Welcome to the new Mizzima Weekly !
Mizzima Media Group is pleased to announce the relaunch of Mizzima Weekly. Mizzima is dedicated to helping our readers and viewers keep up to date on the latest developments in Myanmar and related to Myanmar by offering analysis and insight into the subjects that matter. Our websites and our social media channels provide readers and viewers with up-to-the-minute and up-to-date news, which we don’t necessarily need to replicate in our Mizzima Weekly magazine. But where we see a gap is in providing more analysis, insight and in-depth coverage of Myanmar, that is of particular interest to a range of readers.
1. Models of
Public Policy Formulation
• Why public policy formulated.
• Problem identification: A set of conditions that is perceived to
jeopardize the general well being of society.
• Once policy problems is identified the objectives of the policy are
established, usually expressed in terms of ends which are desirable.
• Generally public policy is aimed at reducing problem, the objective
must be acceptable to both those administering the policy and those
affected by it.
2. Figure 1. Linear Model of the
Public Policy process
Prediction
And
prescription
Policymaker Policy Choice Implementation
Policy
outcome
Societal Centered Forces
• Classes
• Interest Groups
• Parties & Voters
State Centered Forces
• Technocrats
• Bureaucrats
• State Interests
Source: Meier 1991
3. Figure 2.
Phases of the policy process
On Agenda
Not on Agenda
Agenda Phase
Issues
Decision for
Reform
Decision
Against
reform
Decision
Phase
Successful
Implementation
Unsuccessful
Implementation
Implementation
Phase
Source: Grindle & Thomas
4. Actors
and their roles
• Technocrats
• Bureaucrats
• Interest Groups
• Politicians
• Donors
• Knowledge
• Institution
• Representation
• Power
• Influence
ACTOR ROLE
Source: Walt and Gilson, 1994
5. Public Policy Process
/Formulation
Policy
Terminology
Ist stage
problem
formation
2nd
stage
Policy Agenda
3rd
stage
Policy
formulation
4th
stage
Policy
adoption
5th
stage
Policy
implementation
6th
stage
Policy
Evaluation
Formal
Definition
Relief is
sought from a
situation that
produces a
human need,
deprivation,
or
dissatisfactio
n
Problems
among many,
that receive
the
governments
serious
attention
Development
of pertinent
and
acceptable
proposed
courses of
action for
dealing with
public
problems.
Development
of support for
a specific
proposal such
that the policy
legitimized or
authorized.
Application of
the policy by
the
government’s
bureaucratic
machinery to
the problem
Attempt by
the govt. to
determine
whether or
not the policy
has been
effective
Common
sense
Getting the
govt. to see
the problem
Getting the
govt. to begin
to act on the
problem
The govt.’s
proposed
solution to the
problem
Getting the
govt. to
accept a
particular
solution to the
problem
Applying the
govt.’s policy
to the
problem
Did the policy
work
Source: Public Policy and Politics in America by James E. Anderson etal
6. Public
Policy Formulation
– Mostly policies suffer at this stage due to
reasons:
1.Insufficient number of well trained personnel and
inadequate resources.
►In other words for the successful implementation of the
policy there should be equilibrium between the objectives
and resources.
1.Cultural dichotomy between traditional and
modern forces.
• Evaluation
7. Model of public
policy formulation and evaluation
A problems perceived
A set of policy objective established
The consequences of Alternative
Strategies are estimated
The preferred Strategy of Plan
implemented
The consequences of the implemented
Plan are investigated
EvaluationofStrategies
Formative
Summative
Evaluationofperformance
Alternative strategies to attain
The objectives are identified
8. Figure2. Refined Model
of public policy formulation and evaluation
A problems
perceived
A set of policy objective established
The consequences of Alternative
Strategies are estimated
The preferred Strategy of Plan
implemented
The consequences of the implemented
Plan are investigated
Evaluationof
Strategies
Formative
Summative
Evaluationofperformance
Alternative strategies to attain
The objectives are identified
Empirical Analysis of the nature/Extent
/Magnitude of the problems
A range of potential policy
Objective is outlined
Formative
Evaluationof
Strategies
Summative
Evaluationofperformance
9. Factor that influence
Public Policy Implementation:
• Environmental factors:
– Policy making can’t be adequately understood without
understanding environmental factors.
– These are:
• Political Culture
• Public Opinion
• Social System
• Economic system.
10. Factor that influence
Public Policy Implementation
• Political culture:
– Political culture refers to the set of political beliefs and values
that sustain any political system. And it is the political system
that determines the decision making.
– In political culture, goodness, badness, desirability and
undesirability of good action or bad action.
– Sociologist Robin Williams has described “major value
orientation” in America society such as individual freedom,
equity, progress and efficiency. These values and other such as
democracy, individualism, humanitarianism and material
achievements have significance for policy making.
11. Political Culture
– Political cultures differs from society to society due to patterns of
development, environmental conditions and historical factors.
– It is political culture within which decision making occurs.
– In democratic culture official are hold accountable
– Old adage “People have right to be heard and official have a
duty to hear.
– Such conditions contribute towards the existence of
“participatory culture”
12. Public Opinion
• Public opinion refers to the expression of public attitudes or beliefs
about current social, economic and political issues.
• The articulation of opinion depends on the type of political culture.
• The articulation of public opinion is determined by the public interest
which in most cases is not applied equally.
• While examining the impact of public opinion on policy making V.O
Key observes:
“Many, if not most, policy decisions by legislatures and by other
authorities exercising broad discretion are made under circumstances in
which extremely small proportions of the general public have any
awareness of the particular issue, much less any understanding of the
consequences of the decision.
13. Social System
• Societies are not generally homogenous, rather
consist of groups social groups with varying
degree of social, political and economic
influence.
• In pluralist society such groups can mount heavy
pressure on the political system.
• And serve as major source of demands for
policy making.
14. Economic system
• Economic activities varies from society to society. Some
society have very simple economic system but some
have very complex one such as US.
• Economic activities are major source of conflict in
modern societies.
• And those possess economic means control political
power.
• In most of the societies the policy making is the elite
activity and policies are fashioned in way that reflects
elite aspiration.
15. Micro and
Macro politics
• Micropolitics
– Refers to the attempts made by particular companies
or communities to secure favorable govt. action for
their own.
– Micropolitics involves groups or communities at
grassroots level
• Macropolitics
– It involves the community as whole and the leaders of
the govt. in the formation of public policy.
– The participants in the macropolitical arena include
president, executive departments , MP’s and
communication and media persons.
16. Actors in
decision making
• Governmental
– Executive
– Legislature
– Judiciary
• Non-governmental
– Civil Society and NGO
• International
– Countries and International Institutions such
as UN, IMF, World Bank and etc.