By S.B. Saha, K.A. Kabir, M.K. Mondal, M. Karim, P.L.C. Paul, M. Phillips, E. Humphreys, T.P. Tuong Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference 21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/

1. Rice-­‐fish
integra/on
for
high
saline
areas
of
the
coastal
zone
of
Bangladesh:
learning
from
CPWF
S
B
Saha,
K
A
Kabir,
M
K
Mondal,
M
Karim
P
L
C
Paul,
M
Phillips,
E
Humphreys,
T
P
Tuong

2. BANGLADESH
Salinity fluctuates from high in dry
season to very low in rainy season
Research site

3. 3
Satellite
image
of
the
developed
pond
complex
Tradi/onal
ghers
Tradi/onal
ghers
407-­‐870
m2
Pond
complex
(24
ponds)
Research Objective

4. 4
Drain/Intake
canal
around
every
gher
Ponds
In-­‐house
nursery
24 ponds of different sizes (407-870
m2) have been constructed with water
inlet system.
Canals (100cm wide x 50cm deep)
have been excavated surrounding the
periphery of each pond.
One nursery complex with six small
sized ponds (3 in-house and 3 outside)
was also constructed.

5. Aquaculture treatments (4 reps)
Treatments
Culture
paUerns
2012
2013
Cycle
1
Cycle
2
Cycle
3
Cycle
1
Cycle
2
Cycle
3
Farmer’s
prac/ce
Poly
Shrimp
+
different
sp
of
fish
(mul/ple
stocking
&
harves/ng)
Shrimp
+
different
sp
of
fish
(mul/ple
stocking
&
harves/ng)
Improved
prac/ce
1
Mono
Shrimp
Tilapia
Prawn
(+rice)
Shrimp
Shrimp
Tengra
(+rice)
Improved
prac/ce
2
Poly
Shrimp
Tilapia
Tilapia
Tengra
Prawn
Tengra
(+rice)
Shrimp
Tilapia
Shrimp
Tilapia
Tilapia
Tengra
(+rice)
Managed
by
farmers

6. Rice-aquaculture system
Therefore 2 water depth treatments (50 cm & 70 cm) in rice-aquaculture
system, both seasons
Saline water needs to be drained in July to allow leaching of salt by
rainfall prior to rice transplanting
Higher brackish water aquaculture production if saline water is kept
for longer
Need shallow water after transplanting rice (<20 cm)
This is very shallow for aquaculture (importance of trenches)
Better rice productivity with shallower water
Better aquaculture productivity with deeper water
Some tradeoffs for rice & aquaculture system

7. Management
Prac/ce
Farmer’s
Prac/ce
Improved
1
&
2
Liming
200
kg
ha-­‐1
200
kg
ha-­‐1
Water
filtering
Unfiltered
Filtered
Predatory
Fish
Not
eradicated
Eradicated
Disinfec/on
No
disinfecBon
Disinfected
Fer/liza/on
No
ferBlizer
FerBlizer
&
dolomite
Shrimp
seed
Not
PCR
tested
PCR
tested
Feed
No
feed
Feeding
Water
replenishment
When
needed
When
needed
Post
stocking
fer/liza/on
Very
insufficient
When
primary
producBon
is
low
Fish
seed
Some
wild
All
from
hatcheries

8. Observed
depth
of
water
of
50
cm
depth
ponds
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1
14
28
42
56
70
84
97
111
125
139
153
167
180
194
208
222
236
250
264
278
Depth
of
flat
area
(cm)
7
March
Farmer's
prac/ce
Monoculture
Polyculture
Rice
planta/on
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1
14
28
42
56
70
84
98
112
126
140
154
168
182
196
210
224
238
252
Depth
of
flat
area
(cm)
Days
of
culture
14
March
Farmer's
prac/ce
Monculture
Polyculture
Rice
planta/on
2012
2013
Cycle
1
Cycle
2
Cycle
3

9. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1
14
28
42
56
70
84
98
112
126
140
154
168
182
196
210
224
238
252
Depth
of
flat
area
(cm)
Days
of
Culture
14
March
Farmer's
prac/ce
Monculture
Polyculture
Rice
planta/on
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1
14
28
42
56
70
84
97
111
125
139
153
167
180
194
208
222
236
250
264
278
Depth
of
flat
area
(cm)
7
March
Farmer's
prac/ce
Monoculture
Polyculture
Rice
planta/on
Observed
depth
of
water
of
70
cm
depth
ponds
2012
2013
Cycle
1
Cycle
2
Cycle
3

10. Salinity
of
water
of
50
cm
depth
ponds
0
5
10
15
20
25
1
14
28
42
56
70
84
97
111
125
139
153
167
180
194
208
222
236
250
264
278
Salinity
(ppt)
7
March
Farmer's
prac/ce
Monoculture
Polyculture
2012
0
5
10
15
20
25
1
14
28
42
56
70
84
98
112
126
140
154
168
182
196
210
224
238
252
Salinity
(ppt)
Days
of
culture
14
March
Farmer's
prac/ce
Monculture
Polyculture
2013
Cycle
1
Cycle
2
Cycle
3

11. Salinity
of
water
of
70
cm
depth
ponds
0
5
10
15
20
25
1
14
28
42
56
70
84
97
111
125
139
153
167
180
194
208
222
236
250
264
278
Salinity
(ppt)
7
March
Farmer's
prac/ce
Monoculture
Polyculture
2012
2013
Cycle
1
Cycle
2
Cycle
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
1
14
28
42
56
70
84
98
112
126
140
154
168
182
196
210
224
238
252
Salinity
(ppt)
Days
of
Culture
14
March
Farmer's
prac/ce
Monculture
Polyculture

12. Findings 2012

13. Production (kg/ha) 2012
Culture
pattern
Cycle-1
(91 days)
Cycle-2
(71days)
Cycle-3
(99 days)
Total
Shrimp Tilapia Tengra Tilapia Prawn Fish *Shrimp Fish
Farmer’s
50 cm
278 days
241.82a 520.40a
Farmer’s
70 cm
262.91a
428.53b
Mono
50 cm
168.05 -­‐
-­‐
2273.10 217.97 - 386.02b 2273.09c
Mono
70 cm
233.87 -­‐
-­‐
2642.41
279.79 - 513.66c 2756.32d
Poly
50 cm
216.31 2122.18
95.67
830.30
147.24 97.98 363.55c 3146.29e
Poly
70 cm
321.04 1704.52
94.00
1411.47
161.96 157.84 483.00c 3387.83e
*Shrimp
+
prawn
*
Figures
with
different
superscript
in
the
same
column
differ
significantly

14. Cost
and
return
“50
cm”
“70
cm
“
Farmer's
prac/ce
Monoculture
Polyculture
Farmer's
prac/ce
Monoculture
Polyculture
Total
variable
cost
230
312
377
225
370
395
Total
Return
215
428
522
210
672
661
Gross
margin
-­‐15
a
85b
145d
-­‐15a
302c
266c
G
margin
(minus
LABOR
-­‐
LAND)
70
208
205
70
395
350
Profitability
of
aquaculture
(Tk
x
1000
ha-­‐1
)
2012
(includes
farmer
labour
&
land
lease
value)

15. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
BR11
BR47
BR54
Jotai
Kumri
Morichsail
Yield
(kg/ha)
Varie/es
ProducBon
of
Aman
Rice
2012

16. Yield
of
HYV
aman
rice
in
ghers
under
different
ferBlizer
management
2012
0
500
1000
1500
2000
No
F
Basal
Recom
No
F
Basal
Recom
No
F
Basal
Recom
BR11
BR47
BR54
Yield
(kg/ha)

17. Characteris/cs
of
soil
in
rice
aquaculture
system
2012
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
EC
(dS/m)
P
(µg/g)
Before
stocking
(Feb.)
Before
rice
plantaBon
(Aug,)
A^er
complete
harvest
(Dec.)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
OM
(%)
K
(me/100
g)
N
(%)
Before
stocking
(Feb.)
Before
rice
plantaBon
(Aug,)
A^er
complete
harvest
(Dec.)

18. Findings 2013

19. Production (kg/ha) 2013
Culture
pattern
Cycle-1
(70 days)
Cycle-2
(50days)
Cycle-3
(99 days)
Total
Shrimp Tilapia Shrimp Tilapia Tengra Tilapia Shrimp Fish
Farmer’s
50 cm
259 days
473.00a 673.98a
Farmer’s
70 cm
338.10b 744.48a
Mono
50 cm
388.67 -­‐
271.43
-­‐
923.00 - 617.57c 923.00b
Mono
70 cm
501.52 -­‐
309.34
-­‐
686.41 - 810.86d 686.41a
Poly
50 cm
360.17 1625.68
231.83
515.77
339.50 711.25 589.00c 3452.20c
Poly
70 cm
381.52 1624.30
255.54
652.36
323.25 1012.14
637.06c 3612.18c
Figures
with
different
superscript
in
the
same
column
differ
significantly

20. Cost
and
return
“50
cm”
“70
cm
“
Farmer's
prac/ce
Mono-­‐
culture
Polyculture
Farmer's
prac/ce
Monoculture
Polyculture
Total
variable
cost
215
254
382
215
257
377
Total
Return
225
485
545
407
385
547
Gross
margin
-­‐10a
230c
163d
76b
149d
170d
GM
(minus
LABOR
LAND)
93
315
248
59
234
255
Profitability
of
aquaculture
(Tk
x
1000
ha-­‐1
)
2013
(includes
farmer
labour
&
land
lease
value)

21. ProducBon
of
Aman
Rice
2013
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
BR47
BR54
Jotai
Yield
(kg
ha-­‐1)

22. Impact of rice on fish production
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Cat
fish
Cat
fish
+
/lapia
Produc/on
(kg
ha-­‐1)
With
rice
Without
rice

23. Production (kg/ha) 2012 vs 2013
Culture
pattern
Shrimp Fish
2012 2013 2012 2013
Farmer’s
50 cm
242 243 520 674
Farmer’s
70 cm
263 338 428 744
Mono
50 cm
386 618 2273 923
Mono
70 cm
514 811 2756 686
Poly
50 cm
492 589 3146 3452
Poly
70 cm
483 637 3369 3612

24. Key
challenges
Markets
• Scarcity
of
quality
shrimp
and
fish
seed
• Lack
of
quality
feed
in
local
market
Aquaculture
management
• Preven/on
of
escaping
cat
fish
through
dikes
• Low
stocking
of
caoish
• Aqua/c
weed
control
Community
• Poor
feeder
canal
for
gravita/onal
water
exchange
(need
community
system)
• Poaching
risk
increases
(need
to
increase
produc/vity
of
all
ghers
to
lessen
preda/on
of
individual
gher
–
share
the
preda/on
more
evenly!)

25. Other
improvements
You
can
make
your
saline
gher
dike
green
and
environment
friendly
by
adding
trees

26. Other
improvements
Vegetable
can
be
grown
on
saline
gher
dikes
during
wet
season

27. Other
improvements
Local
variety
of
grass
grows
very
well
on
saline
gher
dikes
which
can
be
used
as
fodder

28. Conclusion
q Both
produc/on
and
income
is
higher
in
improved
culture
system,
though
investment
is
higher
in
improved
system.
q Produc/on
of
both
shrimp
and
fish
is
higher
in
higher
water
depth
ponds
and
depth
showed
no
significant
impact
on
rice.
q Polyculture
system
is
more
resilient
than
monoculture
system.
q There
is
scope
of
increasing
stocking
density
of
tengra
for
increasing
produc/on.
q Short
dura/on
culture
of
shrimp
appears
less
risky.
q The
local
variety
Jatai
and
BRRI
dhan54
could
be
a
good
op/on
in
brackishwater
gher
on
aspect
of
yield
performance.
q Aquaculture
interven/on
increases
nutrients
of
soil,
which
has
a
significant
role
in
increasing
rice
produc/on.
q Addi/onal
fer/liza/on
showed
no
posi/ve
impact
on
rice
produc/on
in
rice-­‐aquaculture
system.
q Introduc/on
of
rice
has
no
adverse
impact
on
the
produc/on
of
fish.
q Integra/on
of
hor/culture
and
fodder
in
dikes
would
earn
addi/onal
income.