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Nature and Characteristics of Intelligence and Testing
This document discusses the nature and measurement of intelligence. It defines intelligence as the capacity for learning, reasoning, and problem solving. The document outlines several theories of intelligence, including Spearman's two-factor theory, Thurstone's seven abilities theory, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, and emotional intelligence. It also discusses how intelligence can be assessed through individual and group intelligence tests that measure verbal and nonverbal abilities. The document suggests intelligence involves both inherited and environmental factors and can be increased through practices like deep thinking and learning from experience.
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Nature and Characteristics of Intelligence and Testing
- 1. Nature and Characteristics ofIntelligence and Testing Reporter: Eloisa Alvaro-Rivera
- 2. Have you everconsciously considered these questions? • • Am I an intelligent person? • • How intelligent am I? • • How do we judge if someone is intelligent or not? • • How can we measure the intelligence of a person??
- 3. There are someother questions too: • What is intelligence? • Is intelligence how one deals with others? or • Is intelligence how precisely we learn a new task? or • Is it how good we are in our studies? Or • Is intelligence how well we can solve problems? or
- 4. There are someother questions too: • Is it how we accurately judge people? Or • Is intelligence all of this, or even more than all this? • Different people may understand intelligence differently. If you think intelligence is all of this or even more than all this, then you are right.
- 5. Intelligence “The capacity toacquire and apply knowledge”
- 6. Intelligence According to Feldman“intelligence is the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges”
- 7. Intelligence Definition: capacity for learning,reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activity; aptitude in grasping truths, relationships, facts, meanings, etc.
- 8. Theories / types/ explanations of intelligence: 1. Sir Francis Galton’s theory 2. James McKeen Cattell 3. Spearman’s Theory of Intelligence 4. Thorndike’s Theory: Social Intelligence 5. Thurstone’s Theory of Intelligence: Seven Primary Mental Abilities 6. R.B Cattell and J.L Horn’s Theory; Crystalline and Fluid Intelligence 7. Gardner’s multiple intelligence 8. Information processing approaches 9. Practical intelligence 10. Emotional intelligence
- 9. Theories / types/ explanations of intelligence: 1. Sir Francis Galton’s theory “hereditary genius” Concluded that traits like intelligence were inherited 1. James McKeen Cattell American psychologist who gave more importance to the mental processes. First ever to use the term “mental test” for devices used to measure intelligence. Developed tasks that were aimed to measure reaction time, word association test, keenness of vision and weight discrimination. These tests were proved to be a failure as they were not comprehensive and complex enough to measure intelligence
- 10. Theories / types/ explanations of intelligence: 3. R.B Cattell and J.L Horn’s Theory; Crystalline and Fluid Intelligence. Fluid intelligence: Intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory. E.g. solve puzzle, analogy, or remember a set of numbers etc Crystallized intelligence: The accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that are learned through experience and can be applied in problem solving situations. E.g. solution to poverty, unemployment etc
- 11. Theories / types/ explanations of intelligence: 4. Spearman’s Theory of Intelligence -g factor: the ability to reason and solve problems; general intelligence. -s factor: the ability to excel in certain areas.
- 12. Theories / types/ explanations of intelligence: 5. Thurstone’s Theory of Intelligence -There’s no evidence of general intelligence -There are 7 primary mental abilities -Intelligence needs to be measured on all 7 mental abilities
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- 14. Theories / types/ explanations of intelligence: 6. Gardner’s multiple intelligence A theory that proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence.
- 15. Gardner’s Theory of MultipleIntelligence (Catlin, n.d.)
- 16. Theories / types/ explanations of intelligence: 7. Information processing approaches. - Cognitive psychologist - Examine the processes underlying intelligent behaviors rather than focusing on the structure intelligence. - More time on initial encoding
- 17. Theories / types/ explanations of intelligence: 8. Practical intelligence “The art of common sense” individuals applying their abilities to the kinds of problems that confront them in everyday life
- 18. Sternberg’s Theory ofPractical Intelligence (Stateuniversity.com)
- 19. Theories / types/ explanations of intelligence • 10. Emotional Intelligence (EQ) capacity of individuals to recognize their own and other peoples emotions.
- 20. What is EmotionalQuotient? EQ is said to be a measure of a person’s emotional intelligence The ability to Understand the needs and feelings of oneself and other people Manage one’s own Feeling Respond to others in appropriate way EI is largely learnt, developed throughout life and conditioned by life's experience. Improved by training, coaching, experience. 20
- 21. Goleman’s Theory of EmotionalIntelligence
- 22. GETS YOU HIRED GETSYOU FIRED/PROMOTED THE PROFESSIONAL SUCCESS IQ VS EQ (Intelligent Quotient Vs Emotional Quotient ) Two different kinds of intelligence Intellectual Emotional
- 23. Is IntellIgence InherIted? Intelligenceis inherited but can also be related to the environment. Studies showed that heredity is an important factor. Eg: If a person is a singer then it is assumed that any one of his/her family member might be a good singer like LATA MANGESHKAR.
- 24. can we Increaseour IntellIgence? Increasing intelligence can also know as amplification/enhancing. Techniques to increase our intelligence are as follows: Deep thinking. Good reasoning. Learning from past experience. Practice.
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- 27. Individual intelligence testvs. Group Test Individual Intelligence Testgiven one on one and provide a picture of an individuals intellectual ability Ex. IQ test commonly used Weschler Intelligence Test for Children (WISC) and Weschler Intelligence Test for Adults Group Test can be administered to group of persons at a time Ex. Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Scale
- 28. Verbal Test vs.Performance Test • Verbal IQ Test measures the capacity to use language inorder to express yourself, comprehend stories and understand other people. • Performance Test is a score resulting from a test that assess your childs mental capacity in dealing nonverbal skills.
- 29. • Assessing intelligence Achievementtest A test designed to determine a person’s level of knowledge in a given subject area. Aptitude test A test designed to predict a person’s ability in a particular area or line of work.
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Editor's Notes
- #6 Because intelligence can take various forms therefore, defining it is challenging.
- #7 Part of intelligence is inherited and part of it is learned. Intelligence refers to the ability to adapt, to reason, to solve problems, and think in an abstract manner; it also includes learning and experiencing new things and understanding from the past experiences. > One commonly accepted view has been presented in the above slide. Intelligence or the intellectual ability of a person is based upon a constant and ongoing interaction between environmental factors and inherited potentials in order to have better understanding of how to ‘use’ and ‘apply’ the potentials in a meaningful manner.
- #9 Theories of Intelligence •Theories or viewpoints on the understanding, explanation, and measurement of intelligence. •These include psychometric approaches that are used to measure intelligence qualitatively and quantitatively.
- #10 Theories of Intelligence •Theories or viewpoints on the understanding, explanation, and measurement of intelligence. •These include psychometric approaches that are used to measure intelligence qualitatively and quantitatively.
- #11 British psychologist, Charles Spearman gave his theory in the early 1900s • His theory laid the foundations for the later theories. • He observed that people who scored high on one mental test also tend to score on the other as well. The same applies to the low scorers. • He developed a statistical technique known as “factor analysis” on the basis of which he proposed two factors that can account for the individual differences The first one he named as “g” factor or “general intelligence” and the other as “s” factor or “specific intelligence” According to Spearman, ‘g’ factor can account for the general ability that is common in all people: as observed from the mental tests. Whereas‘s’ factor can account for the specific abilities that are different in different people; and also different tests required particular abilities from people Spearman and his followers gave more importance to the ‘g’ factors and suggested that ‘g’ measured the ‘mental power’ or ‘mental energy’
- #12 British psychologist, Charles Spearman gave his theory in the early 1900s • His theory laid the foundations for the later theories. • He observed that people who scored high on one mental test also tend to score on the other as well. The same applies to the low scorers. • He developed a statistical technique known as “factor analysis” on the basis of which he proposed two factors that can account for the individual differences The first one he named as “g” factor or “general intelligence” and the other as “s” factor or “specific intelligence” According to Spearman, ‘g’ factor can account for the general ability that is common in all people: as observed from the mental tests. Whereas‘s’ factor can account for the specific abilities that are different in different people; and also different tests required particular abilities from people Spearman and his followers gave more importance to the ‘g’ factors and suggested that ‘g’ measured the ‘mental power’ or ‘mental energy’
- #15 British psychologist, Charles Spearman gave his theory in the early 1900s • His theory laid the foundations for the later theories. • He observed that people who scored high on one mental test also tend to score on the other as well. The same applies to the low scorers. • He developed a statistical technique known as “factor analysis” on the basis of which he proposed two factors that can account for the individual differences The first one he named as “g” factor or “general intelligence” and the other as “s” factor or “specific intelligence” According to Spearman, ‘g’ factor can account for the general ability that is common in all people: as observed from the mental tests. Whereas‘s’ factor can account for the specific abilities that are different in different people; and also different tests required particular abilities from people Spearman and his followers gave more importance to the ‘g’ factors and suggested that ‘g’ measured the ‘mental power’ or ‘mental energy’
- #17 British psychologist, Charles Spearman gave his theory in the early 1900s • His theory laid the foundations for the later theories. • He observed that people who scored high on one mental test also tend to score on the other as well. The same applies to the low scorers. • He developed a statistical technique known as “factor analysis” on the basis of which he proposed two factors that can account for the individual differences The first one he named as “g” factor or “general intelligence” and the other as “s” factor or “specific intelligence” According to Spearman, ‘g’ factor can account for the general ability that is common in all people: as observed from the mental tests. Whereas‘s’ factor can account for the specific abilities that are different in different people; and also different tests required particular abilities from people Spearman and his followers gave more importance to the ‘g’ factors and suggested that ‘g’ measured the ‘mental power’ or ‘mental energy’
- #18 People who are high in practicla intelligence are able to learn general norms, and principles, and apply them appropriately. Analytical intelligence: focuses on abstract but traditional types of problems measured on IQ tests. Creative intelligence: involves generation of novel ideas and products. Most traditional measures of intelligence do not relate especially well to career success. (McClelland, 1993). Career success requires PI as apposed to academic success. Developed through observations of others’ behaviours.
- #20 Emotions can be defined as overt reactions that express feelings about events. Traditional intelligence relates to academic performance, practical intelligence relates to success in life, and emotional inteeligence relates to emotional skills. Requires quantification (although its quite sense making concept)
- #30 • Man was always interested in knowing their own ability level, or in other words the intelligence, as well as that of others. • People looked for capable persons while searching for life-mates, companions, workers, architects, artists, and poets or authors. • Even in case of chefs, tailors, carpenters, or barbers, those with the fine skill and the ability to generate unique ideas were preferred. • In the olden times, observation and previous experience were the only ways to judge a person’s capability or intelligence level. The prevalent, modern, approaches to measure intelligence are based upon the contribution of Alfred Binet. The first formal measure of intelligence was developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, in 1905 in France.
- #33 Material pertinent to this illustration is found on pages 189-190.