This document discusses definitions and theories of intelligence. It defines intelligence as goal directed and adaptive behavior encompassing abilities like reasoning, problem solving, and learning. It describes several theories - Charles Spearman's theory of general intelligence "g", Louis Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities including verbal comprehension and spatial visualization, and Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory comprising analytical, creative, and practical intelligence. It also discusses Daniel Goleman's emotional intelligence model involving self awareness, self management, social awareness, and relationship management.

1. WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE
INTRODUCTION AS A TERM

2.  GROUP 25
 ALI RAZA 2018-AG-713
 ADNAN HAMID 2018-AG-754
 KAFAYAT ULLAH 2018-AG-783
 JAVED IQBAL 2018-AG-610
 M. ASIF 2018-AG-696

4. DEFINITION
 Intelligence is goal directed and adaptive
behavior. A property of the mind that
encompasses many related abilities, such as
the capacities to reason, to plan, to solve
problems, to think abstractly, to comprehend
ideas, to use language, and to learn.

5. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
 Charles Spearman - General Intelligence
 Louis L. Thurstone - Primary Mental Abilities
 Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory of
Intelligence
 Daniel Goleman-Emotional intelligence model

6. Charles Spearman - General Intelligence:
 Spearman proposed that two factors could account for individual
differences in scores on mental tests. He called the first factor
general intelligence or the general factor, represented as g.
According to Spearman, g underlies all intellectual tasks and mental
abilities. The g factor represented what all of the mental tests had in
common. Scores on all of the tests were positively correlated,
Spearman believed, because all of the tests drew on g. The second
factor Spearman identified was the specific factor, or s. The specific
factor related to whatever unique abilities a particular test required,
so it differed from test to test.

7. Louis L. Thurstone - Primary Mental
Abilities
 Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone (1887-1955) offered a differing theory of
intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability,
Thurstone's theory focused on seven different "primary mental abilities"
(Thurstone, 1938). The abilities that he described were:
 Verbal comprehension
 Reasoning
 Perceptual speed
 Numerical ability
 Word fluency
 Associative memory
 Spatial visualization

8. Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory of
Intelligence
 Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as "mental activity directed
toward purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping of, real-world environments
relevant to one’s life". Sternberg proposed what he refers to as 'successful
intelligence,' which is comprised of three different factors:
 Analytical intelligence: This component refers to problem-solving abilities.
 Creative intelligence: This aspect of intelligence involves the ability to deal with new
situations using past experiences and current skills.
 Practical intelligence: This element refers to the ability to adapt to a changing
environment.

9. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
 The Emotional Competencies (Goleman) model The model introduced by Daniel
Goleman focuses on EI as a wide array of competencies and skills that drive
leadership performance. Goleman's model outlines four main EI constructs:
 Self-awareness — the ability to read one's emotions and recognize their impact
while using gut feelings to guide decisions.
 Self-management — involves controlling one's emotions and impulses and
adapting to changing circumstances.
 Social awareness — the ability to sense, understand, and react to others'
emotions while comprehending social networks.
 Relationship management — the ability to inspire, influence, and develop others
while managing conflict.

10. Major Approaches to Intelligence
 I.Q Tests (General measures of intelligence)
 Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence (Fluid intelligence relate
to reasoning, memory. Crystallized relates to information,
skills and past experiences)
 multiple intelligence.
 Practical intelligence (intelligence in terms of non academic
and personal success).
 Emotional intelligence (understanding of emotions)

11. Gardner’s multiple intelligence
 The intelligence types were:
 Linguistic and verbal intelligence: good with words
 Logical intelligence: good with math and logic
 Spatial intelligence: good with pictures
 Body/movement intelligence: good with activities
 Musical intelligence: good with rhythm
 Interpersonal intelligence: good with communication
 Intrapersonal intelligence: good with analyzing things
 Naturalist intelligence: good with understanding natural world.

12. FORMULAE OF I.Q (William Stern )
 MA / CA X 100
Mental age divided by chronological age
multiplied by hundred.
The mean I.Q. for the general population
is 100.

13. Factors affecting intelligence
 Biological
Environmental.

14. TESTS
Aptitude Tests predict a person’s ability
in specific area. (SAT and GRE)
Achievement Test determine the specific
level of knowledge in an area. (F.SC or A-
Levels)

15. GROUP TEST
 Army Alpha Intelligence Test: During World War I
(1914-1918) the United States Army asked
educational psychologists to develop an intelligence
test for recruits. Paper pencil test.
 Army Beta: During World War I (1914-1918) the
United States Army administered intelligence tests.
The Army Beta exam, which posed nonverbal
problems, was given to non-English speakers and
illiterate recruits.

16. Intelligence depends not only on I.Q
but many factors such as motivation,
skills personal and emotional
maturity and environmental factors.