1. Intelligence

2. What is Intelligence?
• According to Sternberg and Sternberg,
intelligence is the capacity to learn from
experience, using metacognitive processes to
enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the
surrounding environment (Sternberg &
Sternberg, 2012).
• There are many different people that have
contributed to this field of study including Carroll,
Gardner, and Sternberg(Sternberg & Sternberg,
2012).
(Sternberg &
Sternberg, 2012)

3. Important Contributors
towards intelligence
• Carroll
- Three-stratum model
• Gardner
- Multiple Intelligence model
• Sternberg
- The triarchic theory of intelligence
(Sternberg &
Sternberg, 2012)

4. Carroll
• Carroll proposed a model of intelligence that
focused on three basic areas including:
-Stratum I: Narrow, specific abilities
-Stratum 2: Broad abilities
-Stratum 3: Single intelligence
This is the most widely known/accepted model of
intelligence. This model is a hierarchy of cognitive
abilities.
(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

5. Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence
• Stratum I:
-This stratum includes many skills that are more
defined and specific including skills such as spelling.
• Stratum II:
-This stratum focuses on a more broad
range of intelligence including short/long
term memory, fluid intelligence (speed and accuracy),
and crystallized intelligence (abundance of knowledge).
• Stratum III:
-This stratum is at the top of the hierarchy and is most
commonly seen as g. This strata is general intelligence.
(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

6. Gardner
• Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences
instead of just a singular intelligence. The multiple
intelligence theory proposed eight different types of
intelligence including:
-Linguistic
-Logical/Mathematical
-Musical
-Bodily-kinesthetic
-Interpersonal
-Intrapersonal
-Naturalistic
-Spatial
("Howard Gardner's Multiple," Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences)
(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

7. Linguistic Intelligence
What is linguistic intelligence?
• The ability to communicate thoughts and ideas
well, speak and write language or new languages.
Careers most associated with linguistic intelligence
include:
-Writers
-Poets
-Communications
("Theories of intelligence," )

8. Logical-
Mathematical Intelligence
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence is:
• The ability to perform and solve complex
mathematical problems. Also, the ability to
engage in logical arguments/conversations.
Careers most associated with Logical-
Mathematical Intelligence include:
-Mathematicians
-Math teachers
("Theories of intelligence," )

9. Musical Intelligence
Musical Intelligence is:
• The ability to learn how to read and write
music and play an instrument well.
Careers most associated with Musical
Intelligence include:
-Composer
-Musician
("Theories of intelligence," )

10. Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence
What is Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence?
• The ability to use the body to perform different
tasks in a fluid motion. The ability to run, jump,
and dance fluently and with rhythm.
Careers most associated with bodily-kinesthetic
intelligence include:
-Dancers
-Athletes
("Theories of intelligence," )

11. Interpersonal Intelligence
Interpersonal Intelligence is:
• The ability to connect with others on an emotional level.
The ability to assess a situation and understand and
sense how others are feeling, as well as how to handle
an emotional situation.
Careers most associated with interpersonal intelligence
include
-Teachers
-Psychiatrist/Psychologist
-Counselors
("Theories of intelligence," )

12. Intrapersonal Intelligence
What is Intrapersonal Intelligence?
• Intrapersonal intelligence is knowing yourself
inside and out. This is the ability to know your
own strengths and weaknesses.
Careers most associated with intrapersonal
intelligence include:
-Entrepreneur
("Theories of intelligence," )

13. Naturalistic Intelligence
Naturalistic intelligence is:
• The ability to work with biology and work with
and around natural settings.
Careers most associated with naturalistic
intelligence include:
-Naturalists
-Biologists
("Theories of intelligence," )

14. Spatial Intelligence
What is spatial intelligence?
• The ability to visually perceive items such as
reading a map or arranging items to make them
fit into a predetermined space.
Careers most associated with spatial intelligence
include:
-Navigator
-Artist
("Theories of intelligence," )

15. Objections to Gardner’s Intelligence
Theory
• There are some psychologists that disagree
with this theory because this view focuses on
modularity. Modularity theorists believe that
these intelligences can be located in specific
areas of the brain but such findings have not
been proved with empirical data. Scientists
also question the flexibility of an idea of
multiple intelligences because of narrow long
term memory.
(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

16. Sternberg
• Whereas Gardner focused on specific and
separate areas of intelligence, Sternberg focuses
on how all of these intelligence factors work
together. People do better when matched for a
task in their strongest area of intelligence.
Sternberg was more focused on improving overall
performance of all three factors.
• The Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence refers
to the analytic, creative, and practical aspects of
intelligence.
(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

17. Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence
• Creative abilities: The ability to
generate/invent new ideas
• Analytic abilities: The ability to analyze a
problem or situation as well as compare
• Practical abilities: The ability to apply
techniques to situations and persuade others
(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

18. Intelligence
There are many psychologists that have studied
the realm of intelligence, and the topic is ever
changing. Thanks to Carroll, Gardner, and
Sternberg there are three distinct ways to
measure intelligence including the Three-
Stratum Theory, The Multiple Intelligence
Theory, and the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.

19. Works Cited
• Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences [Web Photo]. Retrieved from
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja
&docid=NaRU7Mxg7otCoM&tbnid=0dnpt-
qtWbqKeM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/356.martin/home&
ei=oAu1UfbZJOPk0gHd6YDQAw&bvm=bv.47534661,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNFYHoIrjC
999H1dxlLaKA4M8kjuPg&ust=1370905660960885
• Sternberg, R., & Sternberg, K. (2012). Cognitive psychology. (6th ed., pp. 17-21).
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
• Theories of intelligence. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://otec.uoregon.edu/intelligence.htm