2. z Intelligence
Introduction
Defination: The ability to aquire and apply knowledge and skills.
Theories of Intelligence
1. Spearman’s two factor theory
2. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
3. Emotional Intelligence
Intelligence Testing
IQ Testing
Critique of IQ testing
3. z Intelligence
Cultural and contextual Influences
Neuroscientific perspective
Development of Intelligence
1. Early Childhood
2. Adulthood
5. z
Nature vs Nurture
The expression “nature vs. nurture” describes the question of
how much a person’s characteristics are formed by either
“nature” or “nurture.” “Nature” means innate biological factors
(namely genetics), while “nurture” can refer to upbringing or life
experience more generally.
6. z
Genetic and Environmental Influences
on Intelligence
The majority of research on these topics has confirmed that both
nature and nurture have an effect on the development of
intelligence. Throughout life, genetics and the environment
interact in significant ways in this process. However, the extent
to which each has an influence is less clear.
7. z
The Flynn Effect:-
The Flynn Effect refers to the finding that the average human IQ
has increased over time, first discovered by researcher James
Flynn in 1984
8. z
With the assumption that IQ tests accurately represent
intelligence, this result indicates an increase in human
intelligence over time.
10. Emotional intelligence:
Meaning:
Emotional Intelligence is the form of social intelligence.
Emotional intelligence is the ability of a person by which he understand
his emotions sentiment and actions as well as that of others.
11. Emotional intelligence:
Definition:
John mayer and Peeter Salovey :“Emotional Intelligence involves the
ability to monitor one’s own and others feelings of Emotions, to
discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s
thinking and action”.
Danial Goleman :“Emotional Intelligence refers to the capacity of
recognizing our own feelings and those of others for motivating ourselves
and for managing emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships”
12. Characteristics of Emotional
intelligence:
It is in born and its development takes place by experience and maturity .
it is related with one’s feeling and emotions .
it helps to understand other’s feeling and emotions .
emotional intelligence is more important than normal intelligence.
13. Components of Emotional intelligence:
Emotional intelligence has 2 components:
1.Interpersonal Emotional intelligence.
2.Intrapersonal Emotional intelligence.
14. Components of Emotional Intelligence
Cont.
INTERPERSONAL EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE:
Interpersonal intelligence refers to the ability to understand social
situations and the behavior of other people.
**Social Awareness:**
Social awareness involves understanding and recognizing the emotions of
others, as well as being aware of social dynamics and cues. It includes
empathy, perceiving non-verbal communication, and having a keen
awareness of the emotions in a group or social setting.
**Relationship Management:**
Relationship management is the ability to establish, nurture, and maintain
15. Components of Emotional Intelligence
Cont.
INTRAPERSONAL EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE:
Intrapersonal intelligence refers to the ability to understand one’s own
behavior, thoughts, and feelings.
**Self-Awareness:**
Self-awareness is the ability to recognize and understand one’s own emotions,
strengths, weaknesses, values, and motivations. It involves introspection and an
honest appraisal of oneself.
**Self-Management:**
Self-management is the skill of regulating and controlling one’s emotions,
impulses, and behaviors. It includes staying calm under pressure, adapting to
17. Cognitive Abilities
Cognitive abilities refer to the mental processes and
skills that enable individuals to acquire, process,
store, and apply information. These abilities play a
crucial role in various aspects of human functioning.
Here are some key cognitive abilities:
Memory:
Short-Term Memory: The ability to temporarily
store and manipulate information.
18. Cognitive Abilities
Long-Term Memory: The capacity to store and retrieve
information over an extended period.
Attention:
Selective Attention: Focusing on specific stimuli while
ignoring others.
Sustained Attention: Maintaining focus over an
extended period.
19. Cognitive Abilities
Problem-Solving:
The capacity to analyze and solve complex problems by
considering various factors and potential solutions.
Critical Thinking:
Evaluating information, identifying logical connections,
and making reasoned judgments.
20. Cognitive Abilities
Executive Functions:
Planning and Organization: Developing strategies and
organizing tasks.
Working Memory: Holding and manipulating
information for cognitive tasks.
Perception:
Interpreting and making sense of sensory information
from the environment.
21. Cognitive Abilities
Learning:
Acquiring new knowledge and skills through study,
experience, or instruction.
Decision Making:
Assessing alternatives and making choices based on
available information and personal values.
23. Cultural Influence on Intelligence
• Intelligence is shaped by cultural factors, including language,
education, and societal values.
• Cultural biases in IQ tests may affect assessment accuracy, as some
questions may favor specific cultural backgrounds.
24. Cultural Relativity of Intelligence:
• What is considered intelligent varies across cultures; certain
skills or knowledge highly valued in one culture may not be as
significant in another.
• Different cultures emphasize distinct cognitive abilities,
impacting the perception and measurement of intelligence.
26. Developmental
aspect:-
▶ Intelligence development
involves various factors such
as genetics, environment, and
experiences.Early cognitive
stimulation, education, and
diverse learning opportunities
contribute to fostering
intelligence in individuals.
Continuous curiosity and
adaptive problem-solvingalso
play key roles in intellectual
growth throughout life.
27. Intelligence changes
over the life span:-
▶ Intelligence tends to follow a
dynamic trajectory over the
lifespan. In childhood and
adolescence, there is often
significant cognitive
development. During
adulthood, experience and
accumulated knowledge
contribute to intellectual
maturity
. In later years, while
some cognitive functions may
decline, wisdom and expertise
can continue to evolve.
▶ Lifelong learning and engagement
in mentally stimulating activities
can help mitigate age-related
changes in intelligence.
28. Developmental
milestones and
cognitive growth
▶ Developmental milestones, like
crawling, walking, and language
acquisition in early childhood, are
crucial for cognitive growth.
Piaget's stages of cognitive
developmenthighlight shifts in
thinking from infancy to
adulthood, emphasizing how
individuals construct knowledge.
As children reach milestones,
their cognitive abilities, such as
memory, problem-solving, and
abstract thinking, progress.
▶ Later stages involve more complex
reasoning and the ability to understand
abstract concepts. Continuous cognitive
growth is influenced by both biological
maturation and environmental
experiences.
30. CONTROVERSIES ABOUT INTELLIGENCE
Definition of Intelligence:
Different perspectives on defining intelligence.
Historical Perspectives:
A brief overview of how intelligence has been understood over time.
Cultural Bias:
Controversies surrounding intelligence tests and their potential cultural biases.
31. Nature vs. Nurture:
The debate on whether intelligence is primarily influenced by genetics or environment.
Multiple Intelligences:
Howard Gardner’s theory and other models proposing multiple types of intelligence.
Emotional Intelligence:
Controversies and debates around the concept of emotional intelligence.
32. Ethical Considerations:
Ethical concerns related to intelligence testing, especially in areas like education and employment.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ):
Criticisms and debates around the use and interpretation of IQ scores.
Gender and Intelligence:
Controversies regarding gender differences in intelligence and potential biases.
33. Societal Implications:
How intelligence is perceived and its impact on societal structures and
expectations.
Remember to provide balanced information, include relevant research findings,
and encourage critical thinking among your audience.
34. INTELLIGENCE THEORIES OVERVIEW
Theories of intelligence:
1. Charles spearman
2. L. L Thurstone
3. Rymond Cattel and John horn
4. Standford Binet and WAS
5. Gardner’s theory
6. Stenberg Triachic Theory
35. 1•Charles Spearman:
Theory: General Intelligence (g factor)
Idea: A single factor (g) underlies all cognitive abilities.
2•L. L. Thurstone:
Theory: Primary Mental Abilities
Idea: Intelligence consists of seven distinct factors.
36. 3•Raymond Cattell and John Horn:
Theory: Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
Idea: Fluid (problem-solving) and Crystallized (accumulated knowledge) are two
types of intelligence.
4•Stanford Binet and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAS):
Theory: IQ Testing
Idea: Measures intelligence through standardized tests.
37. 5•Gardner’s Theory:
Theory: Multiple Intelligences
Idea: Intelligence is not unitary but consists of several distinct modalities.
6•Sternberg Triarchic Theory:
Theory: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Idea: Intelligence is composed of three aspects: analytical, creative, and
practical.
