The document discusses the rise of nationalism and nation-states in Europe between the late 18th to mid-19th century. Key events and ideas included the French Revolution promoting national symbols and centralized rule; the spread of Jacobin clubs and French invasion promoting nationalist ideals across Europe; and the Congress of Vienna establishing conservative monarchies but failing to suppress liberal nationalism and demands for national self-determination, fueling revolutions in the 1830s and 1840s that established more nation-states like Belgium and Greece. Figures like Mazzini promoted nationalist ideas that further revolutions against Austrian, Spanish and Ottoman rule to eventually unify Italy and the Balkan states.

11. THE ARISTOCRAT THE PEASANT

13. GROWTH OF URBAN MIDDLE CLASS

23. The Polish polonaise The Polish mazurka The Grimm brothers Gottfried Herder

25. THE REVOLT IN SELESIA 1845

27. THE FRANKFURT ASSEMBLY 1848

29. OTTO VON BISMARCK UNIFIED GERMANY IN 1871

31. MAZZINI VICTOR EMMANUEL II COUNT CAVOUR GARIBALDI