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National movement 1939 1947
- 1. National Movement 1939-47 •Second World War and Nationalist Response – Gandhi – Unconditional Support to the Allied Powers – Subhash Bose – Launch CDM to take advantage of the War – Nehru – Neutral to the War • Pakistan Resolution (March 1940) • August Offer (August 1940) – Dominion Status – Expansion of Viceroy’s Executive Council – Setting up of Constitutional Assembly after the war where mainly Indians would decide the Constitution – No Future Constitution to be adopted without the Consent of the Minorities
- 2. Continued… • Individual Satyagrahas(1941) – Aims • Express People’s Opinion that they were not interested in War • Another Opportunity to the Government to accept INC Demands – Strategy • Freedom of Speech against the war through Anti war Declaration • Delhi Chalo Movement – Vinobha Bhave was the First Satyagrahi and Nehru, the Second • Cripps Mission (March 1942) – Dominion Status to India – Free to Decide its relation with Commonwealth and Freedom to participate in UN – Constituent Assembly- Partly Elected by Provincial Assemblies and Partly Nominated by Princes – British to accept the Constitution under 2 Conditions • Any province not willing to Join Indian Union could have a separate Constitution and Form Separate Union • Safeguard the religious rights of the Minorities
- 3. Quit India Movement •AICC Meeting – Gowalia Tank, Bombay ( August 8, 1942) – Government Servants : Don’t Resign, but declare allegiance to Congress – Soldiers : Don’t resign, but don’t fire on Indians – Students : If Confident, leave Studies – Peasants : Do not pay rent if Zamindar is Pro- Government – Princes : Support the Masses – People of Princely States : Support the prince only if he is anti-government – Do or Die • Arrest of all Congress Leaders in early hours of August 9 • Public on Rampage • Underground Activity – Ram Manohar Lohia, Jayaprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Achyut Patwardhan, Sucheta Kriplani – Usha Sharma Started Underground radio in Bombay
- 4. Continued… • Parallel Governments –Ballia under Chittu Pandey – Tamluk ( Midnapore) – “Jatiya Sarkar”, Bidyut Bahinis organised to undertake Cyclone relief works, Education, Healthcare etc – Satara – “Prati Sarkar” under Y B Chavan and Nana Patil • Gandhi undertook 21 days fast on Feb 10, 1943 against Violence of the State • Rajagopalachari Formula – Muslim league to Endorse Congress Demand for Independence – The entire population in the Muslim Majority Provinces to decide whether to Join India or Form separate Entity – In case of partition, a joint agreement between the countries to safeguard Defence, Communication etc
- 5. Continued…  Desai- LiaqatPlan ( Draft proposal for Formation of Interim Government)  Equal number of Seats to be nominated by INC and Muslim league in the Central Legislature  20% to be reserved for the Minorities  Wavell Plan (1945) – ( Reconstitute the Governor General’s Executive Council)  Except the Governor General and Commander in Chief, all other members of Executive Council were to be Indians  Equal representation of Hindus and Muslims  Political Parties to submit the Joint list for the Members in the Executive Council through Consensus  If Consensus is not possible, separate lists to be presented by the Political Parties
- 6. Indian National Army •Formed by Mohan Singh in Malaysia • Main Points: – Subhash Bose was assisted by Rash Behari Bose – Set up Provisional Government in Rangoon and Singapore – Women’s Regiment was Called as “ Rani Jhansi Regiment” – INA battalion commanded by Shah Nawaz allowed to accompany Japanese Troops to Indo-Burma border and participate in Imphal Campaign – Failure of Imphal Campaign and surrender of INA • Post war nationalist Upsurges – INA trials • Prem Kumar Sehgal, Shah Nawaz Khan and Gurbhaksh Singh Dhillon tried at Red Fort • Defence of INA prisoners was organised by Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Kailash Nath Katju • INA Agitation : Nov 12, 1945 ( INA Day), Nov 5-11,1945 ( INA Week) • Wide Publicity of the Trials, Participation of Diverse Groups
- 7. Continued… • RIN Mutiny( Feb 18,1946) – Phase 1 : Naval ratings of HMIS Talwar staged Mutiny against • Racial Discrimination • Unhygienic Food • Abuse by Superior Officers • Arrest of B.C Dutt, a rating for writing “Quit India” on HMIS Talwar – Phase 2 : People in Bombay joined the Ratings. Hartals by Shopkeepers, Workers, Students – Phase 3 : Strikes on HMIS Hindustan and in other millitary Establishments
- 8. Cabinet Mission • 3members : Pethick Lawrence ( Secretary of State) , Cripps and A.V. Alexander • Main Points – Rejected the Demand for Separate Pakistan – Grouping of existing provincial assemblies into 3 sections • Section A : Madras, Bombay, Central Provinces, United Provinces, Bihar and Orissa(HinduMajority Provinces) • Section B : Punjab, NWFP, Sindh (Muslim Majority Provinces) • Section C : Bengal and Assam (Muslim Majority Provinces) – Constituent Assembly partly elected by Provincial Assemblies and partly nominated by Princely States – Members from Group A, B and C to frame constitution for the Provinces seperately – All the members of the group to frame constitution for the Union – A common centre to control Defence, Communication and External Affairs • Different Interpretations on Grouping Clause – Compulsory or Optional • Rejection of Cabinet Mission Plan by the Muslim League
- 9. Continued… • Atlee’s Statement(Feb 20, 1947) – Deadline of June 30, 1948 fixed for Transfer of power – Transfer of power to more than one centre if the Constituent Assembly is not representative • Mountbatten Plan (Jun 3, 1947) – Punjab and Bengal legislative assemblies to meet in two groups, Hindus and Muslims to decide for the partition – Referendum in NWFP and Sylhet district of Bengal – Princely States to either join India or Pakistan, independence ruled out – Accession of Hyderabad to Pakistan ruled out – Freedom on Aug 15, 1947