Khilafat Movement
By Zubda Ahmad
INTRODUCTION
The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement launched by the Muslims of India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing over the control of Muslim holy places to non-Muslims. BACKGROUNDTurkey sided with Germany in World War 1. As it began to lose the war, concerns were expressed in India about the future of Turkey. It was a peak period from 1919 to 1922 casting demonstrations, boycott, and other pressure by the two major communities, the Hindus and the Muslims. Being brothers, the Indian Muslims realized their religious duty to help the Muslim country. It was the extra territorial attachments based on Islam. Another factor same to the first was that the Indian Muslims considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of the Muslim world as Ummah.
Goals
1. Ottoman Khilafat should be kept intact.2. To preserved the Territorial solidarity.3. Control of holy the places should not be given to non-Muslims.
DIMENSIONS
The writings of the Muslim intellectuals provoked the sentiments for the preservation of Khilafat and retention of the Muslims control of the holy places.
The Muslims journalism played a vital role to steer the direction of the struggle.
Zamindar of Zafar Ali Khan, Comrade and Hamdard of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, and Al-Hilal of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad etc. were the prominent newspapers and magazines which performed their duties to express their resentment.
The Allies imposed humiliating terms on defeated Turkey.
Activities of khilafat movement
Deligations:
Deligations were sent to U.K and other European countries the feelings of the Muslims to get the governments.
Medical Aid:
Doctors,nurses arid medicines were dispatched to Turkey for the treatment of wounded Turkish soldiers.
Activities of khilafat movement
Treaty Of Sevres:
In 1920, treaty of sevres was signed between Allied forces.It was decided by the treaty that the Allies and Syria,Iraq and Jordan woud be separated from Turkish empire.
Processions:
Muslim volunteers presented themselves to police for arrests.All leaders were sent behind the bars but the movement could not be diminished.
Protests in India:
All India Khilafat Committee was formed at Bombay in July 1919. The first Khilafat Conference at Delhi in November 1919 was arranged in which the Congress leaders like Gandhi and Nehru participated. In this way, the major political parties joined hands to assault the injustice with the Muslim community.
These steps were announced:
No participation in victory celebrations.
Boycott of British goods.
Non Cooperation with the Government.
The second Khilafat Conference (Amritsar) was held in Dec. 1919. Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali joined the session after being released from prison. In Jan. 1920, M. A. Ansari led a delegation
The "Minto-Morley Reforms" is a term that blends together two distinct legislative efforts in British India during the early 20th century. While the Minto Reforms of 1909 and the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1919 share similar goals of political reform and representation, they emerged in different historical contexts and had varying impacts on the Indian political landscape. This comprehensive exploration will delve into the intricacies of both sets of reforms, analyzing their origins, provisions, significance, and reception.
**The Context:**
At the turn of the 20th century, India was a crucial colony within the British Empire, comprising diverse cultures, languages, and religions. The British colonial rule faced mounting challenges from Indian nationalists advocating for greater self-governance and representation. The Indian National Congress (INC), founded in 1885, became a prominent platform for articulating Indian aspirations for political reform.
Against this backdrop, Lord Minto, the Viceroy of India from 1905 to 1910, proposed a series of reforms aimed at assuaging Indian demands while maintaining British control. His efforts culminated in the Minto Reforms of 1909.
**The Minto Reforms (1909):**
The Minto Reforms, also known as the Indian Councils Act of 1909, marked a significant departure from previous policies of strict British control. The reforms introduced a limited degree of Indian participation in the legislative process, albeit within a framework that still favored British interests.
* **Expansion of Legislative Councils:** The most notable provision of the Minto Reforms was the expansion of the Imperial Legislative Council and the introduction of legislative councils in the provinces. While these councils remained predominantly advisory in nature, with limited legislative powers, they provided a platform for Indian elites to voice their concerns and influence policy decisions.
* **Separate Electorates:** Another key aspect of the Minto Reforms was the introduction of separate electorates for Muslims, a move intended to address the growing demands of Muslim representation within the Indian political landscape. This provision laid the foundation for communal politics in India, which would have far-reaching implications in the years to come.
* **Limited Franchise:** Despite the expansion of legislative councils, the franchise remained limited, with only a small percentage of the population eligible to vote. This restriction underscored the cautious approach of the British authorities towards democratization in India.
While the Minto Reforms represented a significant step towards Indian political participation, they fell short of meeting nationalist aspirations for full self-government. Nevertheless, they laid the groundwork for further reforms and set the stage for future negotiations between Indian leaders and British authorities.
**The Morley-Minto Reforms (1919):**
The Morley-Minto Reforms, named after Secretary of State fo
Khilafat Movement
By Zubda Ahmad
INTRODUCTION
The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement launched by the Muslims of India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing over the control of Muslim holy places to non-Muslims. BACKGROUNDTurkey sided with Germany in World War 1. As it began to lose the war, concerns were expressed in India about the future of Turkey. It was a peak period from 1919 to 1922 casting demonstrations, boycott, and other pressure by the two major communities, the Hindus and the Muslims. Being brothers, the Indian Muslims realized their religious duty to help the Muslim country. It was the extra territorial attachments based on Islam. Another factor same to the first was that the Indian Muslims considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of the Muslim world as Ummah.
Goals
1. Ottoman Khilafat should be kept intact.2. To preserved the Territorial solidarity.3. Control of holy the places should not be given to non-Muslims.
DIMENSIONS
The writings of the Muslim intellectuals provoked the sentiments for the preservation of Khilafat and retention of the Muslims control of the holy places.
The Muslims journalism played a vital role to steer the direction of the struggle.
Zamindar of Zafar Ali Khan, Comrade and Hamdard of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, and Al-Hilal of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad etc. were the prominent newspapers and magazines which performed their duties to express their resentment.
The Allies imposed humiliating terms on defeated Turkey.
Activities of khilafat movement
Deligations:
Deligations were sent to U.K and other European countries the feelings of the Muslims to get the governments.
Medical Aid:
Doctors,nurses arid medicines were dispatched to Turkey for the treatment of wounded Turkish soldiers.
Activities of khilafat movement
Treaty Of Sevres:
In 1920, treaty of sevres was signed between Allied forces.It was decided by the treaty that the Allies and Syria,Iraq and Jordan woud be separated from Turkish empire.
Processions:
Muslim volunteers presented themselves to police for arrests.All leaders were sent behind the bars but the movement could not be diminished.
Protests in India:
All India Khilafat Committee was formed at Bombay in July 1919. The first Khilafat Conference at Delhi in November 1919 was arranged in which the Congress leaders like Gandhi and Nehru participated. In this way, the major political parties joined hands to assault the injustice with the Muslim community.
These steps were announced:
No participation in victory celebrations.
Boycott of British goods.
Non Cooperation with the Government.
The second Khilafat Conference (Amritsar) was held in Dec. 1919. Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali joined the session after being released from prison. In Jan. 1920, M. A. Ansari led a delegation
The "Minto-Morley Reforms" is a term that blends together two distinct legislative efforts in British India during the early 20th century. While the Minto Reforms of 1909 and the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1919 share similar goals of political reform and representation, they emerged in different historical contexts and had varying impacts on the Indian political landscape. This comprehensive exploration will delve into the intricacies of both sets of reforms, analyzing their origins, provisions, significance, and reception.
**The Context:**
At the turn of the 20th century, India was a crucial colony within the British Empire, comprising diverse cultures, languages, and religions. The British colonial rule faced mounting challenges from Indian nationalists advocating for greater self-governance and representation. The Indian National Congress (INC), founded in 1885, became a prominent platform for articulating Indian aspirations for political reform.
Against this backdrop, Lord Minto, the Viceroy of India from 1905 to 1910, proposed a series of reforms aimed at assuaging Indian demands while maintaining British control. His efforts culminated in the Minto Reforms of 1909.
**The Minto Reforms (1909):**
The Minto Reforms, also known as the Indian Councils Act of 1909, marked a significant departure from previous policies of strict British control. The reforms introduced a limited degree of Indian participation in the legislative process, albeit within a framework that still favored British interests.
* **Expansion of Legislative Councils:** The most notable provision of the Minto Reforms was the expansion of the Imperial Legislative Council and the introduction of legislative councils in the provinces. While these councils remained predominantly advisory in nature, with limited legislative powers, they provided a platform for Indian elites to voice their concerns and influence policy decisions.
* **Separate Electorates:** Another key aspect of the Minto Reforms was the introduction of separate electorates for Muslims, a move intended to address the growing demands of Muslim representation within the Indian political landscape. This provision laid the foundation for communal politics in India, which would have far-reaching implications in the years to come.
* **Limited Franchise:** Despite the expansion of legislative councils, the franchise remained limited, with only a small percentage of the population eligible to vote. This restriction underscored the cautious approach of the British authorities towards democratization in India.
While the Minto Reforms represented a significant step towards Indian political participation, they fell short of meeting nationalist aspirations for full self-government. Nevertheless, they laid the groundwork for further reforms and set the stage for future negotiations between Indian leaders and British authorities.
**The Morley-Minto Reforms (1919):**
The Morley-Minto Reforms, named after Secretary of State fo
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3. BACKGROUND
By 1909, great political consciousness was seen
amongst the Indians.
Political parties , like Congress & Muslim League,
had emerged.
British were affected by these parties.
All previous British attempts failed & they realized
that in order to introduce new reforms they need to
impoverish the grievances of the Indians, they need
to cater these two well-known political parties.
4. LORD JOHN MORLEY
Born on 24th December 1838
Secretary of State for India.
Died on 23rd September 1923.
One of the chief leaders of the
reforms of 1909.
Was known as “Viscount
Morley of Blackburn”.
5. LORD MINTO
Viceroy of India, replacing
Lord Curzon in 1905.
Grandson of the former general
of Governor-general of India.
Lord Minto had two
Assassination attempts
before he became Viceroy.
6. REFORMS
Lord Morley announced that his government wanted
to introduce new reforms for India.
In it, locals were to be given more powers in the
legislative affairs.
A series of correspondences started between Lord
Minto & Lord Morley.
A committee was appointed by the government of
India to propose a scheme of reforms.
This Act of 1909 was passed by the British
Parliament & is commonly know as “Morley-Minto
Reforms”.
7. MAIN POINTS OF THE REFORMS
The number of the members of the Legislative
Council at the Center was increased from 16 to 60.
The number of the members of the Provincial
Legislatives was also increased. It was fixed as 50 in
the provinces of Bengal, Madras and Bombay, and
for the rest of the provinces it was 30.
Right of separate electorate was given to the
Muslims.
At the Center, official members were to form the
majority but in provinces non-official members
would be in majority .
8. The members of the Legislative Councils were
permitted to discuss the budgets, suggest the
amendments and even to vote on them.
The Secretary of State for India was empowered to
increase the number of the Executive Councils of
Madras and Bombay from two to four.
Two Indians were nominated to the Council of the
Secretary of State for Indian Affairs. The Governor
General was empowered to nominate one Indian
member to his Executive Council.
9. REACTION OF CONGRESS AND LEAGUE
CONGRESS’ REACTION:-
Congress was divided into two factions/groups
[moderate & extremist]. The moderate agreed with the
Reforms saying that it has saved the country from
anarchy and chaos. On the other hand, the extremist
were not in favor of these Reforms.
10. MUSLIM LEAGUE’S REACTION:-
On the contrary, the All India Muslim League
welcomed the council act of 1909. The League passed a
resolution, which offered cooperation with the
government for the success of the Reforms, in the
Delhi session on 1910.
11. CONCLUSION
In spite of all its demerits and flaws, the Reforms
contributed and offered space for political
development. The inclusion of the Indians in
Councils was a great experience for the Indians. They
became part of Legislative Councils.
In the constitutional evolution of India, the Act of
1909 was a decided step and opened the door for real
politics.
13. BACKGROUND
After joining the Muslim League in 1913 the Quaid-e-
Azam started clearing the path of Hindu Muslim
Unity. in 1915 the annual meeting of Congress and
Muslim League were held together at Bombay
because of his efforts. At last in 1916 once more the
meeting of both parties were held together
at Lucknow where a written agreement was signed
between the two parties. Which in the history of sub-
continent is called the Lucknow Pact 1916.
14. MUSLIM LEAGUE
Political party established
in 1906.
Aimed for the establishment
of a separate Muslim nation.
Fought for Muslim rights
in the Sub-Continent.
Wanted a separate identity
For Muslims.
15. QUAID-E-AZAM
Born in 25th December
1876 in Karachi.
Lawyer, Politician &
founder of Pakistan.
Leader of Muslim League.
First Governor-General
of Pakistan.
Died in 11th September
1948.
16. PACT
In 1913, a new group of Muslim leaders entered the
folds of the Muslim League with the aim of bridging
the gulf between the Muslims and the Hindus.
The Muslim League changed its major objective and
decided to join hands with the Congress in order to
put pressure on the British government.
The annual sessions of the Congress and the League
in their annual session held at Lucknow on
December 29 and December 31, 1916 respectively.
17. MAIN CLAUSES
There shall be self-government in India.
Muslims should be given one-third representation in
the central government.
There should be separate electorates for all the
communities until a community demanded for joint
electorates.
The number of the members of Central Legislative
Council should be increased to 150.
Members of Legislative Council should themselves
elect their president.
18. Half of the members of Imperial Legislative Council
should be Indians.
Indian Council must be abolished.
Out of two Under Secretaries, one should be Indian.
The Executive should be separated from the
Judiciary.
19. CONCLUSION
The agreement was very outstanding and its dreams
were fulfilled the whole political scenario of Indian
subcontinent were different. But, it was impossible
to the parties to make a united India. The Hindus
and Muslims are two different nation and they have
different culture and civilization. Therefore the
Lucknow Pact failed to make a long lasting
cooperation in India among the Muslims and
Hindus.
20. WE ARE A NATION OF WITH O UR DISTINCT CULTURE
AND CIVILIZATION, LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE,
ART & ARCHITECTURE, NAMES & NOMENCALATURE,
SENSE OF VALUES & PROPORTIONS, LEGAL LAWS &
MORAL CODES, COSTOMS & CALENDARS, HISTORY &
TRADITION, IN SHORT WE HAVE OUR OWN DISTINCT
OUTLOOK ON LIFE & OF LIFE, BY ALL CANONS OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW WE ARE A NATION!