- In 1940, the Muslim League passed the Pakistan Resolution demanding an independent Muslim state of Pakistan. This came after the failure of negotiations between the Congress and the British over granting independence to India.
- The Mountbatten Plan of 1947 provided for the partition of British India into two independent dominions - India and Pakistan. It set June 30th, 1947 as the deadline for the transfer of power and established boundary commissions to divide the provinces of Bengal and Punjab between the two new states.
- The Indian Independence Act, passed in July 1947, formally implemented the partition. It established the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan within the British Commonwealth and specified that the governments would be led by governors general until new constit
BPC play a vital role in constitution making of Pakistan. Committee was formed headed by Molvi Tamez uldin to present a complete diagram recommendations and shape of a new Constitution of Pakistan
BPC play a vital role in constitution making of Pakistan. Committee was formed headed by Molvi Tamez uldin to present a complete diagram recommendations and shape of a new Constitution of Pakistan
What are the salient features of the Objective Resolution ?
What is the worth of Objective Resolution in Pakistan’s Political and constituent history?
Attributes of the Objective Resolution
Worth of Objective Resolution
Constitutions and political crisis in pakistan (1947-2014)Tallat Satti
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1947-56)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1957-72)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1973-88)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1989-2000)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan(2001-2014)
What are the salient features of the Objective Resolution ?
What is the worth of Objective Resolution in Pakistan’s Political and constituent history?
Attributes of the Objective Resolution
Worth of Objective Resolution
Constitutions and political crisis in pakistan (1947-2014)Tallat Satti
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1947-56)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1957-72)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1973-88)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1989-2000)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan(2001-2014)
Lahore Resolution passed on 24th March, 1940 in Lahore at then Minto Park and now know as Minar-e-Pakistan.
Background of the passage of The Lahore Resolution
October 1940 Gandhi’s announcement of Satyagagrah ( Resistance)
Lahore Resolution passed on 24th march, 1940 in Lahore at then Minto Park and now know as Minar-e-Pakistan
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. Freedom & Partition
• Sept 1939, Germany attacks Poland-- WW2
• Britain declares war against Germany & declares
India’s support in war without consulting Indian
ministers
• Congress demanded promise that constituent
assembly be convened to decide political
structure of free India & immediately some
genuine govt be set up at center
• This demand was rejected by linlithgow
• Ministers resign leads to constitutional deadlock
3. August Offer
• Hitler defeated Belgium,France,Holland
• British Viceroy offered August offer
• Offered dominion status
• Set up constituent assembly after war
• No future constitution to be adopted without
minority consent
• ML happy to get veto power & felt that
partition was only solution of the deadlock
5. Cripps Mission
• March 1942 Stafford Cripps sent to India
• An Indian union with dominion status (Self
governing territory of British commonwealth)
would be set up
• After the war constituent assembly will be
convened
• Any province not willing to join union could have
separate constitution & form separate union
• Congress rejected it as it wanted full
independence & not dominion status
6. QIM
• After Cripps mission departure Gandhi asked
British to go & made plans for non violent non
cooperation movement against Japan invasion
• CWC meeting at Wardha accepted resolution for
struggle
• AICC meeting Gowalia Tank Bombay QI resolution
was passed & it demanded immediate end to
British rule in India
• Gandhi gave “Do or Die “ mantra , free India or
die in attempt
7. Rajaji’s Formula
• Formula for ML & INC cooperation
• It was tacit acceptance of ML demand for Pakistan
• Ml to endorse congress demand for independence
• Ml to cooperate with congress in forming provincial
govt at centre
• After war entire population of Muslim majority areas
to decide by plebiscite about separation
• In case of separation agreement to be made jointly for
safeguarding defence, commerce , communication
• But Jinnah rejected formula as he wanted only Muslims
of these areas to participate in plebiscite
8. Desai- Liaqat Pact
• Equal number of people to be nominated by
congress & ML in central legislature
• 20 % seats reserved for minorities
• But it was not accepted & it had consequence
that parity between ML & congress was drawn
9. Wavel’s Plan
• Churchill govt in Britain wanted to resolve
deadlock
• Possibilities were kept open for negotiations
on a new constitution once the war is over
• Gave Ml power to decide for Indian Muslims
, it used veto
10. Cabinet’s Plan
• PM Attlee sent three member team including Pethick Lawrence, Stafford
Cripps,AV Alexander to India to find out ways for peaceful transfer of
power
• After Cripps offer little was left to offer other than full independence
• Now British wanted united & friendly India & active partner in defence of
Commonwealth
• It gave it’s plan
• Rejected demand of Pakistan
• Country can’t be divided on communal lines as Sikh will demand
separation in Punjab too
• It will create administrative problems to govern such divided nation
• It suggested grouping of the existing provincial assemblies into three
sections A,B,C
• Meanwhile an interim govt to be formed from constituent assembly
11. Attlee’s Statement 20 Feb 1947
• British PM Attlee kept June 30,1948 as
deadline to transfer power
• Mountbatten would replace Wavell
12. Mountbatten Plan June3,1947
• Immediate transfer of power on basis of grant of dominion
status(with right of secession)
• Divide India but retain maximum unity by making Pakistan
as small as possible
• Boundary commission was to be set up for partition
• Independence of princely states ruled out
• Accession of Hyderabad to Pak ruled out as Mountbatten
supported congress on this
• Sindh will make it’s own decision
• Punjab & Bengal assemblies to meet in Hindu & Muslim
members separately & decide about partition
• Referendum in NWFP & Syllhet distt of Bengal
13. Indian Independence Act
• July 18,1947 British Parliament ratified Mountbatten
plan as the “Independence of India Act 1947” & was
implemented from 15th Aug 1947
• Act provided for the creation of two independent
dominions of India & Pakistan each dominion to have
GG
• Constituent assembly of each dominion to serve as
legislature of that dominion till the new constitution
comes into force govt of India act 1935 to be in
operation
• MA Jinnah became GG of Pakistan & India requested
Mountbatten to continue it’s GG