This document provides an overview of early Muslim contact and influence in South Asia, beginning with Arab traders in the 1st century AD. It discusses several expeditions and battles between Muslims and local Hindu rulers over subsequent centuries. Key Muslim figures who promoted Islam in the region include Sufis and scholars like Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi, Shah Waliullah, and Haji Shariatullah. The document also defines the Pakistan ideology, which is based on the Two-Nation Theory that Hindus and Muslims are distinct nations based on religious and cultural differences. Major proponents of this idea included Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, who argued Muslims needed a separate homeland to preserve their identity.
Allama Iqbal was a great poet-philosopher and political leader born in 1877 in Sialkot, Punjab. He came from a family of Kashmiri Brahmins who had embraced Islam 300 years prior. Iqbal received his early education locally and obtained several degrees including from Government College Lahore and Cambridge University. After returning from Europe, he taught and practiced law while writing influential poetry promoting independent thinking among Muslims. By 1928, he was a renowned Muslim philosopher and gave influential lectures advocating for an independent Muslim state in Northwestern India, foreshadowing the creation of Pakistan.
Constitutional Development from 1947 to 1958S.Saeed H
The document summarizes key constitutional developments in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. It discusses the interim constitution under the Government of India Act of 1935, the establishment of the first Constituent Assembly, and its work in establishing committees like the Basic Principles Committee. It then outlines the passage of the Objectives Resolution in 1949, the two reports produced by the Basic Principles Committee in 1950 and 1952, the dissolution of the first Constituent Assembly, and the establishment of the second Constituent Assembly. Key issues that hindered constitution-making included representation between East and West Pakistan, regional differences, division of powers, language policy, form of government, and defining the nature of the state.
The document summarizes key constitutional developments in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. It discusses the interim constitution based on the Government of India Act 1935, the establishment of the first Constituent Assembly led by Jinnah, and the passage of the Objectives Resolution in 1949 which defined Pakistan as a democratic Muslim state. It also outlines the two reports produced by the Basic Principles Committee on the constitution in 1950 and 1952, which disagreed on representation between East and West Pakistan. The second Constituent Assembly was established in 1955 and passed the One Unit bill, finally adopting the first constitution in 1956 which was implemented in 1957. Key problems in the constitution-making process included disagreements over representation and the nature of the federation between East and
Pakistan adopted the Government of India Act of 1935 as an interim constitution after independence in 1947. Quaid-e-Azam sought to frame a comprehensive constitution but faced difficulties due to other pressing issues. The first constituent assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in 1949, outlining Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic. After several amendments and martial laws, the Constitution of 1973 was approved, establishing a parliamentary system. It has since faced multiple amendments that have altered the balance of power between civilian and military institutions.
Quaid-i-Azam gave practical shape to the Ideology of Pakistan through his dedicated leadership. He successfully convinced Hindus and the British of the Two-Nation Theory by highlighting that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations who could not stay united. Over time, Quaid grew disappointed by the hypocrisy of the Indian National Congress and the failure to acknowledge Muslim rights and interests, culminating in the Nehru Report. He advocated for Pakistan as a separate homeland where Islamic principles could be established to protect Muslim economic, social and cultural interests.
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 saw the Muslim League and Indian National Congress agree to cooperate on self-government for India. They agreed that Muslims would receive one-third representation in government and separate electorates would be adopted for communities. Other terms included adopting a system of weighted representation, increasing the size of the central legislative council, setting its term to five years, and ensuring half the members of the imperial legislative council were Indian. This pact helped bring the two major Indian organizations together on the path towards self-rule.
Who is Muhammad Ali Jinnah?
- A politician, lawyer and Pakistan’s first Governor-General
- Known as ‘Quaid-I Azam’ or ‘Great Leader’
- He successfully campaigned and led Pakistan’s independent from India and became its first leader.
Allama Iqbal was a great poet-philosopher and political leader born in 1877 in Sialkot, Punjab. He came from a family of Kashmiri Brahmins who had embraced Islam 300 years prior. Iqbal received his early education locally and obtained several degrees including from Government College Lahore and Cambridge University. After returning from Europe, he taught and practiced law while writing influential poetry promoting independent thinking among Muslims. By 1928, he was a renowned Muslim philosopher and gave influential lectures advocating for an independent Muslim state in Northwestern India, foreshadowing the creation of Pakistan.
Constitutional Development from 1947 to 1958S.Saeed H
The document summarizes key constitutional developments in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. It discusses the interim constitution under the Government of India Act of 1935, the establishment of the first Constituent Assembly, and its work in establishing committees like the Basic Principles Committee. It then outlines the passage of the Objectives Resolution in 1949, the two reports produced by the Basic Principles Committee in 1950 and 1952, the dissolution of the first Constituent Assembly, and the establishment of the second Constituent Assembly. Key issues that hindered constitution-making included representation between East and West Pakistan, regional differences, division of powers, language policy, form of government, and defining the nature of the state.
The document summarizes key constitutional developments in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. It discusses the interim constitution based on the Government of India Act 1935, the establishment of the first Constituent Assembly led by Jinnah, and the passage of the Objectives Resolution in 1949 which defined Pakistan as a democratic Muslim state. It also outlines the two reports produced by the Basic Principles Committee on the constitution in 1950 and 1952, which disagreed on representation between East and West Pakistan. The second Constituent Assembly was established in 1955 and passed the One Unit bill, finally adopting the first constitution in 1956 which was implemented in 1957. Key problems in the constitution-making process included disagreements over representation and the nature of the federation between East and
Pakistan adopted the Government of India Act of 1935 as an interim constitution after independence in 1947. Quaid-e-Azam sought to frame a comprehensive constitution but faced difficulties due to other pressing issues. The first constituent assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in 1949, outlining Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic. After several amendments and martial laws, the Constitution of 1973 was approved, establishing a parliamentary system. It has since faced multiple amendments that have altered the balance of power between civilian and military institutions.
Quaid-i-Azam gave practical shape to the Ideology of Pakistan through his dedicated leadership. He successfully convinced Hindus and the British of the Two-Nation Theory by highlighting that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations who could not stay united. Over time, Quaid grew disappointed by the hypocrisy of the Indian National Congress and the failure to acknowledge Muslim rights and interests, culminating in the Nehru Report. He advocated for Pakistan as a separate homeland where Islamic principles could be established to protect Muslim economic, social and cultural interests.
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 saw the Muslim League and Indian National Congress agree to cooperate on self-government for India. They agreed that Muslims would receive one-third representation in government and separate electorates would be adopted for communities. Other terms included adopting a system of weighted representation, increasing the size of the central legislative council, setting its term to five years, and ensuring half the members of the imperial legislative council were Indian. This pact helped bring the two major Indian organizations together on the path towards self-rule.
Who is Muhammad Ali Jinnah?
- A politician, lawyer and Pakistan’s first Governor-General
- Known as ‘Quaid-I Azam’ or ‘Great Leader’
- He successfully campaigned and led Pakistan’s independent from India and became its first leader.
The document summarizes the key events of the Pakistan movement from 1940 to 1947, including the Lahore Resolution of 1940, the Cripps Mission of 1942, the Quit India Movement of 1942, the Gandhi-Jinnah talks of 1944, the Wavell Plan and Simla Conference of 1945, elections from 1945-1946, the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, the June 3rd Plan of 1947, the Radcliffe Award boundary demarcation, and finally the Indian Independence Act of 1947 which partitioned British India and led to the independence of Pakistan and India.
Pakistan Resolution 1940 -History of PakistanAqib Syed
Pakistan Resolution 1940 -History of Pakistan
This Documentary was a project of History of Sub Continent. Dr Zabir Saeed Badar are supporting the "batch of 2019 BBA (Hons) Semester 7"
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan became an inspiration for the Pakistan Movement through his establishment of the Aligarh Muslim University and promotion of the two-nation theory, which argued that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. He urged Muslims to pursue modern education to succeed under British rule. The All-India Muslim League was later founded in 1906 to represent Muslim political interests, organizing the Muslim community's campaign for self-determination that ultimately led to the establishment of Pakistan after the 1940 Pakistan Resolution.
The document provides an overview of the decline of the Mughal Empire in India. It discusses several key reasons for the empire's decline: [1] The huge empire became difficult to administer over its vast geographic area; [2] The high costs of putting down rebellions and fighting invaders drained imperial finances; [3] Succession disputes between heirs to the throne wasted resources and weakened the empire. Additional factors included the growing pleasure-seeking of the nobility, weakening central control, and the arrival of European powers like the British who were able to take control by 1857, marking the end of the Mughal Empire.
The cripps mission & general electionssaifkhankakar
The document summarizes the British government's proposals for India in 1942 known as the Stafford Cripps Mission. The key points were:
1) A constituent assembly would be established at the end of World War II to draft a constitution.
2) The assembly would be elected by the lower houses of provincial legislative assemblies.
3) Any province would be free to remain independent of the union.
4) Britain would sign a treaty with India on important subjects.
5) States would have the power to revise treaty arrangements.
5 constitutional development in pakistan 1947 5813023901-016
The document summarizes the constitutional development in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. It outlines the key proposals and features of the Objective Resolution of 1949, the 2nd Draft Constitution of 1952, the Muhammad Ali Formula of 1953, and the Constitution of 1956. It also discusses the causes of delay in constitution making until 1956, which included differences of opinion on issues like the role of Islam and language. Finally, it lists the various causes that led to the decline of the Muslim League, including the deaths of Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan, internal rivalries, the failure to address problems in East Pakistan, and the loss of its original ideological appeal.
The Lahore Resolution was passed on March 23, 1940 during the annual meeting of the All-India Muslim League. It called for independent states for Muslims in India's northwest and eastern zones. This was an important milestone as it set the goal of creating Pakistan, united Indian Muslims behind the Muslim League, and elevated Muhammad Ali Jinnah as an international leader representing Muslims. The resolution faced opposition from the Indian National Congress but gained widespread support from Muslims.
power point document on general zia ul haq's policies, his early life, his governance, afghan miracle, zia as president and chief martial law administrator
Quaid-e-Azam and Early Problems of Pakistanbabak danyal
The document discusses the early problems faced by Pakistan after its creation in 1947. It summarizes that Pakistan had no central administration, economic or political organization, and was militarily weak. It relied heavily on its leader, Quaid-e-Azam, to address these challenges. A key problem was an unjust boundary award that deprived Pakistan of Muslim-majority areas and threatened its very existence. The boundary commission, led by Cyril Radcliffe, awarded areas like Gurdaspur to India against evidence of Muslim majorities, harming Pakistan strategically and economically. Overall, the boundary award issues unjustly and deliberately to the detriment of Pakistan.
Pakistan Ideology and its Basis - Pakistan StudiesFaHaD .H. NooR
This document discusses the ideology of Pakistan. It defines ideology as a set of beliefs, values and ideals that bind a group or nation together. The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process led by Allama Iqbal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and the Constituent Assembly. The Muslims of the subcontinent demanded a separate homeland due to historical, political, religious and cultural differences from Hindus that made their future in a Hindu-dominated India unsafe. The foundations of Pakistan's ideology are Islam, the two-nation theory, an Islamic democratic system, economic justice, and Islamic social patterns.
Pakistan claims Jammu and Kashmir based on its majority Muslim population, whereas China claims the Shaksam Valley and Aksai Chin. The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan, having started just after the partition of India in 1947. ... The present conflict is in Kashmir Valley
Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi was a 16th-17th century Islamic scholar who worked to strengthen Islam and Muslim nationalism in Mughal India. He opposed Akbar's syncretic Deen-e-Illahi movement and the philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Wajud. Through his disciples, correspondence with scholars, and influence on nobles, he advocated for strict adherence to Islamic principles and Sunnah. His efforts helped transform the Mughal administration from Akbar's liberalism to Aurangzeb's orthodoxy. He is considered one of the founders of Pakistani nationalism and Muslim separatism in South Asia.
Zia-ul-Haq came to power in 1977 through a bloodless coup after disputed elections. He suspended the constitution and imposed martial law. Zia began a process of Islamization, banning alcohol and introducing Islamic punishments. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 had major effects on Pakistan, flooding it with refugees and bringing weapons and drugs. Zia used the Afghan war to build up Pakistan's military and nuclear program. He held a referendum in 1984 to extend his presidency for another 5 years. In 1988, Zia dismissed the elected Prime Minister Junejo and dissolved the assembly before dying in a plane crash later that year.
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 saw the Muslim League and Indian National Congress agree to cooperate in demanding self-rule from the British. The pact conceded that Muslims were a separate nation and guaranteed seats for minority religious groups in provincial legislatures. Muhammad Ali Jinnah negotiated the pact and was hailed as the "Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity." Meanwhile, the Khilafat Movement sought to maintain the status of the Ottoman Caliph and protect Muslim holy sites after World War I, uniting Muslims and Congress. Though it failed to achieve its goals and ended with communal violence, the movement politically awakened Muslims and eroded trust in both the British and Hindus.
Mujaddad alf sani (Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi)EHSAN KHAN
The first of the great reformers, Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi, was born in Sarhind on June 26, 1564. He belonged to a devout Muslim family that claimed descent from Hazrat Umar Farooq (RA). His father Sheikh Abdul Ahad was a well-known sufi of his times. Sheikh Ahmad received his basic education at home. His initial instructions in the Holy Quran, Hadith and theology were rendered in Sarhind and Sialkot. Later, he devoted most of his time to the study of Hadith, Tafseer and philosophy. He worked for some time in Lahore as well. But the greater part of his life was spent in Sarhind, where he was to become the champion of Islamic values. It was not until he was 36 years old that he went to Delhi and joined the Naqshbandiya Silsilah under the discipleship of Khawaja Baqi Billah.
The document discusses the challenges faced by several Prime Ministers of Pakistan in its early history. It mentions issues like the refugee problem, financial difficulties, disputes with India over boundaries and assets. It then outlines the achievements of Liaquat Ali Khan as Pakistan's first PM in tackling riots and establishing administrative systems, and his assassination in 1951. Several other PMs faced problems with movements in Punjab, food shortages, and imposed martial law. Political instability and disputes over electoral systems led to frequent dismissals of Prime Ministers in the 1950s.
The document summarizes key events in the development of the Pakistan Movement, including the founding of the All India Muslim League in 1906 to protect Muslim rights, the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 which increased Muslim representation, the Lucknow Pact of 1916 in which the Muslim League and Indian National Congress agreed to reforms, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919 which turned Gandhi against British rule, and the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 which introduced self-governing institutions. It also discusses the Khilafat Movement of 1919-1923, the Delhi Muslim Proposals of 1927, the Nehru Report of 1928, and Jinnah's Fourteen Points in response in
The document discusses the Nehru Report of 1928 and Jinnah's Fourteen Points of 1929. The Nehru Report proposed a unitary form of government and rejected separate electorates for religious groups, making it unacceptable to Muslims. Jinnah then proposed the Fourteen Points, demanding a federal system, separate electorates, and reserved political seats for Muslims. The Muslim League and Congress held differing views on power sharing, leading Congress to resign from government in 1939. This ultimately resulted in the 1940 Lahore Resolution, where the Muslim League demanded independent states for Muslims in the northwest and northeast of India.
The Pakistan Movement was a historical movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah that advocated for a separate Muslim state (Pakistan) from the predominantly Hindu India. Key events and figures that advanced this movement included the teachings of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Allama Iqbal who promoted Muslim identity and the Two Nation Theory. Jinnah and the All India Muslim League played a central role in the Pakistan Resolution of 1940 and negotiations with the British, which ultimately led to the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and the partition of India.
This document outlines the 30 lectures of a Pakistan Studies course, covering topics such as:
- The ideology of Pakistan according to Quaid-e-Azam and Allama Iqbal
- The Aligarh Movement and contributions of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
- Major political developments from 1857-1918 and the Khilafat Movement
- Muslim politics in British India from 1924-1935 and Iqbal's 1930 presidential address
- The Lahore Resolution of 1940 and major political developments in 1945-46
- Constitution making from 1947-1956 and an overview of Pakistan's political history
- Additional topics include Pakistan's geography, natural resources, education system, and foreign policy.
The document summarizes the key events of the Pakistan movement from 1940 to 1947, including the Lahore Resolution of 1940, the Cripps Mission of 1942, the Quit India Movement of 1942, the Gandhi-Jinnah talks of 1944, the Wavell Plan and Simla Conference of 1945, elections from 1945-1946, the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, the June 3rd Plan of 1947, the Radcliffe Award boundary demarcation, and finally the Indian Independence Act of 1947 which partitioned British India and led to the independence of Pakistan and India.
Pakistan Resolution 1940 -History of PakistanAqib Syed
Pakistan Resolution 1940 -History of Pakistan
This Documentary was a project of History of Sub Continent. Dr Zabir Saeed Badar are supporting the "batch of 2019 BBA (Hons) Semester 7"
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan became an inspiration for the Pakistan Movement through his establishment of the Aligarh Muslim University and promotion of the two-nation theory, which argued that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. He urged Muslims to pursue modern education to succeed under British rule. The All-India Muslim League was later founded in 1906 to represent Muslim political interests, organizing the Muslim community's campaign for self-determination that ultimately led to the establishment of Pakistan after the 1940 Pakistan Resolution.
The document provides an overview of the decline of the Mughal Empire in India. It discusses several key reasons for the empire's decline: [1] The huge empire became difficult to administer over its vast geographic area; [2] The high costs of putting down rebellions and fighting invaders drained imperial finances; [3] Succession disputes between heirs to the throne wasted resources and weakened the empire. Additional factors included the growing pleasure-seeking of the nobility, weakening central control, and the arrival of European powers like the British who were able to take control by 1857, marking the end of the Mughal Empire.
The cripps mission & general electionssaifkhankakar
The document summarizes the British government's proposals for India in 1942 known as the Stafford Cripps Mission. The key points were:
1) A constituent assembly would be established at the end of World War II to draft a constitution.
2) The assembly would be elected by the lower houses of provincial legislative assemblies.
3) Any province would be free to remain independent of the union.
4) Britain would sign a treaty with India on important subjects.
5) States would have the power to revise treaty arrangements.
5 constitutional development in pakistan 1947 5813023901-016
The document summarizes the constitutional development in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. It outlines the key proposals and features of the Objective Resolution of 1949, the 2nd Draft Constitution of 1952, the Muhammad Ali Formula of 1953, and the Constitution of 1956. It also discusses the causes of delay in constitution making until 1956, which included differences of opinion on issues like the role of Islam and language. Finally, it lists the various causes that led to the decline of the Muslim League, including the deaths of Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan, internal rivalries, the failure to address problems in East Pakistan, and the loss of its original ideological appeal.
The Lahore Resolution was passed on March 23, 1940 during the annual meeting of the All-India Muslim League. It called for independent states for Muslims in India's northwest and eastern zones. This was an important milestone as it set the goal of creating Pakistan, united Indian Muslims behind the Muslim League, and elevated Muhammad Ali Jinnah as an international leader representing Muslims. The resolution faced opposition from the Indian National Congress but gained widespread support from Muslims.
power point document on general zia ul haq's policies, his early life, his governance, afghan miracle, zia as president and chief martial law administrator
Quaid-e-Azam and Early Problems of Pakistanbabak danyal
The document discusses the early problems faced by Pakistan after its creation in 1947. It summarizes that Pakistan had no central administration, economic or political organization, and was militarily weak. It relied heavily on its leader, Quaid-e-Azam, to address these challenges. A key problem was an unjust boundary award that deprived Pakistan of Muslim-majority areas and threatened its very existence. The boundary commission, led by Cyril Radcliffe, awarded areas like Gurdaspur to India against evidence of Muslim majorities, harming Pakistan strategically and economically. Overall, the boundary award issues unjustly and deliberately to the detriment of Pakistan.
Pakistan Ideology and its Basis - Pakistan StudiesFaHaD .H. NooR
This document discusses the ideology of Pakistan. It defines ideology as a set of beliefs, values and ideals that bind a group or nation together. The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process led by Allama Iqbal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and the Constituent Assembly. The Muslims of the subcontinent demanded a separate homeland due to historical, political, religious and cultural differences from Hindus that made their future in a Hindu-dominated India unsafe. The foundations of Pakistan's ideology are Islam, the two-nation theory, an Islamic democratic system, economic justice, and Islamic social patterns.
Pakistan claims Jammu and Kashmir based on its majority Muslim population, whereas China claims the Shaksam Valley and Aksai Chin. The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan, having started just after the partition of India in 1947. ... The present conflict is in Kashmir Valley
Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi was a 16th-17th century Islamic scholar who worked to strengthen Islam and Muslim nationalism in Mughal India. He opposed Akbar's syncretic Deen-e-Illahi movement and the philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Wajud. Through his disciples, correspondence with scholars, and influence on nobles, he advocated for strict adherence to Islamic principles and Sunnah. His efforts helped transform the Mughal administration from Akbar's liberalism to Aurangzeb's orthodoxy. He is considered one of the founders of Pakistani nationalism and Muslim separatism in South Asia.
Zia-ul-Haq came to power in 1977 through a bloodless coup after disputed elections. He suspended the constitution and imposed martial law. Zia began a process of Islamization, banning alcohol and introducing Islamic punishments. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 had major effects on Pakistan, flooding it with refugees and bringing weapons and drugs. Zia used the Afghan war to build up Pakistan's military and nuclear program. He held a referendum in 1984 to extend his presidency for another 5 years. In 1988, Zia dismissed the elected Prime Minister Junejo and dissolved the assembly before dying in a plane crash later that year.
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 saw the Muslim League and Indian National Congress agree to cooperate in demanding self-rule from the British. The pact conceded that Muslims were a separate nation and guaranteed seats for minority religious groups in provincial legislatures. Muhammad Ali Jinnah negotiated the pact and was hailed as the "Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity." Meanwhile, the Khilafat Movement sought to maintain the status of the Ottoman Caliph and protect Muslim holy sites after World War I, uniting Muslims and Congress. Though it failed to achieve its goals and ended with communal violence, the movement politically awakened Muslims and eroded trust in both the British and Hindus.
Mujaddad alf sani (Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi)EHSAN KHAN
The first of the great reformers, Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi, was born in Sarhind on June 26, 1564. He belonged to a devout Muslim family that claimed descent from Hazrat Umar Farooq (RA). His father Sheikh Abdul Ahad was a well-known sufi of his times. Sheikh Ahmad received his basic education at home. His initial instructions in the Holy Quran, Hadith and theology were rendered in Sarhind and Sialkot. Later, he devoted most of his time to the study of Hadith, Tafseer and philosophy. He worked for some time in Lahore as well. But the greater part of his life was spent in Sarhind, where he was to become the champion of Islamic values. It was not until he was 36 years old that he went to Delhi and joined the Naqshbandiya Silsilah under the discipleship of Khawaja Baqi Billah.
The document discusses the challenges faced by several Prime Ministers of Pakistan in its early history. It mentions issues like the refugee problem, financial difficulties, disputes with India over boundaries and assets. It then outlines the achievements of Liaquat Ali Khan as Pakistan's first PM in tackling riots and establishing administrative systems, and his assassination in 1951. Several other PMs faced problems with movements in Punjab, food shortages, and imposed martial law. Political instability and disputes over electoral systems led to frequent dismissals of Prime Ministers in the 1950s.
The document summarizes key events in the development of the Pakistan Movement, including the founding of the All India Muslim League in 1906 to protect Muslim rights, the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 which increased Muslim representation, the Lucknow Pact of 1916 in which the Muslim League and Indian National Congress agreed to reforms, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919 which turned Gandhi against British rule, and the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 which introduced self-governing institutions. It also discusses the Khilafat Movement of 1919-1923, the Delhi Muslim Proposals of 1927, the Nehru Report of 1928, and Jinnah's Fourteen Points in response in
The document discusses the Nehru Report of 1928 and Jinnah's Fourteen Points of 1929. The Nehru Report proposed a unitary form of government and rejected separate electorates for religious groups, making it unacceptable to Muslims. Jinnah then proposed the Fourteen Points, demanding a federal system, separate electorates, and reserved political seats for Muslims. The Muslim League and Congress held differing views on power sharing, leading Congress to resign from government in 1939. This ultimately resulted in the 1940 Lahore Resolution, where the Muslim League demanded independent states for Muslims in the northwest and northeast of India.
The Pakistan Movement was a historical movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah that advocated for a separate Muslim state (Pakistan) from the predominantly Hindu India. Key events and figures that advanced this movement included the teachings of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Allama Iqbal who promoted Muslim identity and the Two Nation Theory. Jinnah and the All India Muslim League played a central role in the Pakistan Resolution of 1940 and negotiations with the British, which ultimately led to the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and the partition of India.
This document outlines the 30 lectures of a Pakistan Studies course, covering topics such as:
- The ideology of Pakistan according to Quaid-e-Azam and Allama Iqbal
- The Aligarh Movement and contributions of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
- Major political developments from 1857-1918 and the Khilafat Movement
- Muslim politics in British India from 1924-1935 and Iqbal's 1930 presidential address
- The Lahore Resolution of 1940 and major political developments in 1945-46
- Constitution making from 1947-1956 and an overview of Pakistan's political history
- Additional topics include Pakistan's geography, natural resources, education system, and foreign policy.
The document outlines the Two Nation Theory, which argues that Muslims and Hindus in British India constituted two distinct nations based on religious, cultural, economic, and political differences. It discusses the key differences between Hindus and Muslims in these areas, and how Muslim leaders like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah advocated for the theory. The document states that these leaders ultimately succeeded in achieving their goal of an independent Muslim state with the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
The document discusses the Two Nation Theory, which argues that Hindus and Muslims in British India constituted two distinct nations based on cultural, political, religious, economic and social differences. It outlines these differences between Hindus and Muslims in areas like religion, culture, social practices, education, economics, and politics. Prominent Muslim leaders like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and Allama Iqbal supported the Two Nation Theory and advocated for the creation of Pakistan as a separate homeland for Muslims in India where they could practice Islam freely.
The document summarizes the key factors that led to the demand for a separate Muslim homeland in the Indian subcontinent, which ultimately resulted in the creation of Pakistan. It discusses 12 reasons for the demand, including the desire to establish an Islamic state, the two-nation theory, historical differences between Hindus and Muslims, economic hardships faced by Muslims, and the narrow-mindedness of Hindus. It also outlines the history of the Pakistan movement, from the efforts of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to establish modern education for Muslims and his promotion of the two-nation theory, to the eventual passing of the 1940 Pakistan Resolution demanding independent states for Muslims in India.
The document discusses several Muslim reformers in South Asia who aimed to purify Islamic practices and society, including Hazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani who opposed Akbar's Din-i-Ilahi and emphasized distinguishing worship from God alone, Shah Waliullah who sought to revive Islamic spirit and challenged British influence, and Syed Ahmad Barelvi who led an armed jihad movement against Sikh rule in Pakistan. It also outlines the Faraizi movement led by Haji Shariat Ullah in Bengal which stressed fulfilling religious obligations and opposed taxes by landowners.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a 19th century Muslim scholar and reformer in British India who founded the Aligarh Movement. He sought to encourage modern education among Muslims and improve relations between them and the British after the 1857 uprising. Some of his key initiatives included establishing scientific societies, schools, and Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College, which later became Aligarh Muslim University. The Aligarh Movement aimed to promote moderate views and help produce an intellectual Muslim class through English education. It played a significant role in the educational and intellectual development of Indian Muslims.
The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islamic principles and the belief that Muslims in South Asia constitute a separate nation from Hindus. The two-nation theory, which argues that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct religious communities and should have separate homelands, formed the ideological basis for the creation of Pakistan as a homeland for Muslims in 1947. Key figures like Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan advocated for a separate Muslim state where Islamic principles could be implemented.
Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar was an Indian leader, activist, scholar and journalist born in 1878. He studied at prominent Muslim institutions in India and history at Oxford University. After returning to India, he became the educational director of Rampur state. He was a co-founder of the Muslim League in 1906 and Jamia Millia Islamia, and served as president of the Muslim League from 1918 to 1928. He opposed British rule and led the Khilafat Movement to stop the deposition of the Turkish sultan. Jauhar became president of the Indian National Congress in 1923 and supported Muhammad Ali Jinnah's Fourteen Points. He attended the Round Table Conference in 1930 before falling ill and dying in London in
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Shah Waliullah was an 18th century Islamic scholar born in India who made significant religious and political contributions. He studied Islamic texts extensively from a young age. As leader of the Muslims in India, he sought to unite Muslims and translate the Quran to help people understand their faith better. He also advised rulers on political matters and convinced Ahmed Shah Abdali to help defeat a common enemy. Through his writings and teachings, Shah Waliullah modernized Islamic thought and helped preserve Muslim rule in India for another century.
The partition of India in 1947 along religious lines led to the formation of two new independent dominions - India and Pakistan. The radicalization of Hindu and Muslim nationalist movements, coupled with the British policy of divide and rule, exacerbated tensions between the two religious communities. The partition displaced over 10 million people and led to large-scale violence and loss of lives as Hindus and Muslims attacked each other during the migration across the new borders. The aftermath of the partition continued to impact India-Pakistan relations, resulting in several wars between the two countries in the following decades.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a 19th century Indian scholar and reformer who founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College, now Aligarh Muslim University. He was born in 1817 in Delhi to a respected family and received a traditional Islamic education. After working as a clerk for the East India Company, he saw the need to modernize Islamic education after the 1857 war and founded schools that taught both Islamic and English subjects. His greatest achievement was establishing the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875, which aimed to educate Muslims in modern sciences and English. The college later became Aligarh Muslim University after his death.
PakiPre War of Independence Era Hazrat Sheikh Ahmed Sarhandistan studies lec...Ch Zubair
This document provides an overview of Pakistan Studies topics related to the pre-independence era, including the advent of Islam in the subcontinent, the establishment and decline of Muslim rule under various empires, and the role of religious scholars and Sufi saints in spreading Islam. It then focuses on Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi, referred to as the Mujadid Alf Sani or reformer of the second millennium. Key points about Sheikh Ahmed include that he challenged un-Islamic trends under Akbar, emphasized reverting to true Islam, and had a huge impact on reforming Muslim society and influencing the religious views of Jahangir.
The document summarizes the key events surrounding the partition of India from 1942 to 1947. It discusses Lord Wavell's plan for more Indian self-government, the Cabinet Mission plan which proposed a loose federation but rejected the Muslim League's demand for Pakistan, and the final Mountbatten plan which accepted the inevitability of partition and set August 15, 1947 as the transfer date, dividing British India into the two new dominions of India and Pakistan. The Indian Independence Act of 1947 formally implemented this partition.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a 19th century Muslim scholar and reformer who founded the Aligarh Movement to promote scientific education and modernism among Indian Muslims. He established schools that taught both religious and modern subjects. Allama Iqbal was a poet and philosopher who envisioned an independent Muslim state in India and is credited with inspiring the Pakistan movement. Muhammad Ali Jinnah served as the leader of the Muslim League and played a pivotal role in Pakistan's independence. As Pakistan's first Governor General, he advocated for a separate Muslim homeland where Islamic principles could be established.
Shah Waliullah was an 18th century Islamic scholar, philosopher and reformer born in India. He received a traditional Islamic education studying hadith, fiqh, tafsir and kalam. He went to Arabia for further study and while there had a vision that motivated him to reform Muslim society. When he returned to India, he established a madrasa and taught for 12 years, focusing on Quran, hadith, metaphysics and translating the Quran to Persian to spread Islamic teachings more widely. He is seen as a pioneer who advocated Islamic revival and strengthening Muslims politically and socially through education.
6 th lec.advent of islam in sub continentZainab Sami
The document summarizes the advent and early spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. It discusses how Arab traders first began visiting the Malabar coast during the reign of Caliph Umar in the 7th century. It then describes how the ruler of a small state near Bombay, Kiring Noor, was the first Indian to convert to Islam after being preached to by Sheikh Sharaf Bin Malik. The document goes on to explain the first military battles between Muslims and Indians during this period. It then outlines the initial phases of Muslim conquests in the subcontinent beginning with the Umayyad dynasty and Muhammad Bin Qasim's defeat of Raja Dahir, establishing Muslim rule over Sindh
Great states arose in West, East, and South Africa as a result of the spread of Islamic trade and culture. In West Africa, Islam spread through cultural diffusion while East African port cities were colonized. This introduced new religions, literacy, trade practices, and arts to African kingdoms. Powerful states like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai emerged along the Niger River, benefiting from the trans-Saharan gold and salt trade with North Africa. Wealthy city-states also developed in East Africa along trade routes to India and China, introducing Arabic and African cultures. Eventually, European powers began colonizing the African coasts in the 15th-16th centuries to gain control of the lucrative trade networks.
Evolution and Growth of Muslim in sub continent .pptxsyedmirsyed
1. The document traces the ancient empires and civilizations of the Indian subcontinent from the Stone Age through the Delhi Sultanate period. It discusses the Indus Valley Civilization, the Vedic Period, the Mauryan Empire, the Kushan Empire, the Delhi Sultanate, and the rise of the Mughal Dynasty. 2. Key empires and rulers mentioned include the Indus Valley Civilization, Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, the Kushans like Kanishka, the Delhi Sultanates including the Slave Dynasty and the Khilji Dynasty, and Babur's founding of the Mughal Dynasty by defeating Ibrahim Lodhi in 1526. 3. Islam
The document summarizes the rise of Islam. It describes how the religion was founded in 610 AD by the prophet Muhammad in Mecca and spread across the Arabian Peninsula and beyond through military conquests under the first four caliphs. The Muslim empire grew rapidly to span over 6000 miles due to factors like disciplined armies and allowing conquered peoples to keep their faith if they paid a tax. However, internal divisions later emerged between the Sunni and Shia over who should lead the Muslim community after Muhammad.
This document provides an overview of Islamic civilizations and history. It begins with definitions of Islam and key terms like Allah, Muslim, and mosque. It then discusses the prophet Muhammad and the hijrah. Key events and figures of early Islamic history are outlined, including the Kabbah, caliphs like Abu Bakr, the Rashidun and Umayyad caliphates. The document also summarizes pillars of Islam, divisions in the religion, important structures like the Dome of the Rock, the Islamic Golden Age, Al-Andalus, the Ottoman Empire, and cultural works like One Thousand and One Nights.
Muhammad spread the beliefs and practices of Islam through conquest. His successors built an empire stretching from Spain to India. In the 7th century, a split created the Sunni and Shiite sects of Islam. The nomadic Arabs originated from the Arabian Peninsula and organized into tribes. Muhammad received revelations from God through the angel Gabriel and founded Islam, with beliefs including monotheism, following the Five Pillars of Islam, and adhering to Sharia law.
- Ethiopians may have had contact with the Americas before Columbus, as evidenced by the travels of Abu Bakr II, king of Mali who sailed west with thousands of ships in 1310.
- Mansa Musa, who inherited the throne from Abu Bakr II, was Lord of the Mines of Wangara, a global gold trading network dating back to King Solomon that could have facilitated transatlantic trade.
- Evidence suggests Abu Bakr II may have reached the Americas, potentially linking to the later emergence of the Aztec civilization and its cultural similarities to West Africa. The story of Queen Califia of California also shares similarities with Mansa Musa's female guards.
- Ethiopians likely had contact with the Americas before Columbus, as evidenced by the travels of Abu Bakr II of Mali who sailed west with thousands of ships around 1310, potentially reaching the Americas and establishing early Aztec city-states.
- The Wangara mines network, which Mali's Mansa Musa was lord over, had mines scattered worldwide including in Australia, and traded gold globally via routes established since King Solomon's time.
- Mansa Musa's hajj in 1324 allowed Mali to circumvent the Mediterranean-based Radhanite merchants and connect directly east to China, expanding the global trade network.
- The Strait of Malacca is located between Indonesia and Malaysia and is a vital choke point for world commerce as almost all shipping lanes between the Red Sea and Sea of Japan converge there. It is where the spheres of naval influence of India and China meet and connects the Indian Ocean to the Western Pacific. As global energy needs increase, the Strait will become even more important as it is the premier shipping lane for oil and natural gas to East Asia.
- The Strait of Malacca is located between Indonesia and Malaysia and is a vital choke point for world commerce as almost all shipping lanes between the Red Sea and Sea of Japan converge there. It is where the spheres of naval influence of India and China meet and connects the Indian Ocean to the Western Pacific. As global energy needs increase, the Strait will become even more important as it is the premier shipping lane for oil and natural gas to East Asia.
The document provides a summary of the history of California covering its different regions and early explorers and settlers. It describes the major industries of the mountain, valley, desert and coast regions. It then discusses the early Spanish explorers like Cabrillo and Drake who explored the California coast in the 1500s and early settlers from the 1700s-1800s like the Spanish missions and presidios established by Portola, de Anza and Serra. It mentions the ranchos, Gold Rush of 1849, and important figures that helped shape California like Sutter, Beckwourth, Bidwell, Fremont, Brannan and Strauss.
The Arabian Peninsula was a harsh desert environment, forcing tribes to cooperate for survival. Muhammad received revelations in the 6th century CE and spread the new religion of Islam, establishing the Five Pillars. After his death, the Rashidun Caliphs and Umayyad Dynasty expanded the Arab Empire across North Africa and Spain. The Abbasid Dynasty built the capital in Baghdad and oversaw a golden age. Successors like the Seljuk Turks and Mongols later assumed control of former Arab lands.
The document summarizes California history from the 15th century to the mid-19th century, covering early explorers who mapped the coastline, the establishment of Spanish missions and presidios, the growth of ranchos, the influx of settlers during the Gold Rush, and some influential individuals. Key events included Cabrillo's exploration in 1542, the founding of missions by Father Serra in 1769, the establishment of Fort Ross by Russian traders in 1812, and the discovery of gold in 1848 which led to a flood of immigrants known as "49ers".
The document summarizes California history from the 15th century to the mid-19th century. It describes the state's four geographic regions and their industries. It also outlines the explorations of Cabrillo, Drake, Columbus, and others. Additionally, it discusses the establishment of Spanish missions and presidios under Portola and Serra, the growth of ranchos, American settlement in the 1840s following the Gold Rush, and important figures like Sutter, Beckwourth, Bidwell, and Strauss.
The document summarizes California history from the 15th century to the mid-19th century. It describes the state's four geographic regions and their industries. It also outlines the explorations of Cabrillo, Drake, Columbus, and others. Additionally, it discusses the establishment of Spanish missions and presidios under Portola and Serra, the growth of ranchos, American settlement in the 1840s following the Gold Rush, and important figures like Sutter, Strauss, and Mason who shaped California's development.
Prince Henry of Portugal organized a successful expedition against Ceuta in Morocco in 1415, which was significant as the first Portuguese attack on Islam's African base and the place where Islam entered Iberia in 711. According to myth, Prince Henry then developed a grand strategy to outflank the Islamic world by establishing bases in the Indian Ocean and undermining the Arab role in Eastern spice trade. This led to an interest in sailing and navigation and an obsession with India. In 2001, the city of Calcutta officially changed its name to Kolkata to reflect the native Bengali pronunciation. While awkward for those used to "Calcutta," the new name "Kolkata" may help the city regain its role
Daniel Boone was an American pioneer and hunter born in 1734 who died in 1820. He is famous for exploring and settling Kentucky when it was still frontier land. Some of his adventures made him one of the first American folk heroes. He helped establish many early settlements in Kentucky.
1. The document discusses the Abbasid Caliphate from the 10th-11th centuries, noting several caliphs like Al Muti, At Tai, and Al Qadir and how they grew weaker over time due to the influence of other dynasties like the Buwayids.
2. It also discusses important scientific advances during this period by figures like Ibn Sina and Al-Haytham in fields like medicine, optics, and astronomy.
3. Concurrently, it outlines the rise of other Islamic empires like the Fatimid Caliphate based in Egypt and the Seljuk Turks who came to dominate the Abbasids.
top 10 richest people of all time - legendary figures in historyPradip Rana
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The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - MessageCole Hartman
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
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This manual will guide you through basic skills and tasks to help you get started with various aspects of Magic. Each section is designed to be easy to follow, with step-by-step instructions.
A Free eBook ~ Valuable LIFE Lessons to Learn ( 5 Sets of Presentations)...OH TEIK BIN
A free eBook comprising 5 sets of PowerPoint presentations of meaningful stories /Inspirational pieces that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English and Chinese.
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The forces involved in this witchcraft spell will re-establish the loving bond between you and help to build a strong, loving relationship from which to start anew. Despite any previous hardships or problems, the spell work will re-establish the strong bonds of friendship and love upon which the marriage and relationship originated. Have faith, these stop divorce and stop separation spells are extremely powerful and will reconnect you and your partner in a strong and harmonious relationship.
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It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
Why is this So? ~ Do Seek to KNOW (English & Chinese).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma teaching of Kamma-Vipaka (Intentional Actions-Ripening Effects).
A Presentation for developing morality, concentration and wisdom and to spur us to practice the Dhamma diligently.
The texts are in English and Chinese.
The Book of Ruth is included in the third division, or the Writings, of the Hebrew Bible. In most Christian canons it is treated as one of the historical books and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel.
5. THE FIRST MUSLIM CONTACT
First Muslims to make contact in the subcontinent were
Arab traders and sailors, prior to birth of Islam.
Arab businessmen first stepped on the Indian soil in the
first hijra century.
Their fair business dealings and personal piety and
simplicity impressed the locals a lot they also preached the
principles of Islam.
“Kirnig Noor” was the first Indian to embrace Islam.
Muslims fought their first battle on the Indian shore during
the Khilafat of Hazrat Umar when the Governor of Bahrain
invaded a seaport ‘Thana’ near Mumbai.
5
9. SUFIS AND SUFISM – PAN ISLAMISM
History has examples where religious, military and political guides
have offered people to rise to the serious problems and challenges
faced collectively.
From 16th
century to the creation of Pakistan Muslims have had a
series of leaders and thinkers who gave them direction and hope.
Islam spread in the sub-continent due to the efforts, exertions and
personal examples of Muslim Scholars and Sufis who journeyed
almost the entire sub-continent preaching Islam.
9
10. HAZRAT MUJADID ALF SANI [(SHEIKH AHMED SIRHINDI) (1564-1624)]:
Born on June 14, 1564 was the fourth child of his father Sheikh
Abdul Ahad.
A saint and scholar who challenged Akbar who introduced the
religious philosophy of Din-e-Ilahi which combined the salient
features of Islam with Hinduism.
He exposed the above fallacy of Din-e-Ilahi with full vigour and
vitality which was distorting Islam.
Sheikh Ahmed continued his preaching even after Jehangir’s
accession to the throne and emphasized on Tauhid.
He declared that sajda could only be offered to God Almighty
and none else.
His emphasised on simple habits, namaz and fasting. Also,
stressed on separate identity of Muslims; thus, laying
foundation of “Two Nation Theory”. 10
12. FARAIZI MOVEMENT – HAJI SHARIATULLAH
(1781-1840)
Islam spread in Bengal in the 13th
and 14th
century; but, Hindu
revivalism converted many Muslim areas into Hinduism.
Haji Shariatullah started his ‘Faraizi Movement’ in Central Bengal
in reaction to the anti-Muslim policy of the British. Emphasis was on
religious duties in the light of Quran and the Sunnah.
His followers were asked for repentance of all past sins with pledge
to lead a righteous and God-fearing life in future. Muslim peasants
got united against the cruel exploitation by the Hindu zamindars.
It injected lot of confidence amongst the Muslims who were
otherwise in deep slumber.
Hindu zamindars got perturbed due to the above and started
harassing him he left Dhaka for Faridpur where he died in 1840.
12
15. PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY (DEFINITION AND
EXPLANATION)
Ideological commitment to Islam was basis for Pakistan’s is
creation. “Pakistan Ka Matlab Kiya, La Ilaha Illal-Lah” was the
famous slogan of the freedom movement.
This is based on Muslims being a separate nation, with their own
culture, civilization, literature, religion and way of life. Hence,
merger with other nations is not possible.
When situation got beyond control the Muslims demanded a
separate homeland to protect their national and religious identity.
They were a nation strictly adhering to their religious and national
identity. All out efforts by the British and the Hindus could not rip
Muslim unity and love for their national character.
15
16. THE TWO-NATION THEORY
Pakistan Ideology was founded on ‘The Two-Nation Theory’
which meant that Non-Muslims and Muslims were two separate
nations whose perception of life were different from each other.
Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani was the first to
stress on the separate identity of the Muslims.
But, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first to use the word ‘Two-
Nations’ for the Muslims and Non-Muslims when convinced of the
Hindu and Congress hatred and prejudice towards the Muslims.
16
17. SIR SYED AHMED KHAN (18I7-1898)
PERSONAL LIFE
I. Also known as Syed Ahmed Taqvi. A scholar/reformer who
guided the Muslims who were on the verge of ruin and elimination
from the Indian society due to Hindu British domination.
ii. Born in a noble family got his primary education from his
maternal grandfather including Holy Quran, Arabic and Persian
Literature. He also acquired excellence in History, Mathematics
and Medicine.
17
18. PERSONAL LIFE CONTINUED
iii. On completing his studies, he joined Government service in
1837 and posted as Naib Munshi in Commissioner’s Office in
Agra. After serving in different capacities at different places he
was elevated as the Chief Judge in 1846 and posted at Delhi
where he wrote his book “Aasar us Sanadeed”.
iv. After his transfer to Bijnaur in 1854 he compiled the history
of Bijnaur in 1855.
v.In 1857 during the War of Independence he was working in
Bijnaur and saved lives of many British women and children
risking his own life. For his services the British Government
offered him estate which he declined politely.
v.He was also knighted with ‘SIR’ carrying with it the
nomenclature of KCSI (Knight Commander of the Star
of India). 18
19. MOVEMENTS DONE BY SIR SYED
AHMED KHAN
These can be highlighted as follows:
a.)Aligarh Movement,
b.)Aligarh Muslim Theory and
c.)Two Nation Theory
19
23. A brief chronology of Syed Ahmad's efforts
is given below:
1859: Built Gulshan School in Muradabad.
1863: Set up Victoria School in Ghazipur.
1864: Set up the Scientific Society in Aligarh. Was involved in
the translation of English works into the native language.
1866: Published till 1926, Aligarh Institute Gazette. Imparted
information on history; ancient/modern science of agriculture,
natural /physical sciences and advanced mathematics.
1870: Committee Striving for the Educational Progress of
Muslims.
1875: Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental School (M. A. O.),
Aligarh, setup on the pattern of English public schools. Later
raised to the level of college in 1877 and university in 1920.
23
24. 24
ALIGARH MUSLIM THEORY
i. From 1850s, Sir Syed began developing a strong passion for
education. Realising the advantages of Western-style education, being
offered at newly established colleges across India.
ii. Though a devout Muslim, he criticised traditional dogma and
religious orthodoxy, making most Indian Muslims suspicious of British
influences. There future were getting dark.
iii. A descendant of Mughal nobility, was reared in best traditions of
Muslim elite culture fully aware of steady decline of Muslim political
power across India. The animosity between the British and Muslims
before and after Independence War of 1857 threatened to marginalise
Muslim communities for generations.
iv. He intensified his work to promote co-operation with British
authorities, promoting loyalty to the Empire amongst Muslims.
v. Committed to working for the upliftment of Muslims, he founded a
modern madrassa in Muradabad in 1859. It was one of the first religious
schools that imparted scientific education.
25. 25
TWO NATION THEORY
A. He pioneered the two nation theory, used the word ‘two nation’
for Hindus and Muslims after conviction that the Hindus and
Congress had hatred, hostility and prejudice for the Muslims.
B. The entire freedom movement revolved around the above
theory. He considered all those living in India as one nation and
was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. Speaking at the
meeting of Indian Association he said:
“I look to both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes and
consider them as my own eyes. By the word ‘Nation’ I mean only
Hindus and Muslims and nothing else. We, both live together on
the same soil under the same government. Our interests and
problems are common, and therefore, I consider the two factions
as one nation.”
26. 26
TWO NATION THEORY CONTINUED
C. An utmost effort was made to make the Muslims realize
their differences with the Hindus regarding religions, social
and language, rational and international identity and thus
he diverted their attention towards a new idea of “Two
Nation” or “Two entities.”
D. After Hindi-Urdu controversy he felt that it was not
possible for Hindus and Muslims to progress as a single
nation. He said:
“I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never
become one nation as their religion and way of life was
quite distinct from each other.”
28. 28
ALLAMA IQBAL (1877-1938) CONTINUED
•Later he proceeded to Europe for higher studies. Having
obtained a degree at Cambridge, he secured his doctorate at
Munich and finally qualified as a barrister.
•On returning to India in 1908; besides teaching and
practicing law, he continued writing poetry. He resigned from
government service in 1911 and started propagating
individual thinking among the Muslims through his poetry.
•A great poet-philosopher and active political leader, was
born at Sialkot.
31. 31
SOME POINTS FOR SEPRATE NATION:
i.) Negation of nation,
ii.) Islam does not believe on the nationalism base,
iii.) Religion and politics are not separate in Islam,
iv.) Islamic state is a welfare state,
v.) Criticism on national democracy,
vi.) Islam can solve economic problems and
vii.) Islam is the complete code of life
Creation of Pakistan is the step towards Pan-Islamism.
32. 32
1930 ALLAMA IQBAL ADDRESS
a. The Allahabad Address, notable for Conception of Pakistan,
was the Presidential Address by Allama Iqbal to the 25th
Session of the All-India Muslim League on 29 December 1930,
at Allahabad, India.
b. Here he presented the idea of a separate homeland for
Indian Muslims which was ultimately realised in the form of
Pakistan.
“I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province,
Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State”.
c. The principle of European democracy cannot be applied to
India without recognising the fact of communal groups. The
Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India is,
therefore, perfectly justified.
34. 34
JINNAH AS A LEADER
Served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 till
August 14, 1947, and as Pakistan's first Governor-General from
August 15, 1947 till his death on September 11, 1948.
He rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress initially
expounding ideas of Hindu-Muslim unity and helping shape the
1916 Lucknow Pact between the Muslim League and the Indian
National Congress; he also became a key leader in the All India
Home Rule League.
He proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to
safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-governing
India.
35. 35
JINNAH ACTS AS A LEADER
Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when, Mohandas Gandhi,
launched a law-violating Non-Cooperation Movement against the
British, which he disapproved.
Unlike most Congress leaders, Gandhi never wore western-style
clothes, did his best to use an Indian language instead of English,
and was deeply rooted to Indian culture. His local style of
leadership gained great popularity with the Indian masses.
Jinnah criticised Gandhi's support of Khilafat Movement, which he
saw as an endorsement of religious zealotry. By 1920, he resigned
from the Congress, with a prophetic warning that Gandhi's method
of mass struggle would lead to divisions between Hindus and
Muslims and within the two communities.
Becoming president of the Muslim League, Jinnah was drawn into
a conflict between a pro-Congress faction and a pro-British faction.
38. 38
DEMAND FOR PAKISTAN
a. "We are a nation", they claimed in the ever eloquent words
of the Quaid-i-Azam- "We are a nation with our own distinctive
culture and civilization, language and literature, art and
architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and
proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calendar,
history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in short, we have
our own distinctive outlook on life and of life.
By all canons of international law, we are a nation".
40. 40
QUAID-E-AZAM AND TWO NATION THEORY
i.) Concept of separate nation
ii.) Pakistan is the demand for Islam
iii.) Sovereignty of God
iv.) Islamic concept of democracy
v.) National integration
vi.) Safeguard of minorities
vii.) Urdu language
vii.) Defence and
viii.) Bright future
42. 42
Some events that happened for the separate homeland
were:
i. 1857 War of Independence, ii.) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
iii.) 1885 Formation of the Indian National Congress
iv.) 1906 Founding of All-India Muslim League,
v.) 1914-18 World War I
vi. 1919-23 Khilafat Movement, vii.)1928 Nehru Report
viii.) 1929 Fourteen Points of Jinnah,
ix.) 1930 Allama Iqbal Address
x.) 1933 Now or Never Pamphlet,
xi.) 1939-45 World War II xii.)1940 Pakistan Resolution,
xiii.) 1946 The Cabinet Mission
xiv)1947 Creation of Pakistan
PAKISTAN MOVEMENT CONTINUED
43. 43
1857 WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
This war was fought by Indian Muslims and Hindus but after
defeat both of them started thinking differently.
Initial success of the fighters gave the boost to the war of
independence.
Important towns of Haryana, Bihar and Mahdya Pardesh were
captured. Later the British returned and fought the Moghul
Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar; who was defeated and he fled.
After taking control of Dehli the British started large scale
massacre; caught the Shah and deported him to Yangoon
(Rangoon) capital of Burma (now Myannmar).
45. 45
1885 FORMATION OF THE INDIAN
NATIONAL CONGRESS
Founded by Sir Allen Octavian Hume a Civil Servant to unite all
Indians and strengthen bonds with Britain.
Indian National Congress stressed for economic reforms and
wanted a larger role in the making of British policy for India.
In 1920 the Congress began a campaign of passive resistance, led
by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, against restrictions on the
press and political activities.
Though Congress claimed to represent all Indians, many Muslims,
fearful of the Hindu majority, began to withdraw from the Congress.
47. 47
SIR MUHAMMAD SHAFI NAWAB MOHSIN-
UL-MULK
Founded December 30,1906 at Dhaka (now capital of Bangladesh).
•It was here that separate of the Muslims got established and was
named as the All India Muslim League.
•Sir Agha Khan declared as the first President and Nawab
Waqar Ul Mulk Nawab Mohsin Ul Mulk first Joint Secretary.
•First meeting held December 20,1907; later events prove its success
in getting freedom from the clutches of the British and the Hindus.
48. 48
1914-18 WORLD WAR I
i.) Also known as the great war from 1914-1918.
ii.) Machine gun and poison gas were introduced in this battle.
iii.) Was an extremely bloody war, huge losses of life and little
ground lost or won.
iv.) More than 9 million died on the battlefield due to growth of
large army.
49. 49
1919-23 KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
a. Clubbed with Non Co-operation Movement. With the thought
that an opportunity had come for a Hindu- Muslim joint movement
against the British.
b. During World War 1 people were against English, Turkish sided
with Germans. But latters defeat gave chance to the English who
created problems for Turkey. Then, the Muslims started a
movement in 1919 called the Khilafat Movement with these goals:.
i. Turkey should remain with the Muslims and should be in the
protection of Turkish. Its boundaries of the should remain those
which were before the World War.
50. 50
ii. Movement had thoroughly roused the country but had little
impact on the British and they attached no importance to it.
iii.) Annoyed by the British attitude the Khilafat Conference at
Karachi called upon the Muslim soldiers in the British Indian
army to quit. However, abrupt suspension of the Non Co-
operation and Khilafat Movement created a different situation.
The Movement leaders got sharply divided.
iv.) A large number of them lost faith in Mahatma, and turned to
the government for help. This movement (1919–1924) was Pan-
Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in
British India to influence the British government and to protect
the Ottoman Empire during the aftermath of World War I.
1919-23 KHILAFAT MOVEMENT CONTINUED
51. 51
SIMON COMMISIONSIMON COMMISION 19271927
On 26th November, 1927 a commission was announced byOn 26th November, 1927 a commission was announced by
British Government under the Chairmanship of Sir John Simon .British Government under the Chairmanship of Sir John Simon .
Consisting of 7members. It was charged with the duty ofConsisting of 7members. It was charged with the duty of
investigating Indian constitutional Problem and Dropinvestigating Indian constitutional Problem and Drop
Recommendation for future action .Recommendation for future action .
All members of commission were white with no localAll members of commission were white with no local
representation.representation.
There was negative response of Indians towards theThere was negative response of Indians towards the
commission and they greeted them with slogancommission and they greeted them with slogan " Simon Go" Simon Go
Back , Simon Go Back "Back , Simon Go Back "..
Both Congress and the Muslim League boycotted theBoth Congress and the Muslim League boycotted the
Commission . It was Published in 1930 named Simon Report . ItCommission . It was Published in 1930 named Simon Report . It
had 2 Volumes , first deals with Indian problem andhad 2 Volumes , first deals with Indian problem and ssecondecond
Deals with Recommendation and Proposal.Deals with Recommendation and Proposal.
52. 52
1928 NEHRU REPORT
After the Failure of Simon Commission in 1927, the minister
of India Lord Birkenhead Challenged Indians by saying: "IF
THEY HAVE ANY POLITICAL CAPABILITY AND
COMPETENCE THEN THEY SHOULD FORM A
UNANIMOUS CONSTITUTION AND PRESENT IT TO US
AND WE WILL IMPLEMENT IT".
ANSWER TO THE CHALLENGE OF LORD BIRKENHEAD
First and Second All Party Conference was Held at Delhi on 12
February and 19 May, 1928. Had two Muslim representatives,
namely Sir.Ali Imam and Mr. Shoaib Qureshi .
53. 53
Head of the Constitutional Assembly was Moti Lal Nehru other
members of the Committee were his son Jawaharlal Nehru Sir
Tej Bahadur Sapru, G.R. Pardhan, M.R. Jaikar and N.A. Joshi.
The Committe prepared a report after three months and was
called Nehru Report. It made following recommendations:
1. Ending Separate Electorate.
2. Joint electorate be introduced in proportion to population of
minorities.
3. Refusal to give 1/3 Representation to Muslim in the center.
4. Separation of Sind from Bombay (Mumbai)
5. Full provincial status for N.W.F.P and Balochistan.
6. Foreign Affairs, Army and defence be controlled by the
Parliament and Viceroy.
1928 NEHRU REPORT CONTINUED
54. 54
1928 NEHRU REPORT CONTINUED
REACTION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE:
The anti-Muslim suggestions of Nehru Report shattered the
Lucknow Pact and the Delhi proposal . Different Muslim leaders
expressed their views and feelings on this report :
COMMENTS OF SIR AGHA KHAN:
Sir Agha Khan said "Any sensible person cannot think Muslim
will accept these insulting conditions"
COMMENTS OF QUAID-E-AZAM:
Quaid-e-Azam on 22 December, 1928 at a failure of Calcutta
convention and due to stubbornness commented on Nehru
Report:
"From now the paths of Hindu and Muslims are
separate"
In short, all Muslim leaders expressed great dislike to the Nehru
Report, but it did not have any effect on Hindus.
55. 55
Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s 14 PointsMuhammad Ali Jinnah’s 14 Points
19291929
With the rejection of the Nehru Report by the Muslim League
Quaid-e-Azam gave his own Fourteen Points Formula at Delhi
which contained the following:
1. Future constitution should be federal; residual powers vested
in the provinces.
2. Provincial autonomy in uniform measures be granted.
3. All legislatures and other elected bodies be constituted on the
definite principle of adequate and effective representation of
minorities in every province without reducing the majority in any
province to a minority or even equality.
4. In the Central Legislature, Muslim representation shall not be
less than one third.
56. 56
MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH’S 14 POINTS 1929MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH’S 14 POINTS 1929
CONTINUEDCONTINUED
5. Communal groups representation should be through separate
electorate as at current, besides; it shall be open to any community
at any time to abandon its separate electorate in favour of a joint
electorate.
6. Any territorial distribution if necessary at any time shall not in
any way affect the Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and the
North West Frontier Province.
7. Full religious liberty, i.e. of belief, worship and observance,
propaganda, association and education, shall be guaranteed to all
communities.
8. No bill or any resolution or any part thereof be passed in any
legislature any other elected body if three-fourth members of any
community in that particular body oppose it as being injurious to
the interests of that community. Alternatively, methods be devised
as may be found feasible and practicable to deal with such cases.
57. 57
MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH’S 14 POINTS 1929MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH’S 14 POINTS 1929
CONTINUEDCONTINUED
9. Sindh should be separated from the Bombay Presidency.
10. Reforms should be introduced in the North West Frontier
Province (NWFP) and Baluchistan on the same footing as in the
other provinces.
11. Muslims be given adequate share in the State services along
with other Indians.
12. Constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the
protection of Muslim culture and and promotion of Muslim
education, language, religion and civilisation.
13. No cabinet, central or provincial, should be formed without
there being a proportion of at least one-third Muslim ministers.
14. No change shall be made in the constitution by the Central
Legislature except with the concurrence of the State's contribution
of the Indian Federation.
58. 58
1930 ALLAMA IQBAL ADDRESS
The Allahabad Address, notable for Conception of Pakistan, was
the Presidential Address by Allama Iqbal to the 25th Session of
the All-India Muslim League on 29 December 1930, at Allahabad,
India.
Here he presented the idea of a separate homeland for Indian
Muslims which was realised in the form of Pakistan. To quote him:
“I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province,
Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State”.
c) European principle of democracy cannot be applied to India
without recognising the fact of communal groups.
d) Hence, Muslim demand for the creation of a separate state is,
therefore, justified.
59. 59
1933 NOW OR NEVER PAMPHLET (CHOUDHRY
RAHMAT ALI)
Also called the “Pakistan Declaration”.
Choudhry Rahmat Ali , one of the founders of Pakistan and living
in England at that time had designed a pamphlet; Now Or Never
(28th January 1933) where Pakistan and its provinces were used
for the first time. He was living in England that time.
Excerpts of the letter are being reproduced:
60. 60
3, Humberstone Road,
Cambridge, England.
28th January, 1933
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am enclosing herewith an appeal on behalf of the thirty million
Muslims of PAKISTAN, who live in the five Northern Units of
India--Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, (Afghania) (NWFP),
Kashmir, Sind, and Baluchistan.
It embodies their demand for the recognition of their national
status, as distinct from the other inhabitants of India, by the grant
to Pakistan of a separate Federal Constitution on religious, social
and historical grounds.
1933 NOW OR NEVER PAMPHLET (CHOUDHRY
RAHMAT ALI) CONTINUED
61. 61
I shall be pleased if you will kindly acquaint me with your
valuable opinion on the proposed solution of the great Hindu-
Muslim problem. I trust that, vitally interested as you are in a just
and permanent solution of that complex problem, the objects
outlined in the appeal wiIl meet with your fullest approval and
active support.
Yours truly,
Rahmat Ali (Choudhry). (Founder, Pakistan National Movement)
From the foregoing contents of the letter it implies that the
word PAKISTAN has been derived as P-Punjab, A-Afghania
(NWFP), K-Kashmir, S-Sind and TAN-Baluchistan.
1933 NOW OR NEVER PAMPHLET (CHOUDHRY
RAHMAT ALI) CONTINUED
62. 62
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935
Following the Round Table Conferences a White Paper was
issued in 1933 and discussed in the Parliament. A Committee
was set up under the chairmanship of the Viceroy, Lord
Linlithgow for giving their recommendations.
Other members were Sir Agha Khan, Sir Muhammad Zafarullah
Khan, Shafaat Ahmad Khan, Abdur Rahim and A.H. Ghaznavi.
Report of the Committee was published in 1934 which was
contained in a Bill of Law and was presented to the British
Parliament for approval.
This bill was passed and after Royal assent on July 24, 1935
was enforced in the country as Government of India Act, 1935.
It failed to win appreciation from various sectors Indian political
leaders rejected it as it failed to meet the demands of different
political factions. Quaid-e-Azam declared it as ‘a defective
document’. Rajgopalacharia declared it as the worst type ever.
63. 63
1939-45 WORLD WAR II
a. It included all great powers of that time viz; UK, France,
USSR (Soviet Union), Germany, Italy, Japan, USA etc.
b. 100 million people served in the military units.
c. Economic and industrial damages were enormous.
d. Almost every person/business/service was involved
directly or indirectly.
e. 61 countries with a population of 1.7 billion were involved
one way or the other.
f. 50 milion lives were lost and hundreds of million injured.
64. 64
1940 PAKISTAN RESOLUTION
Commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution passed in Lahore,
also called The Lahore Resolution (Qarardad-e-Lahore) on March
23,1940 at Minto Park, Lahore now named Iqbal Park.
Above picture denotes the memorial of the famous place where
this resolution was passed.
It was a formal political statement adopted by the Muslim League-
interpreted as a demand for a separate Muslim state, Pakistan.
The resolution was presented by A. K. Fazlul Huq, from East
Bengal also later given the title of Sher-e-Bangal.
Although the name "Pakistan" was proposed by Rahmat Ali
Choudhry in his Pakistan Declaration.
65. 65
Crips Mission 1942Crips Mission 1942
• The British government wanted to get cooperation of theThe British government wanted to get cooperation of the
Indians with the war situation. It found it difficult to make theIndians with the war situation. It found it difficult to make the
war a success without the cooperation of both the Hindus andwar a success without the cooperation of both the Hindus and
the Muslims.the Muslims.
On March 22, 1942, Britain sent Sir Stafford Cripps with
constitutional proposals.
The important points of the declaration were as follows:
General elections in the provinces would be arranged as soon
as the war ended.
A new Indian dominion, associated with the United Kingdom would be created.
Those provinces not joining the dominion could form their own separate union.
Minorities were to be protected.
Congress rejected this proposal as Gandhi termed it as ‘a post
dated cheque on a failing bank’. The Muslim League rejected them
on the ground that it did not concede Pakistan unequivocally.
66. 66
1946 THE CABINET MISSION
All of the British Government’s attempts to establish peace
between the Congress and the Muslim League had failed. The
Mission's task was to try to bring the leaders of the principle
Indian political parties to agreement on two matters:
a. The method of framing a constitution for a self-governing,
independent India.
b.Setting up of a new Executive Council or interim government
that would hold office while the constitution was being hammered
out.
Main features of the Cabinet Mission were:
1. India would be granted the status of Federation consisting of
Indian Princely States and the British provinces.
2. Federal government look after defense, foreign affairs and
communication while rest of the subjects would be responsibility
of the federating units.
67. 67
Main features of the Cabinet Mission were:
1. India would be granted the status of Federation consisting of
Indian Princely States and the British provinces.
2. Federal government would take charge of defense, foreign
affairs and communication while rest of the subjects would be
responsibility of the federating units.
3. India would be divided into three groups: Group A Bihar,
Bombay, U.P. Madras, Orissa and C.P. Group B Punjab, Sindh,
NWFP and British Baluchistan while group C included Asam and
Bengal. These groups were authorised to frame their constitution
jointly with the other provinces of their respective groups.
4. A constituent assembly would consist of 389 members to draft
the constitution out of whom 292 would be from provinces.
5. Out of these 292, 93 members would be from Princely States
and 4 would be from the areas headed by Chief Commissioners.
1946 THE CABINET MISSION CONTINUED
70. 70
JUNE 03, 1947 PLAN
Prime Minister Atlee declared in Parliament that India would be
freed by 20th
February 1948. Lord Mountbatten was made last
Viceroy replacing Lord Wavell.
Atlee had told Mountbatten to transfer power to the Indians by 1st
June 1948. The latter faced several problems on his arrival.
Muslim League was not prepared to accept anything short of
Pakistan. Congress, on the other hand, was pressing hard for
transferring power to Hindu dominated Constituent Assembly.
Another problem was transfer by June 1948. Fifteen months was
too short a period for resolving the political, constitutional and
administrative issues. Lord Mountbatten soon began negotiations
with the Indian political leaders. After prolonged discussions, he
worked out a partition plan by middle April 1947.
75. 75
INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT 1947
Viceroy announced Partition Plan on July 4, 1947. India was
divided into two sovereign States of Pakistan and India.
Princely states were given the option to join any country. Both
countries had the right to remain in the British.
Agreements between the Princely states and the British would
cease once British control over India came to an end.
76. 76
1947 CREATION OF PAKISTAN
The Indian Independence Act 1947 was passed by the British
Parliament that partitioned British India into the two new
independent dominions of India and Pakistan.
On the 14th August the Muslims of India got Pakistan where they
could lead lives according to the (Rule of Islam) that was all the
due to the effort of the Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Quaid-e-Azam became the first Governor-General, and
Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan the first Prime Minister of Pakistan.
Here, it is worth mentioning that he was also given the title of
Quaid-e-Millat and following his assassination Shaheed-e-Millat.
79. 79
REFUGEES SETTLED IN INDIA
Hindus from East Pakistan settled across Eastern India.
Many end up in West Bengal, Assam and Tripura.
Some were sent to Andaman Islands.
Refugee camps were set up for Sindhi Hindus
81. 81
ROLE OF WOMEN IN PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
A. BEGUM SHAISTA IKRAMULLA:
Born on July 22, 1915 at Kolkata in the Suharwardy family.
Received education at Kolkata and London.
Was Pakistan’s former ambassador to Morocco and mother-in-
law of Jordan’s Crown Prince Hasan bin Talal and also niece of
Huseyn Shaheed Suharwardy.
She has also earned fame as an author.
Her works in the English language include “Letters To Neena”,
“Behind the Veil” and “From Purdah To Parliament”.
“Common Heritage” was her idea to improve ties between
Pakistan and India by providing a platform to citizens of both
countries who had lived in the Sub Continent before partition.
83. 83
BEGUM SHAH NAWAZ
1. Begum Jahan Ara Shah Nawaz was the daughter of famous
Muslim League leader, Sir Muhammad Shafi.
2. Born in April 1896 and educated at Queen Mary College,
Lahore.
3. She was associated with the education and orphanage
committees of the Anjuman-e-Islam, Lahore.
4. An active member of the All India Muslim Women’s
Conference and President of it’s Provincial Branch for seven
years; besides, Vice President of the Central Committee of the All
India Muslim Women’s Conference.
5. Was a member of the Lahore Municipal Committees and the
first women to be elected Vice President of the Provincial
Executive and also associated with the All India General
Committee of the Red Cross Society.
84. 84
BEGUM SHAH NAWAZ CONTINUED
6. A woman delegate to the Round Table Conferences.
7. In 1935, she founded the Punjab Provincial Women’s
Muslim League.
8.Elected as a member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly in
1937 and appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Education,
Medical relief and Public Health.
9. Became a member of the Women’s Central Sub Committee
of the All India Muslim League in 1938.
10. Passed away on November 27, 1979 at the age of 83.
85. 85
BEGUM TASADDUQ HUSSAIN
1. Real name was Salma Mahmuda, daughter of Mian Fazal Ilahi
Bedil, was born on August 1908 at Gujranwala.
2. With the formation of the Punjab Provincial Women’s Sub
Committee, she became it’s most active member.
3. In 1940, was elected as one of its Secretaries. Helped in
opening Primary Schools and Industrial Homes for girls at Lahore.
4.Rendered valuable services during the elections of 1946.
5. She successfully contested on the Muslim League ticket for
the Punjab Provincial Assembly seat by an overwhelming
majority.
6. The same year she was again taken on the Working
Committee of the Punjab Provincial Muslim League.
7. During the Partition was appointed Refugee Relief Secretary
in the Provincial Muslim League Office. Receiving the refugees,
make arrangements for their boarding and lodging at Lahore.
86. 86
LADY ABDULLAH HAROON
1. Real name was Nusrat Khanum and was born in 1886 in Iran.
2. Her parents migrated to India and later settled in Karachi.
3. Took keen interest in female education started a school.
4. Founded a female organization known as Anjuman-e-Khawateen
to improve the social and economic condition of the women in Sind.
5. In 1919, she entered the political arena and worked as an ardent
supporter of the Khilafat Movement in her Province.
6. Nominated in the Women’s Central Sub Committee of the All
India Muslim League in 1938. Elected President of the Sind
Provincial Women’s Sub Committee.
7. Muslim League owes its existence to Lady Haroon, brought the
Muslim women under the banner of the Muslim League.
8. Made great contributions for the Party during 1946 elections.
9. She died in 1966.
87. 87
LADY GHULAM HUSSAIN HIDAYATULLAH
1. Real name was Sughra Begum and was born in 1904 in a
feudal family of Shikarpur, Sind.
2. Though brought up in strict pudah, Sughra Begum was given a
liberal education, especially in Religion, Urdu, Sindhi and
Elementary English.
3. She began her political career in 1938as a worker of the All
India Muslim League and became the member of the Women’s
Central Sub Committee.
4. It was due to her efforts that various Branches of the Provincial
Sub Committee were formed in different Districts of Sind such as
Hyderabad, Nawabshah and Dadu.
5. In December 1943, during the Annual session of the All India
Muslim League held at Karachi, she was elected President of the
Women’s Reception Committee.
88. 88
LADY GHULAM HUSSAIN HIDAYATULLAH CONTINUED
6. Sughra Begum came to Lahore in February 1947 and
took part in political processions.
7. She led a grand procession that marched towards the
Civil Secretariat at the end of February 1947 and hoisted
the Muslim League flag on the Secretariat building.
8. During the partition riots, she actively worked with the
refugees to relieve their sufferings.
9. Passed away in the year 1985.