1) The document outlines the emergence of Pakistan from 1940-1947, beginning with Gandhi's Satyagrah movement and continuing through negotiations, elections, and partitions that eventually led to the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947. 2) Key events included the failed Cripps Mission in 1942, the Quit India Movement, talks between Gandhi and Jinnah, elections in 1945-1946 that strengthened the Muslim League's demand for Pakistan, and the Cabinet Mission Plan and June 3rd Partition Plan. 3) The Indian Independence Act of 1947 legally established the two new dominions of India and Pakistan, which both gained independence on August 15, 1947, though boundaries were still being determined

1. EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN(1940-47)
Lecture no: 13

2. Outline
Gandhi’s Satyagrah (1940)
Crips Mission (1942)
Quit India Movement (1942)
Gandhi-Jinnah Talks (1944)
End of WWII (1945)
Shimla Conference or Wavell Conference (1945)
General Elections of 1945-46
Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)
Interim Government (1946)
3rd June Plan or Partition Plan (1947)
Indian Independence Act
Partition Process
Transfer of Power

3. GANDHI’s SATYAGARH (1940)
Satyagarh:
• Non violent resistance movement started.
• Policy of passive political resistant movement.
In October 1940, Gandhi announced his plan of individual Satyagrah
which led even 600 person including top Congress leaders in to
prison. Gandhi provoked a mass movement but failed because it was
not for the freedom of India but for British government to recognize
Congress as only representative of the Indian people.

4. The Cripps Mission, 1942
The constitutional proposal for seeking Indian cooperation for war efforts:
1. Dominion status.
2. Indian constitutional body to frame constitution.
3. Princely states would be presented.
• The congress rejected the proposals and demanded that a responsible
government would be setup.
• The Muslim League also rejected the proposals and repeated its stand
that Muslims could not live in Indian union.
Quit India Movement:
• The Hindus started Quit India Movement in August 1942 seeing British
in trouble.
• The Muslim League replied with “Divide and Quit” slogan.
Gandhi Jinnah Talks: (1944)
• MK Gandhi did not accept Hindus and Muslims as Two Nations and
emphasized on united India.
• Jinnah replied; Muslims could never budge even a single inch from their
ideological and constitutional demand.

5. The General Elections of 1946
Shimla Conference
• Lord Wavell was the British viceroy in India.
• He announced to call conference to think over the different issues of
subcontinent; constitution of the future, structure of the government,
and future elections.
End of the world war2
• World war 2 ended in 1944.
General Elections of 1946
• The central legislature elections were held in December, 1945.
• Elections were held on the basis of separate electorates, thirty seats
were reserved for Muslims throughout the Sub-continent. ML won
all.
• The provincial election were held in January 1946.
• 492 seats were reserved for Muslims, ML became successful to
capture 482 seats.
• Thus, ML got splendid victory at provincial level too.
• The results of elections strengthened the foundation of Pakistan.
• No power in the world could stop the creation of Pakistan.

6. The Cabinet Mission, 1946
• General elections were held in 1946. The election showed
how the assembly was divided between League and Congress.
• Provincial elections were also held in 1946. Here also the
league-congress division became obvious.
• Finally, the British Government sent a mission of British
cabinet member called Cabinet Mission.
• It comprised secretary of State for India Lord Pathic
Lawrence as its head with Cripps and Alexander as Members.
• The mission divided Union of India in three groups with
Centre; centre to deal with foreign affairs, defense and
communications.
• Other powers should be rested in provinces.
• The Muslim League reiterated its demand for Pakistan; it
accepted the plan.
• Congress was critical of groupings and right to ask for review
of constitutional relationship.

7. Interim Government 1946-47
• The interim government was formed under Nehru
on September 2, 1946 and the ML stayed away.
They joined it on October 25, 1946:
 Liqat Ali khan
 Sardar Abdur-Rab-Nishtar
 Raja Gazanfar Ali
 I I Chundrigar
 J.N Mandal
• There were a number of problems of smooth
functioning of the interim government due to the
Muslim-Hindu differences.

8. 3rd June Plan or Partition Plan
• The British will not impose a constitution but the
constituent assembly will frame a constitution.
• The constitution will not be imposed on areas that do
not accept it.
• Punjab and Bengal Assemblies will meet in two parts,
members from Muslim majority areas and other
districts separately to decide if the province be
portioned.
• Sindh assembly will decide about joining either side.
• Referendum in NWFP.
• Baluchistan: appropriate method.
• Boundary commission for Punjab and Bengal.
• Princely states to decide to decide for themselves
keeping in view their geographical contiguity.

9. Indian Independence Act 1947
To give the legal shape to the June 3 plan, the Indian independence
Act was promulgated(July 1947).
• Two independent dominion states on August 15,1947.
• Their legislatures will have all powers to make laws for the
respective states.
• Government of India Act, 1935, to be interim constitution
subject to changes due to Indian Independence Act 1947.
• Governor Generals can amend the interim constitution until
March 31, 1948.
• All arrangements between the British and the princely states to
come to an end and they will have new arrangements with the
new states.
• British king will no longer use the title of the king of India.

10. The Partition Process
Punjab
• The Muslim members favored joining new CA the non-
Muslims voted for partition and joining India.
Bengal
• Muslims favored joining new CA while non-Muslims favored
partitioning and joining India.
Sindh
• The assembly voted to join Pakistan.
NWFP
• Referendum decided in favor of Pakistan.
Baluchistan
• Shahi Jirga and the non-official members of Quetta municipal
committee opted for Pakistan.
Sylhet
• Referendum was held to join East Bengal for joining Pakistan.

11. Transfer of Power
Governor General’s Issue
Mountbatten wanted to be joint Governor General of India and
Pakistan while Muslim League decided to appoint Jinnah as the first
Governor General of Pakistan in July.
Transfer of Power
1st meeting of the constituent assembly was held on August 11,
1947and the ceremonies on August 14.
Radio announcement was made at midnight 14-15 August.
Oath taking ceremony for Governor General and Prime Minister was
held on August 15 1947.
Boundaries Determined on August 17:
Boundaries commission award declared many controversial decisions
about certain areas like Gurdaspura, Zira tehsil etc, but ML accepted
it with protest.