Phytopharmaceuticals: Occurrence, isolation and characteristic features (chemical nature, uses in pharmacy, medicinal and health benefits) of Quercetin
Nutraceuticals chapter of Advance Pharmacognosy 1 of M Pharm syllabus.
This presentation involves Introduction to Nutraceuticals,
Classification of Nutraceuticals, Herbs as a food, Inorganic /mineral supplements, brief benefits of vitamin supplements, digestive enzymes and its example, use of cereals and Grains, importance of Antioxidants and Polyunsaturated fatty acids, an example of formulation and standardization of Multivitamin Tablets, what all regulatory requirement we need to manufacture Nutraceuticals and FSSAI guidelines for Nutraceuticals, sources- mediinal use - marker compound of some usually used Nutraceuticals.
Phytopharmaceuticals: Occurrence, isolation and characteristic features (chemical nature, uses in pharmacy, medicinal and health benefits) of Quercetin
Nutraceuticals chapter of Advance Pharmacognosy 1 of M Pharm syllabus.
This presentation involves Introduction to Nutraceuticals,
Classification of Nutraceuticals, Herbs as a food, Inorganic /mineral supplements, brief benefits of vitamin supplements, digestive enzymes and its example, use of cereals and Grains, importance of Antioxidants and Polyunsaturated fatty acids, an example of formulation and standardization of Multivitamin Tablets, what all regulatory requirement we need to manufacture Nutraceuticals and FSSAI guidelines for Nutraceuticals, sources- mediinal use - marker compound of some usually used Nutraceuticals.
Plants Drug Cultivation:
General introduction to importance pharmacognosy.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Current good agricultural practices.
Current good cultivation practices
Current good collection practices.
Conservation of medicinal plants-Ex-situ & In-situ conservation of medicinal plants.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
A purified and standardized fraction with a defined minimum of four bioactive or phytochemical compounds of an extract of a medicinal plant or its part, for internal or external use of human beings or animals for diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of any diseases but does not include administration by parenteral route.
Marine natural products: General methods of isolation and
purification, Study of Marine toxins, Recent advances in research
in marine drugs, Problems faced in research on marine drugs
such as taxonomical identification, chemical screening and their
solution.
Unit 2. Regulatory requirements for setting herbal drug industry:
Content: Global marketing management.
Indian and International patent law as applicable herbal drugs and natural products.
Export - Import (EXIM) policy, TRIPS.
Quality assurance in herbal/natural drug products.
Concepts of TQM, GMP, GLP, ISO-9000.
coumarin; umbelliferone and its biosynthesis and isolation.
terpenoide; cucurbitacine and its biosynthesis and isolation purification and characterization
Chemical structure
Class of natural product
Market preparations
Isolation of the natural product: Fresh plant from leave or root of citrus
Insect-damaged and fungus-infested roots and leaves
Were removed
Dried in the Laboratory at room temperature until they broke easily by hand
Extracted Successively with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol
Under vacuum on rotatory
evaporator below 50°C
Extract was then evaporated and yield a brownish mass
A well-stirred suspension of silica gel in Petroleum ether at 60°C–80°C was poured into a column
When the absorbent was well settled, the excess of petrol-ether was allowed to pass through the column. The slurry was passed through the silica gel in petrol-ether and was digested to well stirred column. The column was successively eluted with hexane, chloroform, methanol, and their mixtures of increasing polarity.
Yellow powder
Pharmacological actions & Mechanism of actions
Quantitative Estimation
Side effects
Contraindications Take care that Naringenin can interact with a quantity of pharmaceutical drugs, changing and influencing their blood level. These include
Statins thatare used for cholesterol control antiviral agents used to treat HIV/AIDS
anti-anxiety drugs
calcium channel blockers that are used to treat high blood pressure
non-sedating antihistamines such as Hismanal (astemizole)
immunosuppressive drugs used to prevent rejection of transplanted tissues organ.
Introduction to saponin glycosides, Saponin glycosides, Properties of saponin glycosides, Types of saponin glycosides, chemical tests of saponin glycosides
INDUSTRIAL PHARMACOGNOSTICAL TECHNOLOGY
Herbal drug industry: Infrastructure of herbal drug industry
involved in production of standardized extracts and various
dosage forms. Current challenges in upgrading and
modernization of herbal formulations. Entrepreneurship
Development, Project selection, project report, technical
knowledge, Capital venture, plant design, layout and construction.
Pilot plant scale –up techniques, case studies of herbal extracts.
Formulation and production management of herbals.
Prunin Production From Orange Peel Naringin Hydrolyzed By a-L-rhamnosidase fr...ijtsrd
An orange (Citrus sinensis) is the most common fruits in the world. The wastes generated from the orange fruit needs to be put in to beneficial use. In this study the primary wastes (peel) of orange is use for preparation of prunin. a-L-Rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40) secreted by Aspergillus flavipus MTCC-4644 are potential catalysis in hydrolysis of naringin content present in orange peels. a-L-rhamnosidase from the culture filtrate of a fungal strain, Aspergillus flavipus MTCC-4446 has been purified to homogeneity. The procedure involved concentration by ultra filtration and cation-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose. The purified enzyme gave a single protein band corresponding to molecular mass of 40.0 kDa in SDS-PAGE analysis showing that the enzyme preparation was pure. The native PAGE analysis of the purified enzyme also gave single protein band confirming the purity of the enzyme preparation. Using p-nitro phenyl -a-L-rhamnopyranoside as substrate, Km and kcat values of the enzyme were 0.48 mM and 28. 4 s-1 respectively. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were 5.0 and 50 °C, respectively. The enzyme is stable below10ºC and at pH 4.5. The energy of activation for thermal denaturation of enzyme determined by Arrhenius plot was 32.06 k J mol-1.The enzyme hydrolyzed naringin content of orange peel to L-rhamnose and prunin. Sarita Yadav"Prunin Production From Orange Peel Naringin Hydrolyzed By a-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus Flavipus MTCC- 4644" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16969.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/biochemistry/16969/prunin-production-from-orange-peel-naringin-hydrolyzed-by-a-l-rhamnosidase-from-aspergillus-flavipus--mtcc--4644/sarita-yadav
Plants Drug Cultivation:
General introduction to importance pharmacognosy.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Current good agricultural practices.
Current good cultivation practices
Current good collection practices.
Conservation of medicinal plants-Ex-situ & In-situ conservation of medicinal plants.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
A purified and standardized fraction with a defined minimum of four bioactive or phytochemical compounds of an extract of a medicinal plant or its part, for internal or external use of human beings or animals for diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of any diseases but does not include administration by parenteral route.
Marine natural products: General methods of isolation and
purification, Study of Marine toxins, Recent advances in research
in marine drugs, Problems faced in research on marine drugs
such as taxonomical identification, chemical screening and their
solution.
Unit 2. Regulatory requirements for setting herbal drug industry:
Content: Global marketing management.
Indian and International patent law as applicable herbal drugs and natural products.
Export - Import (EXIM) policy, TRIPS.
Quality assurance in herbal/natural drug products.
Concepts of TQM, GMP, GLP, ISO-9000.
coumarin; umbelliferone and its biosynthesis and isolation.
terpenoide; cucurbitacine and its biosynthesis and isolation purification and characterization
Chemical structure
Class of natural product
Market preparations
Isolation of the natural product: Fresh plant from leave or root of citrus
Insect-damaged and fungus-infested roots and leaves
Were removed
Dried in the Laboratory at room temperature until they broke easily by hand
Extracted Successively with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol
Under vacuum on rotatory
evaporator below 50°C
Extract was then evaporated and yield a brownish mass
A well-stirred suspension of silica gel in Petroleum ether at 60°C–80°C was poured into a column
When the absorbent was well settled, the excess of petrol-ether was allowed to pass through the column. The slurry was passed through the silica gel in petrol-ether and was digested to well stirred column. The column was successively eluted with hexane, chloroform, methanol, and their mixtures of increasing polarity.
Yellow powder
Pharmacological actions & Mechanism of actions
Quantitative Estimation
Side effects
Contraindications Take care that Naringenin can interact with a quantity of pharmaceutical drugs, changing and influencing their blood level. These include
Statins thatare used for cholesterol control antiviral agents used to treat HIV/AIDS
anti-anxiety drugs
calcium channel blockers that are used to treat high blood pressure
non-sedating antihistamines such as Hismanal (astemizole)
immunosuppressive drugs used to prevent rejection of transplanted tissues organ.
Introduction to saponin glycosides, Saponin glycosides, Properties of saponin glycosides, Types of saponin glycosides, chemical tests of saponin glycosides
INDUSTRIAL PHARMACOGNOSTICAL TECHNOLOGY
Herbal drug industry: Infrastructure of herbal drug industry
involved in production of standardized extracts and various
dosage forms. Current challenges in upgrading and
modernization of herbal formulations. Entrepreneurship
Development, Project selection, project report, technical
knowledge, Capital venture, plant design, layout and construction.
Pilot plant scale –up techniques, case studies of herbal extracts.
Formulation and production management of herbals.
Prunin Production From Orange Peel Naringin Hydrolyzed By a-L-rhamnosidase fr...ijtsrd
An orange (Citrus sinensis) is the most common fruits in the world. The wastes generated from the orange fruit needs to be put in to beneficial use. In this study the primary wastes (peel) of orange is use for preparation of prunin. a-L-Rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40) secreted by Aspergillus flavipus MTCC-4644 are potential catalysis in hydrolysis of naringin content present in orange peels. a-L-rhamnosidase from the culture filtrate of a fungal strain, Aspergillus flavipus MTCC-4446 has been purified to homogeneity. The procedure involved concentration by ultra filtration and cation-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose. The purified enzyme gave a single protein band corresponding to molecular mass of 40.0 kDa in SDS-PAGE analysis showing that the enzyme preparation was pure. The native PAGE analysis of the purified enzyme also gave single protein band confirming the purity of the enzyme preparation. Using p-nitro phenyl -a-L-rhamnopyranoside as substrate, Km and kcat values of the enzyme were 0.48 mM and 28. 4 s-1 respectively. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were 5.0 and 50 °C, respectively. The enzyme is stable below10ºC and at pH 4.5. The energy of activation for thermal denaturation of enzyme determined by Arrhenius plot was 32.06 k J mol-1.The enzyme hydrolyzed naringin content of orange peel to L-rhamnose and prunin. Sarita Yadav"Prunin Production From Orange Peel Naringin Hydrolyzed By a-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus Flavipus MTCC- 4644" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16969.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/biochemistry/16969/prunin-production-from-orange-peel-naringin-hydrolyzed-by-a-l-rhamnosidase-from-aspergillus-flavipus--mtcc--4644/sarita-yadav
Ecuadorian Rainforest, LLC is a supplier of all natural fruit, herb, marine, spice and vegetable ingredients.
This presentation highlights the health benefits of ingredients found in Latin America.
For more information, a sample or pricing please use the contact form or email us at info@intotherainforest.com
Determination of nephroprotective activity of ethanolic leaf extract of morin...pharmaindexing
The present study was undertaken to investigate the nephro protective effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Moringa Pterygosperma against paracetamol induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The study is carried out by using five groups of rats. Furosemide was taken as standard drug. The parameters estimated are RBC content, haemoglobin content, urea and creatinine levels. The extract showed nephro-protective activity by significantly reducing the levels of blood urea, serum creatinine, increasing the red blood cell count and haemoglobin content(P<0.01).
Assessment of the Genotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Several Vegetables,...AMERICA CASTAÑEDA
It has been demonstrated that the juices from several vegetables, spices and herbs protect against certain carcinogens. The antioxidant capacity of several vegetables has been documented. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the genotoxicity of celery, coriander, epazote, parsley and watercress using the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) on the wings of Drosophila melanogaster using Standard (ST) and High Bioactivation (HB) crosses with regular and high levels of metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes, respectively. The protective effects of the extracts against 4-Nitroquinoline n-Oxide (4NQO) 4NQO, an oxidant compound, and Cyclophosphamide (CP), an alkylating agent, were evaluated. Both promutagens were employed alone as
positive controls and in combination with the extracts. The majority of the extracts were non-genotoxic, although several positive results were observed. Parsley induced spots at all concentrations assayed in the ST cross and at the lowest concentration in the HB cross. Watercress, coriander and epazote produced some significant results in both crosses. CP in combination with the highest extract concentration exhibited a potentiation-synergistic effect while an inhibition-antagonic effect with 4NQO. In addition, the radical-scavenging activities of the extracts were investigated using the colorimetrical DPPH oxidative assay. The radical scavenging activity order from the highest to the lower was watercress > parsley > coriander > celery > epazote.
Protective Effect of Musa paradisiaca Fruit.pdfgynomark
Abstract: Musa paradisiaca often refereed as Banana is an ancient herbaceous flowering plant and the most earlier crop to be cultivated. It is one the important component of diet for all classes of people worldwide. All the parts of the plant is believed to have beneficial effects in different ailments and an excellent nutritional element. The present study was aimed to find the protective effect of Musa paradisiacal fruit extract on acute pancreatitis in rats.
Male Sprague dawley rats were randomly divided in to 4 groups. Control group with normal saline; disease control group where acute pancreatitis was induced by using a single dose of L-arginine (2.5g/kg b.w); Musa paradisiacal fruit extract were prophylactically administered before the induction of acute pancreatitis at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w orally in normal saline for 7 days. At the end of the study, blood samples and isolated pancreas were subjected to different pancreatic, antioxidant and inflammatory biomarker analysis. The remaining tissue was subjected to histopathological studies and DNA fragmentation assay for assessing the damage and protection of the tissues.
The results of the study revealed that prophylactic administration of the extracts reduced the amylase and lipase levels when compared to disease control group as well as improved the overall antioxidant status in a dose dependent manner. Further, the extracts also showed a protective effect against apoptosis.
In conclusion, the present study suggest that administration of Musa paradisiacal fruit extract exhibited a protective effect on acute pancreatitis and further investigation is required for its molecular based mechanisms.
Keywords: Musa paradisiacal, acute pancreatitis, free radicals, apoptosis.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Background and aim: Diabetes Mellitus [DM] is a metabolic disorder characterized by disturbances in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism and by complications like micro vascular (retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy) and macro vascular (heart attack,stroke and peripheral vascular disease) complications. Coriandrum sativum Linn has been claimed to possess antidiabetic properties in Traditional System of Medicine. This study aimed to evaluate molecular interaction of linalool in C.sativum and targeted protein related to Type 2 DM.
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Methanolic...Surendhar Venkatesan
Our Study was aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory of activity Clerodendrum Inerme , Methanolic Root Extract.
We evaluated under the HRBC Membrane Stabilization and Protein Denaturation Method.
Inhibition of ζ carotene desaturase gene in chiliVaibhav Maurya
Presentation is my research work on inhibition of Zeta carotene desaturase gene in Capsicum and find out the changes in expression profile of other carotenoid pathway genes
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
3. Introduction
Naringin is an flavanone glycoside present in citrus fruits with
interesting biological and pharmacological actions.
Naringin was first discovered by De Vry in the flowers of grapefruit
trees growing in Java in 1857, but he did not publish his findings at that
time.
Extensive research on this “novel compound” was conducted in the years
to come by De Vry and Hoffman, and, subsequently, by Will.
It is one of the main active components of Chinese herbal medicines,
such as Drynaria fortunei (Family- Polypodiaceae), Citrus aurantium L. &
Citrus medica L. (Family- Rutaceae)
4. Introduction
The name naringin is probably derived
from the Sanskrit term “narangi”
meaning “orange”.
Naringin is composed of naringenin,
an aglycone and neohesperidose
attached to the hydroxyl group at C-7
and tastes bitter due to its glycosidic
moiety.
It is abundantly contained in the skin of
grapefruit and orange and is the origin
of their bitterness.
5. Introduction
Its aglycon is naringenin, which is synthesized by a shikimic
acid pathway and occurs naturally in citrus fruits.
It displays strong anti-inflammatory & antioxidant activities.
Naringenin is known to exhibit a variety of biological effects such
as enzyme inhibitors, antioxidants, and anticancer while also being
known as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Recommended dose of naringin – 40-80 mg
6. Sources
Naringenin and its glycoside has been found in a variety of herbs and fruits, including
○ Grapefruit
○ Bergamot
○ sour orange
○ tart cherries
○ Tomatoes
○ Cocoa
○ Greek oregano
○ water mint
○ Beans
7. Sources
Grapefruit juice (Citrus × paradisi) (Family - Rutaceae) can provide much
higher plasma concentrations of naringenin than orange juice.
Naringenin can be absorbed from cooked tomato paste
It is also present in other plants including Citrus sinensis, Citrus unshiu, Citrus
nobilis Citrus tachibana, Citrus junos, (Family - Rutaceae) Artemisia
selengensis, Artemisia stolonifera, (Family - Asteraceae) roots of Cudrania
cochinchinensis (Family - Moraceae), aerial parts of Thymus herba-
barona(Family - Thymaceae), fruits of Pon cirus (Family - Rutaceae) and
related citrus species.
8. Extraction & Isolation
Three steps are needed to isolate naringin from fruits:
extraction » separation » purification.
The naringin content in fruit depends on a number of factors
the time of fruit collection,
the part of the fruit used and
if the peel is the source of naringin, the drying time
The naringin content of different fruits varies as follows:
Citrus aurantium (CA) > Immature CA, Immature Ponciri
fructus > Citri unshiu peel > Immature Citri unshiu peel
BITTER ORANGE (CITRUS
AURANTIUM)
9. Extraction & Isolation
A convection oven is
used to dry the peel
more quickly than sun
drying and to reduce
the aerial exposure
time and to prevent
microbial activity,
which could lead to
the destruction of
naringin and to the
contamination with
metabolites.
Extract Citrus
aurantium (CA) powder
(0.5 g) with 50%
methanol (25 mL) for
30 min using
ultrasonication,
which can help to
retard or eliminate
microbial infection.
The CA extract
achieved a 25.8%
naringin yield, and
then redissolve in
methanol to provide a
crude drug solution
with a final
concentration of
0.1 g/mL.
10. Extraction & Isolation
Methanol extraction
is followed by
crystallization with
water at 25 °C, with
the addition of 14–
15% (v/v)
dichloromethane,
and can result in a
five fold higher yield
than conventional
hot water extraction.
In this manner, ∼
20 g of naringin
(> 98% purity) can be
obtained from 1 kg
of dry pomelo peel.
After concentrating,
the structure of
naringin is confirmed
using ultraviolet-
visible spectroscopy
(UV-VIS), Fourier
transform-infrared
spectroscopy
(FTIR), 1H NMR
spectroscopy, mass
spectrometry and
elemental analysis
11. Chemistry
Also known as naringenin-
7-rhamnoglucoside.
Molecular formula:
C27H32O14
Naringin is a disaccharide
derivative that is (S)-
naringenin substituted by a
2-O-(alpha-L-
rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-
glucopyranosyl moiety at
position 7 via a glycosidic
linkage
12. Chemistry & Properties
IUPAC Name - (2S)-7-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[3,4,5-
trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-2-(4-
hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one
Chemical name - 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavanone 7-rhamnoglucoside
Molecular Weight - 580.5 Dalton
Physical description – Solid
Melting point - 83º C
Solubility - 1 mg/mL at 40 °C in water
Highly soluble in organic solvents like , ethanol, methanol & DMSO
Sparingly soluble in aqueous buffer
Storage – Should be stored at -20° C (Stable for 2 years)
13. Toxicity
The typical concentration of naringin in grapefruit juice is around
400 mg/l.
The reported LD50 of naringin in rodents in 2000 mg/kg.
Naringin inhibits some drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes,
including CYP3A4 and CYP1A2, which may result in drug-drug
interactions.
Ingestion of naringin and related flavonoids can also affect the
intestinal absorption of certain drugs, leading to either an increase or
decrease in circulating drug levels.
To avoid interference with drug absorption and metabolism, the
consumption of citrus (especially grapefruit) and other juices with
medications is advised against.
15. Various disorders in which naringin has been documented
to be effective.
System Disorders
Chemical/radiation-
induced damage
Radioprotection
Hepatotoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Pulmonary system Cough and bronchitis
Cardiovascular
Atherosclerosis and other thrombotic
disorders
Hypertension
Drug-induced cardiotoxicity
Myocardial infarction
Metabolic
Type 2 diabetes
Metabolic syndrome
Obesity
Diabetes neuropathy
Hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and
hepatic steatosis
16. Various disorders in which naringin has been documented
to be effective.
System Disorders
Neurological
Epilepsy
Parkinsonʼs disease
Alzheimerʼs disease
Memory enhancing
Stroke
Spinal cord injury
Cognitive dysfunction
Huntingtonʼs disease
Depression
Anxiety
Cancers
Breast cancer
Colon cancer
Cancer cervix
Bladder cancer
Lung cancer
Liver cancer
Oral cavity cancers
Skin cancer
17. Various disorders in which naringin has been documented
to be effective.
System Disorders
Bone diseases
Osteoporosis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Dental diseases Dental caries
Infections
Salmonellosis
Filariasis
Dengue
Ocular diseases
Uveitis
Cataract
Miscellaneous
Ulcerative colitis
Contact dermatitis
Allergic rhinitis
Gastric ulcer
18. Effects on bone regeneration
Treatment with naringin for 10–30 days can enhance the bone
regeneration, BMD and bone strength in animal models, but the
effects of the dose and route of administration, as well as the
mechanism of action and side effects, remain unclear.
Naringin has been shown to significantly affect osteogenic
differentiation and cell proliferation by improving signalling pathway
activity.
The effect of naringin on UMR-106 and MG-63 osteosarcoma cells is
dose-dependent over the concentration range of 1–100 μg/mL
19. Anti-inflammatory effects
Naringin has been shown to be effective in reducing the expression of
signalling factors associated with the inflammatory response, e.g.,
interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), inducible nitric oxide
synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)
and TNF-α, in animal models of inflammation.
In the 20-month-old male Wistar rats, treatment with naringin
potentially stopped an improvement in serum IL-6 during aging-
related inflammation
In addition, naringin inhibited iNOS expression and NO production in
macrophages
20. Anti-cancer effects
Naringin has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation and to promote
cell apoptosis in tumour cells, including triple-negative breast cancer
(TNBC) cells, human cervical cancer (SiHa) cells and bladder cancer cells.
In TNBC cells, the pro-apoptotic activity of naringin results from G1-phase
cell cycle arrest. Suppression of the growth of breast cancer cells by
naringin is mediated by inhibition of the β-catenin pathway, leading to a
significantly increased p21 level and decreased cell survival.
Naringin acts by a similar mechanism in SiHa cells, which exhibit apoptotic
cell death, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, morphological changes
and a decline in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential through both
death-receptor and mitochondrial pathways.
21. Effect on oxidative stress
Phenolic phytochemicals are thought to promote health partly via
antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging effects.
Disturbances in the normal redox state of cells can lead to toxicity
through the production of ROS and free radicals, which damage all of
the components of the cell.
Naringin has been shown to have dose-dependent radical scavenging
activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl and
tetraethylammonium chloride radicals.
At concentrations of 5–2000 μM, naringin showed antioxidant activity
and reduced the frequency of DNA damage by H2O2 in Chinese
hamster fibroblast cells.
22. Effect on metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which consists of cluster of conditions,
hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and visceral
obesity, is affecting population worldwide.
Studies have shown that naringin plays a critical role in the treatment
of MetS due to its antioxidant activity and ability to regulate
cytokines.
It appears to be efficacious in alleviating MetS by preventing
oxidative damage and proinflammatory cytokine release.
23. References
1. Alam, F., Badruddeen, Kharya, A. K., Juber, A., & Khan, M. I. (2020). Naringin: Sources,
Chemistry, Toxicity, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacological Evidences, Molecular Docking
and Cell line Study. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 13(5).
https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00447.3
2. David, A. V. A., Arulmoli, R., & Parasuraman, S. (2016). Overviews of Biological Importance
of Quercetin: A Bioactive Flavonoid. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 10(20), 84.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.194044
3. Frutos, M. J., Rincón-Frutos, L., & Valero-Cases, E. (2019). Rutin. Nonvitamin and Nonmineral
Nutritional Supplements, 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812491-8.00015-1
4. Garg, A., Garg, S., Zaneveld, L. J. D., & Singla, A. K. (2001). Chemistry and pharmacology of
the citrus bioflavonoid hesperidin. Phytotherapy Research, 15(8).
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1074
5. Panche, A. N., Diwan, A. D., & Chandra, S. R. (2016). Flavonoids: An overview. In Journal of
Nutritional Science (Vol. 5). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41