Plants Drug Cultivation:
General introduction to importance pharmacognosy.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Current good agricultural practices.
Current good cultivation practices
Current good collection practices.
Conservation of medicinal plants-Ex-situ & In-situ conservation of medicinal plants.
A purified and standardized fraction with a defined minimum of four bioactive or phytochemical compounds of an extract of a medicinal plant or its part, for internal or external use of human beings or animals for diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of any diseases but does not include administration by parenteral route.
This presentation comprehensively tells about not only the classical methods of extraction but also the modern methods by which herbal products can be easily and efficiently extracted for further use in isolation and formulation
Regulatory requirement for setting herbal drug industryRAGHAV DOGRA
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 percent of the population of some Asian and African countries presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care.Pharmaceuticals are prohibitively expensive for most of the world's population, half of whom lived on less than $2 U.S. per day in 2002. In comparison, herbal medicines can be grown from seed or gathered from nature for little or no cost
patent (/ˈpætənt/ or /ˈpeɪtənt/) is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of intellectual property.
Unit 2. Regulatory requirements for setting herbal drug industry:
Content: Global marketing management.
Indian and International patent law as applicable herbal drugs and natural products.
Export - Import (EXIM) policy, TRIPS.
Quality assurance in herbal/natural drug products.
Concepts of TQM, GMP, GLP, ISO-9000.
Plants Drug Cultivation:
General introduction to importance pharmacognosy.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Current good agricultural practices.
Current good cultivation practices
Current good collection practices.
Conservation of medicinal plants-Ex-situ & In-situ conservation of medicinal plants.
A purified and standardized fraction with a defined minimum of four bioactive or phytochemical compounds of an extract of a medicinal plant or its part, for internal or external use of human beings or animals for diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of any diseases but does not include administration by parenteral route.
This presentation comprehensively tells about not only the classical methods of extraction but also the modern methods by which herbal products can be easily and efficiently extracted for further use in isolation and formulation
Regulatory requirement for setting herbal drug industryRAGHAV DOGRA
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 percent of the population of some Asian and African countries presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care.Pharmaceuticals are prohibitively expensive for most of the world's population, half of whom lived on less than $2 U.S. per day in 2002. In comparison, herbal medicines can be grown from seed or gathered from nature for little or no cost
patent (/ˈpætənt/ or /ˈpeɪtənt/) is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of intellectual property.
Unit 2. Regulatory requirements for setting herbal drug industry:
Content: Global marketing management.
Indian and International patent law as applicable herbal drugs and natural products.
Export - Import (EXIM) policy, TRIPS.
Quality assurance in herbal/natural drug products.
Concepts of TQM, GMP, GLP, ISO-9000.
Pharmacognosy is the objective study of crude drugs of animal, vegetable and mineral origin, treated scientifically.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicine derived from natural sources that include plants, animals, and microorganisms, and the scope of the field depends on knowledge about the safety, purity, and efficacy of complex multicompound products.
Herbal pharmacognosy is the application of this science specifically to traditional herbal medicine sources.
Marine natural products: General methods of isolation and
purification, Study of Marine toxins, Recent advances in research
in marine drugs, Problems faced in research on marine drugs
such as taxonomical identification, chemical screening and their
solution.
Herbal drugs are usually considered safe but when taken along with other drugs of chemical origin (allopathic drugs), they do interact with them and cause Bio-drug interaction
INDUSTRIAL PHARMACOGNOSTICAL TECHNOLOGY
Herbal drug industry: Infrastructure of herbal drug industry
involved in production of standardized extracts and various
dosage forms. Current challenges in upgrading and
modernization of herbal formulations. Entrepreneurship
Development, Project selection, project report, technical
knowledge, Capital venture, plant design, layout and construction.
Pilot plant scale –up techniques, case studies of herbal extracts.
Formulation and production management of herbals.
what is extraction. what are the conventional methods what are their drawbacks. what are the advanced techniques used to overcome those drawbacks. major focus on Microwave assisted extraction. its factors advantages types and applications
Withanolides are a group of at least 300 naturally occurring steroids built on an ergostane skeleton.They occur as secondary metabolites primarily in genera of the Nightshade family, for example in the tomatillo.
Structurally, withanolides consist of a steroid backbone bound to a lactone or one of its derivatives; they are produced via oxidation of steroids. It remains unknown to what end withanolides are produced; they may act as a deterrent for feeding insect larvae and other herbivores
INDIAN AND INTERNATIONAL PATENT LAW AS APPLICABLE TO HERBAL AND NATURAL PRODUCTSTejaswini Chandra
ITS A USEFUL TOPIS FOR LAW STUDNETS REGARDING THE HERBAL DRUGS AND NATURAL PRODUCTS .
ALSO USEFUL FOR THE MPHARM STUDENTS OF ALL DOMAIN TO STUDY REGARDING THE PATENT LAW
HOPE YOU ALL MAKE USE OF IT TO FULLEST AND SUCCEED.
Nutraceuticals chapter of Advance Pharmacognosy 1 of M Pharm syllabus.
This presentation involves Introduction to Nutraceuticals,
Classification of Nutraceuticals, Herbs as a food, Inorganic /mineral supplements, brief benefits of vitamin supplements, digestive enzymes and its example, use of cereals and Grains, importance of Antioxidants and Polyunsaturated fatty acids, an example of formulation and standardization of Multivitamin Tablets, what all regulatory requirement we need to manufacture Nutraceuticals and FSSAI guidelines for Nutraceuticals, sources- mediinal use - marker compound of some usually used Nutraceuticals.
Pharamcovigilance of drugs of natural originNiravKumar9
WHO Guidelines on safety monitoring of herbal medicines in Pharmacovigilance system and AYUSHSURAKSHA (Pharmacovigilance of Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, And Homeopathy) syestem in India.
ITS AN IMPORTANT TOPIC OF PHYTOCHEMISTRY DEALING WITH THE COMPLETE INFORMATION REGARDING THE BIOSYNTHESISI OF WITHANOLIDES AND UMBELLIFERONE WHICH IS VERY USEFUL FOR THE 1 SEM MPHARM STUDENTS OF THE PHARMACOGNOSY DEPARTMENT.
HOPE EVERYONE WILL MAKE USE OF IT TO LEARN WELL
Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine/vaccine-related problem.
All medicines and vaccines undergo rigorous testing for safety and efficacy through clinical trials before they are authorized for use.
The clinical trial process involves studying these products in a relatively small number of selected individuals for a short period of time.
Certain side effects may only emerge once these products have been used by a heterogenous population, including people with other concurrent diseases, and over a long period.
Drug discovery is the process through which potential new medicines are identified.
It involves a wide range of scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry and pharmacology.
Natural products and their structural analogues have historically made a major contribution to pharmacotherapy, especially for cancer and infectious diseases.
Natural products also have challenges for drug discovery, such as technical barriers to screening, isolation, characterization and optimization.
Unit I: Plant Drug Cultivation
General introduction to the importance of
Pharmacognosy in herbal drug industry, Indian Council of
Agricultural Research, Current Good Agricultural Practices,
Current Good Cultivation Practices, Current Good Collection
Practices, Conservation of medicinal plants- Ex-situ and Insitu
conservation of medicinal plants.
Pharmacognosy is the objective study of crude drugs of animal, vegetable and mineral origin, treated scientifically.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicine derived from natural sources that include plants, animals, and microorganisms, and the scope of the field depends on knowledge about the safety, purity, and efficacy of complex multicompound products.
Herbal pharmacognosy is the application of this science specifically to traditional herbal medicine sources.
Marine natural products: General methods of isolation and
purification, Study of Marine toxins, Recent advances in research
in marine drugs, Problems faced in research on marine drugs
such as taxonomical identification, chemical screening and their
solution.
Herbal drugs are usually considered safe but when taken along with other drugs of chemical origin (allopathic drugs), they do interact with them and cause Bio-drug interaction
INDUSTRIAL PHARMACOGNOSTICAL TECHNOLOGY
Herbal drug industry: Infrastructure of herbal drug industry
involved in production of standardized extracts and various
dosage forms. Current challenges in upgrading and
modernization of herbal formulations. Entrepreneurship
Development, Project selection, project report, technical
knowledge, Capital venture, plant design, layout and construction.
Pilot plant scale –up techniques, case studies of herbal extracts.
Formulation and production management of herbals.
what is extraction. what are the conventional methods what are their drawbacks. what are the advanced techniques used to overcome those drawbacks. major focus on Microwave assisted extraction. its factors advantages types and applications
Withanolides are a group of at least 300 naturally occurring steroids built on an ergostane skeleton.They occur as secondary metabolites primarily in genera of the Nightshade family, for example in the tomatillo.
Structurally, withanolides consist of a steroid backbone bound to a lactone or one of its derivatives; they are produced via oxidation of steroids. It remains unknown to what end withanolides are produced; they may act as a deterrent for feeding insect larvae and other herbivores
INDIAN AND INTERNATIONAL PATENT LAW AS APPLICABLE TO HERBAL AND NATURAL PRODUCTSTejaswini Chandra
ITS A USEFUL TOPIS FOR LAW STUDNETS REGARDING THE HERBAL DRUGS AND NATURAL PRODUCTS .
ALSO USEFUL FOR THE MPHARM STUDENTS OF ALL DOMAIN TO STUDY REGARDING THE PATENT LAW
HOPE YOU ALL MAKE USE OF IT TO FULLEST AND SUCCEED.
Nutraceuticals chapter of Advance Pharmacognosy 1 of M Pharm syllabus.
This presentation involves Introduction to Nutraceuticals,
Classification of Nutraceuticals, Herbs as a food, Inorganic /mineral supplements, brief benefits of vitamin supplements, digestive enzymes and its example, use of cereals and Grains, importance of Antioxidants and Polyunsaturated fatty acids, an example of formulation and standardization of Multivitamin Tablets, what all regulatory requirement we need to manufacture Nutraceuticals and FSSAI guidelines for Nutraceuticals, sources- mediinal use - marker compound of some usually used Nutraceuticals.
Pharamcovigilance of drugs of natural originNiravKumar9
WHO Guidelines on safety monitoring of herbal medicines in Pharmacovigilance system and AYUSHSURAKSHA (Pharmacovigilance of Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, And Homeopathy) syestem in India.
ITS AN IMPORTANT TOPIC OF PHYTOCHEMISTRY DEALING WITH THE COMPLETE INFORMATION REGARDING THE BIOSYNTHESISI OF WITHANOLIDES AND UMBELLIFERONE WHICH IS VERY USEFUL FOR THE 1 SEM MPHARM STUDENTS OF THE PHARMACOGNOSY DEPARTMENT.
HOPE EVERYONE WILL MAKE USE OF IT TO LEARN WELL
Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine/vaccine-related problem.
All medicines and vaccines undergo rigorous testing for safety and efficacy through clinical trials before they are authorized for use.
The clinical trial process involves studying these products in a relatively small number of selected individuals for a short period of time.
Certain side effects may only emerge once these products have been used by a heterogenous population, including people with other concurrent diseases, and over a long period.
Drug discovery is the process through which potential new medicines are identified.
It involves a wide range of scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry and pharmacology.
Natural products and their structural analogues have historically made a major contribution to pharmacotherapy, especially for cancer and infectious diseases.
Natural products also have challenges for drug discovery, such as technical barriers to screening, isolation, characterization and optimization.
Unit I: Plant Drug Cultivation
General introduction to the importance of
Pharmacognosy in herbal drug industry, Indian Council of
Agricultural Research, Current Good Agricultural Practices,
Current Good Cultivation Practices, Current Good Collection
Practices, Conservation of medicinal plants- Ex-situ and Insitu
conservation of medicinal plants.
Methods Of Extractions of crude drugs.pdfArunShah49
This document is made to help different personals to enhance their knowledge about crude drug processing and their proper usage for better therapeutic yeild. In this document one can find the detailed study of some of the popular and effective methods of extraction for crude drugs like as Soxhlet extraction, Countercurrent Extraction and Ultrasonication Assisted extraction methods. Hope this would be helpful for the students and other personals willing to learn about extraction methods related to crude drugs.
Modern and effective methods in the development of natural productsTejasSonawane19
The file is all about the modern and effective method for the development of natural products . and to explore the traditional system globally . the one who wants to make his product effective and stable he must follow these methods .
Our high-quality natural ingredients with protective and therapeutic functions derived from natural sources and innovative production techniques start in our Nutraceuticals FRL R&D lab.
More Info >> https://www.foodresearchlab.com/what-we-do/new-product-development-service/nutraceutical-product-development-solutions/
Downstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of salvageable components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste.
Our high-quality natural ingredients with protective and therapeutic functions derived from natural sources and innovative production techniques start in our Nutraceuticals FRL R&D lab. Our quality control and assurance departments ensure that goods are thoroughly tested and monitored for stability during manufacturing to remove any faults.
more Info >> https://www.foodresearchlab.com/what-we-do/new-product-development-service/nutraceutical-product-development-solutions/
Phytopharmaceuticals: Occurrence, isolation and characteristic features (chemical nature, uses in pharmacy, medicinal and health benefits) of Quercetin
WHO guidelines on herbal drug monitoringKaustav Dey
This presentation points out the various guidelines laid out by World health organization for safe & effective way of monitoring of Herbal Medicine in a pharmacovigilance setting
Solubility enhancement technique of BCS Class II drug by Solvent EvaporatiomKaustav Dey
I am very happy to share with you my B.Pharm Final semester Presentation. The topic of the presentation was “SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE OF BCS CLASS II DRUG BY SOLVENT EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE – FORMULATION & EVALUATION" which i have done under the esteemed guidance of Dr. Goutam Kumar Jena. It was a great experience to deliver this topic infront of the expert jury. I would also like thank all my teammates especially Agniv Masanta for his efforts. I hope everyone of you will like presentation and the research and efforts behind it.Thank you for giving your precious time. #research #science #thankyou #experience #share
Artificial intelligence in field of pharmacyKaustav Dey
AI is a program designed to produce outcome in a manner similar to human intelligence,logic and reasoning.This can be used in field of Pharmacy for betterment of humankind, to save lives,money and time
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. Recent Advances in
Extraction
with Emphasis on Selection of Method &
Choice of Solvent for Extraction,
Successive & Exhaustive Extraction.
Kaustav Dey
M. Pharm (Pharmacognosy)
1st Sem
UIPS, Panjab University
2. Contents
• What is Extraction ?
• Purpose & Benefits
• Selection of Method
• Choice of Solvent
• Traditional Method of Extraction
• Conventional Soxhlet Extraction
• Recent Advances in Extraction
○ Ultrasound assisted extraction
○ Microwave assisted extraction
○ Supercritical fluid extraction
○ Enzyme assisted extraction
• Successive & Exhaustive Extraction
• References
3. What is Extraction ?
• It is the separation of medicinally
active portions of plant (and animal)
tissues using selective solvents
through standard procedures.
• The products so obtained from plants
are relatively complex mixtures of
metabolites, in liquid or semisolid
state or in dry powder form (after
removing the solvent), & are intended
for oral or external use.
4. Purpose & Benefits
Purpose of extraction of crude drugs :-
• To attain the therapeutically desired portions
• To eliminate unwanted material by treatment with a selective solvent known
as “menstruum”
The extract thus obtained, after standardization, may be used as
• medicinal agent
• as such in the form of tinctures
• fluid extracts
• further processed to be incorporated in any dosage form such as tablets and
capsules
5. Selection of Method
Parameters for Selecting an Appropriate Extraction Method
Authentication of plant material by botanist.
Use the right plant part + the age of plant + the time, season & place of collection.
The nature of its chemical constituents.
Grinding methods & powdering techniques.
Nature of constituents (polar/nonpolar).
The quality of water / menstruum.
The design & material of fabrication of the extractor.
Analytical parameters of the final extract, (TLC/HPLC).
6. Selection of Method
Variation in extraction methods usually depends upon:
Length of the extraction period
Solvent used
pH of the solvent
Temperature
Particle size of the plant tissues
The solvent-to-sample ratio
Scale
7. Choice of Solvent
• Successful determination of biologically active compounds depends on the
type of solvent used in the extraction procedure.
• The choice of solvent is influenced by what is intended with the extract.
Properties of a good solvent in plant extractions :-
• low toxicity
• ease of evaporation at low heat
• promotion of rapid physiologic absorption of the extract
• preservative action
• inability to cause the extract to complex or dissociate.
8. The factors affecting the choice of solvent are:
• Quantity of phytochemical to be extracted
• Rate of extraction
• Diversity of different compounds extracted
• Diversity of inhibitory compounds extracted
• Ease of subsequent handling of the extracts
• Toxicity of the solvent in the bioassay process
• Potential health hazard of the extractants
9. Traditional Method of Extraction
• Maceration
• Percolation
• Decoction
• Digestion
• Infusion
• Hot continuous extraction (Soxhlet)
10. Conventional Soxhlet Extraction
• Form of continuous extraction
• Evaporation & condensation mechanism is followed
• Standard technique / used as a reference for evaluation
of other techniques
LIMITATIONS :
a. Extraction time is long
b. Large amount of solvent is used
c. Agitation cannot be provided
d. Possibility of thermal decomposition of the target
compounds.
13. Ultrasound-assisted Extraction
• Frequency ranges from 20 kHz to 100 MHz
• Waves passes through the medium causing
compression and expansion giving rise to cavity
which further leads in production, growth, and
collapse of bubbles.
• It gives rise to temp. of 5000° C & 50 MPa due to the
conversion of kinetic energy of motion
• Extraction mechanism-Diffusion across the cell wall
• Rinsing the contents of cell after breaking the walls
14. Contd...
APPLICATION-
• Antioxidants, pigments, lipids, phytochemicals and
aromas extraction from fruits & vegetables intended
for direct or indirect applications in food,
pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
BENEFITS –
• Inexpensive, simple and efficient
• Increased extraction rate and yield.
• Better reduction in particle size
• Reduce the operating temperature allowing the
extraction of thermolabile compounds.
• Can be used as a hybrid form by clubbing with other
extraction method e.g., Sono-Soxhlet, UAE+MAE
Fig. 2. Effect of power ultrasound on spinach
leaves.
(A: Comparison of chlorophyll extraction kinetics
for UAE & for maceration
15. Microwave-assisted Extraction
• Microwaves are electromagnetic radiations with a frequency
from 0.3 to 300 GHz.
• These are transmitted as waves, which can penetrate
biomaterials and interact with polar molecules such as water to
create heat and causing dehydration of cellulose present inside.
• This leads to reduction of its mechanical strength
16. Types of MAE
• Closed extraction vessels- performs extraction under controlled pressure &
temperature
• Focused microwave ovens- only a part of the extraction vessel containing the
sample is irradiated with microwave
17. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
CLOSED
VESSEL
SYSTEM
Decreased extraction time High pressure poses safety risks
No loss of volatile system Addition of reagent is impossible
Less solvent required
Vessel must be cooled down
before opened
No hazardous fumes
OPEN
VESSEL
SYSTEM
Increased safety Less precise than the former
Addition of reagent is possible Time consuming
Ability to process large samples
System cannot process samples
simultaneously
Suitable for thermolabile equipment
Low cost equipment
No requirement for cooling down
or depressurization
18. Supercritical Fluid Extraction
• At a certain temp. and pressure condition, liquid &
vapor phases of a substance become
indistinguishable. This is known as Critical Point.
• Substances above critical point- Supercritical Fluid
• It is the process of separating one component from
another (the matrix) using supercritical fluids as the
extracting solvent.
PROPERTIES OF SCF :-
• Physical and thermal properties of SCFs
are in between pure liquid and gas, hence
can also be known as ‘Compressible liquids’
or ‘dense gases’
Changes in properties are for a SCF are as follows: –
– Liquid like densities (100-1000 times greater than gases)
– Diffusivities higher than liquids (10-3 and 10-4cm2/s)
– Good solvating power
19. – Reduction in surface tension
– Low viscosity (10-100 times less than liquid)
– Gas like compressibility properties
Therefore they posses high penetrating power
• Solvent of choice for SFE – CO2
• Temperature - 304 K and 7.3 Mpa , non-flammable & non-toxic
• Used for extraction of non-polar compounds such as hydrocarbons
• To extract polar compounds, some polar supercritical fluids such as Freon-22,
nitrous oxide and hexane have been considered.
• Use of co-solvent like methanol is seen to increase solubility of polar
compound
20.
21. Enzyme-assisted Extraction
• Some phytochemicals are retained in polysaccharide-lignin network by
hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic interactions, rather than cytoplasm
• These are not accessible with a solvent in a routine extraction process.
• So, enzymatic pre-treatment has been considered as a novel and an effective
way to release bounded compounds and also to increase overall yield.
Enzyme used - cellulase, α-amylase, pectinase
Types of Extraction process -
1. Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction (EAAE)
2. Enzyme-assisted cold pressing (EACP)
22. • EAAE methods have been developed mainly for the
extraction of oils from various seeds
• In EACP technique, enzymes is used to hydrolyze the
seed cell wall
• BENEFITS - Decreased solvent use during extraction
is particularly important for both regulatory and
environmental reasons, providing a ‘greener’ option
than traditional non-enzymatic extraction.
• LIMITATIONS -
a) the cost of enzymes is relatively expensive for
processing large volumes of raw material
b) enzyme-assisted extraction can be difficult to scale up
to industrial scale because enzymes behave
differently as environmental conditions such as the
percentage of dissolved oxygen, temperature and
nutrient availability vary.
23. Successive & Exhaustive Extraction
• It is another common method of extraction which involves successive
extraction with solvents of increasing polarity from a non-polar (hexane) to a
more polar solvent (methanol) to ensure that a wide polarity range of
compound could be extracted.
• Some researchers employ Soxhlet extraction of dried plant material using
organic solvent.
• This method cannot be used for thermolabile compounds as prolonged heating
may lead to degradation of compounds
24. Figure- Venn diagram elucidate the
overlapping of compounds belonging to
different identified chemical groups between
different extraction solvents.
25. Difference between Traditional & Successive & Exhaustive Extraction
TRADITIONAL SUCCESSIVE & EXHAUSTIVE
• Single solvent • Multi solvent
• Aqueous solvent • Organic solvent
• Single polarity • Variable polarity
• Less extraction efficiency • More extraction efficiency
• Less hazardous • More hazardous
• Simple but time Consuming • Complex but faster
• Easy to operate • Laborious operation
• Selective phytoconstituents gets
extracted from one plant
• Maximum phytoconstituents
gets extracted from one plant
26. References
• Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants - Lijun Wang*and Curtis L. Weller - Department of
Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726, USA
• Recent advances in extraction of antioxidants from plant by-products processing industries - M.
Selvamuthukumaran* and John Shi**-*Department of Food Science and Post Harvest Technology, Institute of
Technology, Haramaya University, PO Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia and **Guelph Research and
Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9,
Canada
• Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG, Lightfoot DA. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation,
and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants. 2017
• Sandra Pimentel-Moral, María de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea, Celia Rodríguez-Pérez, Antonio Segura-Carretero,-
Recent advances in extraction technologies of phytochemicals applied for the revaluation of agri-food by-
products
Editor's Notes
Maceration is process of extraction of drugs with solvent with several daily shaking or storing at room temperature. It is based on the immersion of the powdered drugs in a bulk of the solvent or menstruum.
percolation is a continuous flow of the solvent through the bed of the crude drug material to get the extract.
Decoction – Crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water for a defined time then cooled and strained and filtered to get extract
Digestion – in this form of maceration gentle heat is used during the process of extraction
Soxhlet extraction is the process of continuous extraction in which the same solvent can be circulated through the extractor for several times. This process involves extraction followed by evaporation of the solvent. The vapours of the solvent are taken to a condenser and the condensed liquid is returned to the drug for continuous extraction.
