Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Studies of in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isol...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Parinari curatellifolia. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with IC50 values of 13.47 μg/mL and 5.667 μg/mL, respectively. In cytotoxicity testing against cervical cancer cells (HeLa cell line), the extracts and pure compounds displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects. The ethyl acetate extract and compounds C7 and C8 showed the most potent cytotoxic activities, with IC50 values below 100 μg/mL. The results provide support for the traditional use of P. curatellifolia in cancer treatment and indicate that further investigation
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifo...pharmaindexing
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifoliolata and saccharum spontaneum by DPPH, Nitric Oxide and Lipid perooxidation methods
DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal PlantsIOSR Journals
This study was designed to screen out free radical scavenging potentiality of 84 medicinal plants. Stock solution of different plant extracts and standard were diluted to achieve suitable concentrations. A control was also prepared without plant extract solution. Then 0.004% DPPH solution was added. The mixtures were incubated in the room temperature for 30 minutes. Then the absorbance was measured at 517 nm against solvent in UV-spectrophotometer and then IC50 was calculated. In this experiment two standard were used-ascorbic acid and BHT. Both showed a significant IC50 value of 15.5μg/mL, and 46.54μg/mL respectively. Among 84 medicinal plants Syzygim cumini, Casuarina littorea, Borassus flabellifer, Enhydra fluctuans, and Minusops elengi exhibited highest radical scavenging potential with an IC50 value of 12.816μg/mL, 14.467μg/mL, 15.755μg/mL, 15.653μg/mL, and 20.380μg/mL respectively. All these value are very close to the IC50 value of ascorbic acid and better than IC50 value of BHT (Butylated Hydroxy Toluene). Syzygim cumini is the most powerful scavenger among all tested medicinal plants and also most strong scavenger than ascorbic acid and BHT. Scavenging activity was found to increase in dose dependent manner. Another 30 medicinal plants exhibited good scavenging property and 14 medicinal plants showed moderate scavenging activity. The rest presented lower scavenging activity. This present study indicates that plants having good scavenging property may have various health beneficial effects and these plants can be considered as valuable source of bioactive components with high antioxidant properties.
The document summarizes the phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of a poly herbal formulation. It begins with an introduction to antioxidants and their importance. It then describes the objective to investigate the pharmacological screening of ethanol and aqueous extracts of the polyherbal drug to justify its use as an antioxidant. The document outlines the various materials, extraction methods, and assays used to evaluate the antioxidant activity including hydrogen peroxide scavenging, reducing power, nitric oxide scavenging, and DPPH free radical scavenging activities. The results of these assays on the ethanolic extract showed significant free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity. The conclusion states that the polyherbal formulation is a potential source of natural antioxidants that could
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of jasm...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
The aims of this research were to carry out the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity
of different extracts of J. sessiliflorum. The different anti-oxidant methods carried out were DPPH
scavenging method, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide scavenging method
Methods
Extracts were prepared by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evap orated
using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide
scavenging methods and the correlation of their IC50 values with standards were carried out.
Results
The ethanolic herbs extract of J. sessiliflorum had the lowest IC50 values in all the anti-oxidant methods.
Moreover, the ethanolic extracts showed the presence greatest amount of phytochemical constituents. The
IC50 values were correlated with the IC50 values of standards in all the anti- oxidant activity determination
methods.
Conclusions
The results of the present study indicate that the extracts of J.sessiliflorum exhibited strong antioxidant
activity and thus it is a good source of antioxidant.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of the whole Waltheria indica plant. The extract was tested using three antioxidant assays: DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion scavenging activity, and iron chelating activity. The extract showed antioxidant activity in all three assays compared to standard references. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract had an IC50 of 1020 μg/ml compared to 480 μg/ml for the standard Rutin. For superoxide anion scavenging, the IC50 was 410 μg/ml versus 60 μg/ml for the standard Quercetin. In iron chelating activity, the IC50
Studies of in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isol...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Parinari curatellifolia. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with IC50 values of 13.47 μg/mL and 5.667 μg/mL, respectively. In cytotoxicity testing against cervical cancer cells (HeLa cell line), the extracts and pure compounds displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects. The ethyl acetate extract and compounds C7 and C8 showed the most potent cytotoxic activities, with IC50 values below 100 μg/mL. The results provide support for the traditional use of P. curatellifolia in cancer treatment and indicate that further investigation
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifo...pharmaindexing
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifoliolata and saccharum spontaneum by DPPH, Nitric Oxide and Lipid perooxidation methods
DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal PlantsIOSR Journals
This study was designed to screen out free radical scavenging potentiality of 84 medicinal plants. Stock solution of different plant extracts and standard were diluted to achieve suitable concentrations. A control was also prepared without plant extract solution. Then 0.004% DPPH solution was added. The mixtures were incubated in the room temperature for 30 minutes. Then the absorbance was measured at 517 nm against solvent in UV-spectrophotometer and then IC50 was calculated. In this experiment two standard were used-ascorbic acid and BHT. Both showed a significant IC50 value of 15.5μg/mL, and 46.54μg/mL respectively. Among 84 medicinal plants Syzygim cumini, Casuarina littorea, Borassus flabellifer, Enhydra fluctuans, and Minusops elengi exhibited highest radical scavenging potential with an IC50 value of 12.816μg/mL, 14.467μg/mL, 15.755μg/mL, 15.653μg/mL, and 20.380μg/mL respectively. All these value are very close to the IC50 value of ascorbic acid and better than IC50 value of BHT (Butylated Hydroxy Toluene). Syzygim cumini is the most powerful scavenger among all tested medicinal plants and also most strong scavenger than ascorbic acid and BHT. Scavenging activity was found to increase in dose dependent manner. Another 30 medicinal plants exhibited good scavenging property and 14 medicinal plants showed moderate scavenging activity. The rest presented lower scavenging activity. This present study indicates that plants having good scavenging property may have various health beneficial effects and these plants can be considered as valuable source of bioactive components with high antioxidant properties.
The document summarizes the phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of a poly herbal formulation. It begins with an introduction to antioxidants and their importance. It then describes the objective to investigate the pharmacological screening of ethanol and aqueous extracts of the polyherbal drug to justify its use as an antioxidant. The document outlines the various materials, extraction methods, and assays used to evaluate the antioxidant activity including hydrogen peroxide scavenging, reducing power, nitric oxide scavenging, and DPPH free radical scavenging activities. The results of these assays on the ethanolic extract showed significant free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity. The conclusion states that the polyherbal formulation is a potential source of natural antioxidants that could
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of jasm...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
The aims of this research were to carry out the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity
of different extracts of J. sessiliflorum. The different anti-oxidant methods carried out were DPPH
scavenging method, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide scavenging method
Methods
Extracts were prepared by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evap orated
using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide
scavenging methods and the correlation of their IC50 values with standards were carried out.
Results
The ethanolic herbs extract of J. sessiliflorum had the lowest IC50 values in all the anti-oxidant methods.
Moreover, the ethanolic extracts showed the presence greatest amount of phytochemical constituents. The
IC50 values were correlated with the IC50 values of standards in all the anti- oxidant activity determination
methods.
Conclusions
The results of the present study indicate that the extracts of J.sessiliflorum exhibited strong antioxidant
activity and thus it is a good source of antioxidant.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of the whole Waltheria indica plant. The extract was tested using three antioxidant assays: DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion scavenging activity, and iron chelating activity. The extract showed antioxidant activity in all three assays compared to standard references. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract had an IC50 of 1020 μg/ml compared to 480 μg/ml for the standard Rutin. For superoxide anion scavenging, the IC50 was 410 μg/ml versus 60 μg/ml for the standard Quercetin. In iron chelating activity, the IC50
This study analyzed 31 Thai medicinal plant species commonly used in traditional medicine in northeast Thailand. The plants were grouped into digestive tonic, diarrheal relief, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammation categories based on their traditional uses. The study determined total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and levels of some phytochemicals for the plants. The results showed variation in these biochemical parameters among the different plant groups. Anti-tussive plants generally had higher total antioxidant activity and phenolic/ascorbic acid levels than diarrheal relief and anti-inflammation plants. Digestive tonic plants exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity.
chức năng chống oxy hóa và kháng khuẩn của cây sảCong Tai
This document describes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus) extracts obtained using different solvents. Leaf extracts from C. citratus were tested against various human pathogens using disc diffusion assays and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The results showed that chloroform, methanol, and water extracts of C. citratus exhibited maximum inhibition zones against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. The extracts also demonstrated antioxidant effects by scavenging DPPH radicals and protecting DNA from oxidative damage. The study suggests that lemongrass plant extracts have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that could offer health benefits.
Study of invitro anti-Oxidant Activity of Ipomea Pes-CapraeSriramNagarajan19
The traditional medicinal plant ipomea pes- caprae belongs to convolvuceae family. The present study has been undertaken to find out the antioxidant activity of the whole plant extract of Ipomea pes-caprae. Plant was subjected to extraction by cold maceration by using ethanol as a solvent. Antioxidant activity such as 1,1-Diphenyl,2-Picryl,Hydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging Activity, Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity, Reducing Power, Metal chelating activity were determined. Physicochemical analysis was carried out to identify the chemical constituent of the plant and showed the presence of alkaloid, sugar, steroid, glycoside, saponins, Terpenoids and phenol compounds. The result of free radical scavenging activity of EEIP by DPPH reduction revealed that the test compound is electron donor and could react with free radicals to convert them to more stable product and terminate radical chain reaction. For the measurement of reducing ability we investigated the Fe3+ to Fe2+ transformation. The metal chelating capacity of the EEIP and standard anti oxidants are determined by accessing the ability to complete with bipyridil and thiocyanate for Fe3+ and Fe2+ respectively. The formation of ferrous bipyridil, ferric – thiocyanate is not complete in the presence of EEIP. The ability of chelating is increased with increased concentration. So, it can be assumed that the plant extract chelate the iron. The experiment demonstrates that action of plant extract as per oxidation protector may be related to its iron binding ability.
This study seeks to investigate the use of cold plasma processing to increase the yield of essential oils from botanicals. Plants were grown with and without cold plasma treatment, then harvested and their essential oils extracted. The essential oils were analyzed using GC-MS to identify compounds and tested for their antioxidant properties using DPPH assays. Preliminary results found that some cold plasma treated plants had higher essential oil yields. The essential oils showed antioxidant effects, with holy basil, clove leaf, and a combination of treated and untreated sweet basil being the most effective at inhibiting DPPH radicals. This suggests cold plasma treatment may increase food production and essential oils with antioxidant properties could potentially replace synthetic food preservatives.
EFFECT OF RESVERETROL ON HUMAN BREAST CANCER (MCF-7) CELL LINEAbhishek Banerjee
This document summarizes a study on the effect of resveratrol on human breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines. The study found that resveratrol inhibited the viability of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 125μM. Treatment with resveratrol induced apoptosis in the cells, as shown by DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization, and morphological changes observed under electron microscopy. The apoptosis was further confirmed by the activation of apoptotic proteins like t-Bid and cleavage of α-fodrin. The study concludes that resveratrol shows promise as an anti-cancer agent for its ability to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells.
Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Elytraria acaulis Aerial ExtractsIJERA Editor
Elytraria acaulis, a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has many medicinal and therapeutic properties. Anti oxidative activity of the aerial parts of this Elytraria acaulis were assessed in the present study. The aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were extracted in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform. Initially, Total Phenolic & Total Flavonoids content in different solvent plant extracts were estimated. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the Elytraria acaulis aerial extracts in different organic solvents were also assayed by DPPH assay, FRAP assay. The aerial extracts of Elytraria acaulis have shown significant anti oxidant activity. Hence, further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications
Anti neoplastic effect of Eclipta prostrata L. (HepG2) cell lines. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a tumor of the liver. HCC is responsible for over 12,000 deaths per year in the United States. It is one of the serious health problems in most developing countries. The present probe proved that ethanol extract of Eclipta prostrata L. significantly suppressed the growth and induced the apoptosis in the liver cancer (HepG2) cell lines. IC50 dose was measured with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium. 100 μg of extract showed 50% reduction of in HepG2 cell line growth at 48 h of incubation. The whole plant of E. prostrata L. extract-induced apoptotic features of cell death was stained with acridine orange. The intracellular enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were slightly decreased in their activities when compared to control. Thus, the study resolves that E. prostrata L. extract is an effective to prevent or retard the spread of malignant cells and antineoplastic effect.
This study investigated the toxicity and genotoxicity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil in mice after repeated oral intake over 21 days. The researchers found no evidence of toxicity based on measurements of body and organ weights, histological examination of tissues, urinalysis, and clinical biochemistry. Additionally, lemongrass essential oil reduced blood cholesterol levels at the highest dose tested. The comet assay also showed no genotoxic effects. The study concluded that lemongrass intake at the doses used in traditional medicine is safe, and may have beneficial effects in reducing blood cholesterol.
Recovery of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by Methanolic Bark Extract of Ac...Innspub Net
Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.
Bio assay guided isolation identification active constituents of walnut leav...Debanjan Chatterjee
This Presentation revolves round about the isolation and the characterization of the active molecule megastimene which has a power full activity as anti hyperglycemic ..and they have furthur processed it for formulation
Bioactivity-guided Fractionation of Selected Botanticalsnaturessunshine
This document summarizes research on bioactivity-guided fractionation of selected botanicals, including black chokeberry, maqui berry, mangosteen, and noni. Key findings include:
- Isolates from black chokeberry and maqui berry showed potent antioxidant and quinone reductase induction activities.
- Compounds isolated from mangosteen, including xanthones, exhibited antioxidant and anti-cancer activities. α-Mangostin in particular showed aromatase inhibition.
- The presentation outlined the application of bioactivity-guided fractionation to identify potential cancer chemopreventive compounds from these botanicals.
The document analyzes the antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of freeze-dried acai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) fruit pulp/skin powder through a series of assays. It was found to have exceptionally high superoxide scavenging capacity, the highest antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals measured by ORACFL, and mild activity against peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals. Acai also demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties as a potential COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor and an effect on LPS-induced nitric oxide production, but no effect on lymphocyte proliferation or phagocytic capacity. Total phenolic content and differentiation of antioxidants into slow-acting and fast-acting components were also
Chemistry Central Journal 12 (1) jun 2018
DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0443-0
License CC BY 4.0
Purpose: Free radicals are considered as the causative agents of a variety of acute and chronic pathologies. Natural antioxidants have drawn attention of the researchers in recent years for their ability to scavenge free radicals with minimal or even no side effects. This study evaluates the antioxidant capacity of agathisflavone, a naturally occurring biflavonoid by a number of in vitro methods. Methods: Agathisflavone was subjected to DPPH, ABTS, OH and NO radical scavenging assay, reducing potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) test using trolox as a standard. Results: Agathisflavone showed concentration-dependent antioxidant activity against all types of free radicals used in this study. The antioxidant capacity, reducing potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation showed by agathisflavone were comparable to that of trolox. Conclusion: Agathisflavone exhibited antioxidant capacity, which suggests considering this biflavonoid for the use in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases precipitated by oxidative stress.
In vitro evaluation techniques are important for screening potential drugs before clinical trials. There are two stages of biological screening - primary and secondary assays - to identify plants with therapeutic activity. Various in vitro assays can evaluate antioxidant and anticancer properties of herbal extracts, including DPPH radical scavenging, MTT, and SRB assays. In vitro methods have advantages over animal models for initial drug screening by reducing animal use and providing reproducible, economical screening of potential drug candidates. While in vitro models cannot fully replace in vivo studies, they provide an important first step in evaluating biological activity of natural products.
The document summarizes research examining the antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of freeze-dried acai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) fruit pulp/skin powder. Several assays found it to have exceptional superoxide scavenging ability, high oxygen radical absorbance capacity against peroxyl radicals, and mild activity against peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals. It also inhibited reactive oxygen species formation in human neutrophils. Additional assays showed acai has potential anti-inflammatory properties as a weak cyclooxygenase inhibitor and no effect on immune cell functions. Overall, the research suggests acai has significant antioxidant effects and may provide health benefits.
Development and evaluation of long circulating nanoparticles loaded with betu...Debanjan Chatterjee
The document describes the development and evaluation of betulinic acid-loaded PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Betulinic acid is a natural compound that has shown anti-tumor effects. The nanoparticles were synthesized using a double emulsion solvent evaporation method. They were spherical and around 150 nm in size. In vitro studies showed the nanoparticles had higher cytotoxicity against cancer cells, better intracellular uptake, and increased reactive oxygen species generation compared to free betulinic acid. In vivo tests in mice found the nanoparticles remained in circulation longer, inhibited tumor growth more, and were less toxic than the free drug. The results suggest betulinic acid-loaded PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles have potential as an improved anti-cancer therapeutic
This document describes a study that investigated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties of the leaf of Diplazium esculentum. The leaf was extracted using chloroform and methanol. Assays were performed to determine the extracts' total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity using several methods, antimicrobial activity against 8 bacteria, and cytotoxicity using brine shrimp. The extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity and strong antimicrobial effects, with minimum inhibitory concentration values between 1.6-12.5 mg/ml against the tested bacteria. The brine shrimp lethality bioassay also indicated cytotoxic effects. Overall, the results suggest the leaf possesses significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties, supporting traditional
Este documento lista as especificações e itens de um veículo Volkswagen Tiguan, incluindo airbags, ar condicionado, controles eletrônicos, rodas de liga leve, sistema de entretenimento e pacotes opcionais que acrescentam itens como ar condicionado de duas zonas e sistema de navegação.
Mental Health Status and Drug Use Pattern among Pensioners in Ekiti State Nig...inventionjournals
Retirement is a major phase in the life of an individual affecting the social and economic aspect, and if not well managed may have implication on the mental health of the individuals involved.The study examined the mental health status of pensioners and their pattern of drug use in relation to the mode of retirement. 262 pensioners consisting of159 males and 103 females drawn from Ekiti State participated in the study. General health questionnaire and Drug use Scale were employed to collect data. One Way ANOVA and Independent t-test were used to test the three hypotheses stated. Result showed that, retirement type has a significant influence on somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction, but not on depression. Results showed thatalcohol consumption has a significant influence on somatic symptoms, anxiety and depression, but not on social dysfunction. Results also showed how the pensionersvary in their mental health status relating to somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression and social dysfunction. A significant sex difference was also reported in drug and alcohol use but not in their mental health.
El documento compara los objetivos del deporte y la educación física. Mientras que el objetivo del deporte es crear un atleta capaz de vencer oponentes o romper récords, el objetivo de la educación física es que cada individuo logre conocer, apreciar y valorar su cuerpo y mente, alcanzando un equilibrio físico, mental, espiritual y social. Además, la misión de la educación física en la educación es ayudar a los estudiantes a conocer y comprender su cuerpo, definir sus capac
Dreamweaver es un software para crear páginas web profesionales de forma fácil y visual sin necesidad de programar código HTML manualmente. Permite agregar diseño y funcionalidad a páginas rápidamente usando funciones de edición visual e incluye herramientas como FTP y capacidades para trabajar con tablas, marcos, capas y comportamientos JavaScript.
This study analyzed 31 Thai medicinal plant species commonly used in traditional medicine in northeast Thailand. The plants were grouped into digestive tonic, diarrheal relief, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammation categories based on their traditional uses. The study determined total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and levels of some phytochemicals for the plants. The results showed variation in these biochemical parameters among the different plant groups. Anti-tussive plants generally had higher total antioxidant activity and phenolic/ascorbic acid levels than diarrheal relief and anti-inflammation plants. Digestive tonic plants exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity.
chức năng chống oxy hóa và kháng khuẩn của cây sảCong Tai
This document describes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus) extracts obtained using different solvents. Leaf extracts from C. citratus were tested against various human pathogens using disc diffusion assays and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The results showed that chloroform, methanol, and water extracts of C. citratus exhibited maximum inhibition zones against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. The extracts also demonstrated antioxidant effects by scavenging DPPH radicals and protecting DNA from oxidative damage. The study suggests that lemongrass plant extracts have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that could offer health benefits.
Study of invitro anti-Oxidant Activity of Ipomea Pes-CapraeSriramNagarajan19
The traditional medicinal plant ipomea pes- caprae belongs to convolvuceae family. The present study has been undertaken to find out the antioxidant activity of the whole plant extract of Ipomea pes-caprae. Plant was subjected to extraction by cold maceration by using ethanol as a solvent. Antioxidant activity such as 1,1-Diphenyl,2-Picryl,Hydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging Activity, Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity, Reducing Power, Metal chelating activity were determined. Physicochemical analysis was carried out to identify the chemical constituent of the plant and showed the presence of alkaloid, sugar, steroid, glycoside, saponins, Terpenoids and phenol compounds. The result of free radical scavenging activity of EEIP by DPPH reduction revealed that the test compound is electron donor and could react with free radicals to convert them to more stable product and terminate radical chain reaction. For the measurement of reducing ability we investigated the Fe3+ to Fe2+ transformation. The metal chelating capacity of the EEIP and standard anti oxidants are determined by accessing the ability to complete with bipyridil and thiocyanate for Fe3+ and Fe2+ respectively. The formation of ferrous bipyridil, ferric – thiocyanate is not complete in the presence of EEIP. The ability of chelating is increased with increased concentration. So, it can be assumed that the plant extract chelate the iron. The experiment demonstrates that action of plant extract as per oxidation protector may be related to its iron binding ability.
This study seeks to investigate the use of cold plasma processing to increase the yield of essential oils from botanicals. Plants were grown with and without cold plasma treatment, then harvested and their essential oils extracted. The essential oils were analyzed using GC-MS to identify compounds and tested for their antioxidant properties using DPPH assays. Preliminary results found that some cold plasma treated plants had higher essential oil yields. The essential oils showed antioxidant effects, with holy basil, clove leaf, and a combination of treated and untreated sweet basil being the most effective at inhibiting DPPH radicals. This suggests cold plasma treatment may increase food production and essential oils with antioxidant properties could potentially replace synthetic food preservatives.
EFFECT OF RESVERETROL ON HUMAN BREAST CANCER (MCF-7) CELL LINEAbhishek Banerjee
This document summarizes a study on the effect of resveratrol on human breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines. The study found that resveratrol inhibited the viability of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 125μM. Treatment with resveratrol induced apoptosis in the cells, as shown by DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization, and morphological changes observed under electron microscopy. The apoptosis was further confirmed by the activation of apoptotic proteins like t-Bid and cleavage of α-fodrin. The study concludes that resveratrol shows promise as an anti-cancer agent for its ability to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells.
Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Elytraria acaulis Aerial ExtractsIJERA Editor
Elytraria acaulis, a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has many medicinal and therapeutic properties. Anti oxidative activity of the aerial parts of this Elytraria acaulis were assessed in the present study. The aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were extracted in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform. Initially, Total Phenolic & Total Flavonoids content in different solvent plant extracts were estimated. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the Elytraria acaulis aerial extracts in different organic solvents were also assayed by DPPH assay, FRAP assay. The aerial extracts of Elytraria acaulis have shown significant anti oxidant activity. Hence, further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications
Anti neoplastic effect of Eclipta prostrata L. (HepG2) cell lines. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a tumor of the liver. HCC is responsible for over 12,000 deaths per year in the United States. It is one of the serious health problems in most developing countries. The present probe proved that ethanol extract of Eclipta prostrata L. significantly suppressed the growth and induced the apoptosis in the liver cancer (HepG2) cell lines. IC50 dose was measured with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium. 100 μg of extract showed 50% reduction of in HepG2 cell line growth at 48 h of incubation. The whole plant of E. prostrata L. extract-induced apoptotic features of cell death was stained with acridine orange. The intracellular enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were slightly decreased in their activities when compared to control. Thus, the study resolves that E. prostrata L. extract is an effective to prevent or retard the spread of malignant cells and antineoplastic effect.
This study investigated the toxicity and genotoxicity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil in mice after repeated oral intake over 21 days. The researchers found no evidence of toxicity based on measurements of body and organ weights, histological examination of tissues, urinalysis, and clinical biochemistry. Additionally, lemongrass essential oil reduced blood cholesterol levels at the highest dose tested. The comet assay also showed no genotoxic effects. The study concluded that lemongrass intake at the doses used in traditional medicine is safe, and may have beneficial effects in reducing blood cholesterol.
Recovery of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by Methanolic Bark Extract of Ac...Innspub Net
Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.
Bio assay guided isolation identification active constituents of walnut leav...Debanjan Chatterjee
This Presentation revolves round about the isolation and the characterization of the active molecule megastimene which has a power full activity as anti hyperglycemic ..and they have furthur processed it for formulation
Bioactivity-guided Fractionation of Selected Botanticalsnaturessunshine
This document summarizes research on bioactivity-guided fractionation of selected botanicals, including black chokeberry, maqui berry, mangosteen, and noni. Key findings include:
- Isolates from black chokeberry and maqui berry showed potent antioxidant and quinone reductase induction activities.
- Compounds isolated from mangosteen, including xanthones, exhibited antioxidant and anti-cancer activities. α-Mangostin in particular showed aromatase inhibition.
- The presentation outlined the application of bioactivity-guided fractionation to identify potential cancer chemopreventive compounds from these botanicals.
The document analyzes the antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of freeze-dried acai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) fruit pulp/skin powder through a series of assays. It was found to have exceptionally high superoxide scavenging capacity, the highest antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals measured by ORACFL, and mild activity against peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals. Acai also demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties as a potential COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor and an effect on LPS-induced nitric oxide production, but no effect on lymphocyte proliferation or phagocytic capacity. Total phenolic content and differentiation of antioxidants into slow-acting and fast-acting components were also
Chemistry Central Journal 12 (1) jun 2018
DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0443-0
License CC BY 4.0
Purpose: Free radicals are considered as the causative agents of a variety of acute and chronic pathologies. Natural antioxidants have drawn attention of the researchers in recent years for their ability to scavenge free radicals with minimal or even no side effects. This study evaluates the antioxidant capacity of agathisflavone, a naturally occurring biflavonoid by a number of in vitro methods. Methods: Agathisflavone was subjected to DPPH, ABTS, OH and NO radical scavenging assay, reducing potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) test using trolox as a standard. Results: Agathisflavone showed concentration-dependent antioxidant activity against all types of free radicals used in this study. The antioxidant capacity, reducing potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation showed by agathisflavone were comparable to that of trolox. Conclusion: Agathisflavone exhibited antioxidant capacity, which suggests considering this biflavonoid for the use in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases precipitated by oxidative stress.
In vitro evaluation techniques are important for screening potential drugs before clinical trials. There are two stages of biological screening - primary and secondary assays - to identify plants with therapeutic activity. Various in vitro assays can evaluate antioxidant and anticancer properties of herbal extracts, including DPPH radical scavenging, MTT, and SRB assays. In vitro methods have advantages over animal models for initial drug screening by reducing animal use and providing reproducible, economical screening of potential drug candidates. While in vitro models cannot fully replace in vivo studies, they provide an important first step in evaluating biological activity of natural products.
The document summarizes research examining the antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of freeze-dried acai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) fruit pulp/skin powder. Several assays found it to have exceptional superoxide scavenging ability, high oxygen radical absorbance capacity against peroxyl radicals, and mild activity against peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals. It also inhibited reactive oxygen species formation in human neutrophils. Additional assays showed acai has potential anti-inflammatory properties as a weak cyclooxygenase inhibitor and no effect on immune cell functions. Overall, the research suggests acai has significant antioxidant effects and may provide health benefits.
Development and evaluation of long circulating nanoparticles loaded with betu...Debanjan Chatterjee
The document describes the development and evaluation of betulinic acid-loaded PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Betulinic acid is a natural compound that has shown anti-tumor effects. The nanoparticles were synthesized using a double emulsion solvent evaporation method. They were spherical and around 150 nm in size. In vitro studies showed the nanoparticles had higher cytotoxicity against cancer cells, better intracellular uptake, and increased reactive oxygen species generation compared to free betulinic acid. In vivo tests in mice found the nanoparticles remained in circulation longer, inhibited tumor growth more, and were less toxic than the free drug. The results suggest betulinic acid-loaded PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles have potential as an improved anti-cancer therapeutic
This document describes a study that investigated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties of the leaf of Diplazium esculentum. The leaf was extracted using chloroform and methanol. Assays were performed to determine the extracts' total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity using several methods, antimicrobial activity against 8 bacteria, and cytotoxicity using brine shrimp. The extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity and strong antimicrobial effects, with minimum inhibitory concentration values between 1.6-12.5 mg/ml against the tested bacteria. The brine shrimp lethality bioassay also indicated cytotoxic effects. Overall, the results suggest the leaf possesses significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties, supporting traditional
Este documento lista as especificações e itens de um veículo Volkswagen Tiguan, incluindo airbags, ar condicionado, controles eletrônicos, rodas de liga leve, sistema de entretenimento e pacotes opcionais que acrescentam itens como ar condicionado de duas zonas e sistema de navegação.
Mental Health Status and Drug Use Pattern among Pensioners in Ekiti State Nig...inventionjournals
Retirement is a major phase in the life of an individual affecting the social and economic aspect, and if not well managed may have implication on the mental health of the individuals involved.The study examined the mental health status of pensioners and their pattern of drug use in relation to the mode of retirement. 262 pensioners consisting of159 males and 103 females drawn from Ekiti State participated in the study. General health questionnaire and Drug use Scale were employed to collect data. One Way ANOVA and Independent t-test were used to test the three hypotheses stated. Result showed that, retirement type has a significant influence on somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction, but not on depression. Results showed thatalcohol consumption has a significant influence on somatic symptoms, anxiety and depression, but not on social dysfunction. Results also showed how the pensionersvary in their mental health status relating to somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression and social dysfunction. A significant sex difference was also reported in drug and alcohol use but not in their mental health.
El documento compara los objetivos del deporte y la educación física. Mientras que el objetivo del deporte es crear un atleta capaz de vencer oponentes o romper récords, el objetivo de la educación física es que cada individuo logre conocer, apreciar y valorar su cuerpo y mente, alcanzando un equilibrio físico, mental, espiritual y social. Además, la misión de la educación física en la educación es ayudar a los estudiantes a conocer y comprender su cuerpo, definir sus capac
Dreamweaver es un software para crear páginas web profesionales de forma fácil y visual sin necesidad de programar código HTML manualmente. Permite agregar diseño y funcionalidad a páginas rápidamente usando funciones de edición visual e incluye herramientas como FTP y capacidades para trabajar con tablas, marcos, capas y comportamientos JavaScript.
El documento contiene artículos sobre el registro de asistencia, inasistencia, inasistencia colectiva y pérdida de asignaturas por inasistencia en una institución educativa. Se establece que es facultativo de cada profesor controlar la asistencia y que la inasistencia mayor o igual al 15% de las clases es causal de pérdida de la asignatura.
El documento habla sobre el vallenato, un género musical autóctono de la Costa Caribe colombiana que se interpreta tradicionalmente con acordeón diatónico, guacharaca y caja vallenato. Describe los orígenes del vallenato en la provincia de Padilla y su popularidad extendida hoy a Colombia y países vecinos, mencionando también los ritmos musicales como el paseo, merengue y puya.
Intrusion Detection System for Classification of Attacks with Cross Validationinventionjournals
Now days, due to rapidly uses of internet, the patterns of network attacks are increasing. There are various organizations and institutes are using internet and access or share the sensitive information in network. To protect information from unauthorized or intruders is one of the important issues. In this paper, we have used decision tree techniques like C4.5 and CART as classifier for classification of attacks. We have proposed an ensemble model that is combination of C4.5 and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) as robust classifier for classification of attacks. We have used NSL-KDD data set with binary and multiclass problem with 10-fold cross validation. The proposed ensemble model gives satisfactory accuracy as 99.67% and 99.53% in case of binary class and multiclass NSL-KDD data set respectively.
The Impact of Physical Activity on Socializing Mentally Handicapped Childreninventionjournals
This research is conducted to determine socialization of individuals with moderate mental retardation by physical activity. In order to meet the needs of physical activity of individuals with mental retardation, programs including work and play are being prepared today. These games and practices are aimed on their abilities, limitations and interests. A well-planned program of physical activity can have a positive contribution to all areas of development on children with mental disabilities. In this study, which proceeds on the basis of The Focus Group Interview (FGI), a part of qualitative research strategy, 19 parents with disabled kids were interviewed. Children of parents who participated in the study have moderate mental retardation (MR) and they have been playing basketball for two days a week, swimming for one day a weekend short walking at least three times a week on a regular basis for the last two years. The study was made by Maximum Diversity Sampling as a sampling method and interview form was used as a data collection means. Verbal explanations given by parents to open-ended questions were analyzed through content analysis. Main themes of each research question were chosen by comparing a pre determined part of the creation of common themes. As a result, parents who are suffering from hyperactive or inactive children, tell that they observe a significant change in their children after doing sports. Parents who see this positive change become happy and therefore they have spare time for themselves while their kids are doing sports. Both parents and children defined the positive changes at home and social life along with sports as happiness and calmness. Parents state that they feel their kid’s sense of achievement, improved ability to make an action and communications kills. They also observe the fact that they gain acceptance in the community
la naturaleza es un fuente de vida para todos los seres vivos por que sin ella no seriamos nadie y ya estuviéramos muertos por so hay que cuidarla bien no quemar basura y no contaminar los ríos para hacer un planeta de bien.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research from the early work in the 1950s to modern advances in machine learning. While progress has been made, fully general artificial intelligence that can match or exceed human levels of intelligence is still an ongoing challenge that researchers are working to achieve.
AULA 6 AUDITORIA DE GESTIÓN LILIANA BUENO CAMBADavicho B
La auditoría de gestión es un examen sistemático de los sistemas de control y procesos de las diversas áreas de una empresa para evaluar el desempeño y niveles de gestión funcional, identificar hallazgos y eventos, y proporcionar recomendaciones de mejora. Permite medir el rendimiento de la empresa y sus recursos, y asegurar que existan medidas correctivas para elevar el desempeño a través de planes operativos y empresariales adecuados.
Fınancıal Rısk Management 'S Impact On Company Valueinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study examining the impact of financial risk management on company value. It provides background on the increased importance of financial risk management for companies due to globalization and financial instability. It then discusses various financial risk management methods companies use, including identifying risks, risk measurement techniques like decision trees and the Capital Asset Pricing Model, and developing risk management strategies. The study aims to analyze how effective financial risk management may increase company profitability and value.
Platón y Aristóteles comparten la idea de que el alma es la forma sustancial del cuerpo humano. Sin embargo, Platón ve el alma como inmortal y separada del cuerpo, mientras que Aristóteles sostiene que el alma es la unión inseparable de forma y materia. Para Aristóteles, el alma tiene diferentes potencias o facultades según el tipo de vida del ser vivo, ya sea vegetativa, sensitiva u racional en el caso humano.
El documento describe el sistema digestivo humano, incluyendo las secciones del aparato digestivo como la boca, esófago, estómago e intestino delgado y grueso. Explica las funciones de cada sección como la ingestión, digestión, absorción y eliminación de alimentos. También describe los órganos accesorios como los dientes, glándulas salivales, páncreas, hígado y vesícula biliar, y sus funciones en la digestión.
Robótica é o estudo e uso de robôs, combinando engenharia, ciência da computação e inteligência artificial. A história da robótica inclui mitos antigos, Leonardo da Vinci e o primeiro robô industrial na década de 1950. Robôs são classificados de acordo com sua função e nível de autonomia.
CULTURA DE LA INVERSIÓN, AHORRO Y SOSTENIBILIDADLina Naranjo
Este documento discute temas financieros como la inversión, el ahorro y la sostenibilidad desde diferentes perspectivas. Explica que al obtener una deuda como un préstamo se reducen los ingresos para pagarla, pero que una inversión sabia del préstamo puede generar ganancias a largo plazo. También analiza por qué algunas personas malgastan dinero a pesar de tener ingresos altos, y las dificultades que enfrentan otras para que les alcance el sueldo debido al alto costo de vida. El documento con
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical composition, cytotoxic, and hypoglycemic effects of methanolic extracts of Citrus sinensis (orange) peel. Phytochemical screening of the peel extract revealed the presence of bioactive compounds like flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. In a brine shrimp lethality test, the peel extract showed minimum lethal effects compared to the standard drug. In glucose-induced diabetic mice, both 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg doses of the peel extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels after 120 minutes, demonstrating anti-hyperglycemic activity. The study suggests the orange peel extract has hypoglycemic properties and relatively low
Estimation of flavonoid lantana camara linn verbenaceaepharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study that estimated the flavonoid, phenolic content, and free radical scavenging activity of fresh unripe fruits of Lantana camara using different extraction methods. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were highest in extracts produced using microwave extraction. Microwave extraction also produced the highest yield of extract. All extracts showed free radical scavenging activity, with microwave extracts again showing the most potent activity. The study concluded the fresh unripe fruits contain antioxidant compounds that may be beneficial for treating diseases related to oxidative stress.
Screening of antioxidant phytoextracts of Canarium odontophyllum (Miq.) leave...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
Profiling and Characterization Antioxidant Activities in Anoectochilus formos...Cây thuốc Việt
Phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of the crude and fractionated plant extracts of Anoectochilus formosanus were evaluated using five different assay systems. An acid-treatment (2 N HCl in 95% ethanol) was employed to treat a butanol fraction (BuOH), creating an acid-hydrolyzed
BuOH fraction. The IC50 values for DPPH radicals in the BuOH and acid-hydrolyzed BuOH fractions were 0.521 and 0.021 mg/mL, respectively. The acid-hydrolyzed BuOH exhibited approximately 5-fold higher activity in scavenging superoxide anion than catechin. The acid-hydrolyzed BuOH fraction
also effectively protected φ x174 supercoiled DNA against strand cleavage induced by H2O2 and reduced oxidative stress in HL-60 cells. Metabolite profiling showed that the aglycones of flavonoid glycosides in BuOH were produced after acid hydrolytic treatment, and this resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant activities of acid-hydrolyzed BuOH. One new diarylpentanoid, kinsenone, and three known flavonoid glycosides and their derivatives were identified for the first time from A. formosanus, with strong antioxidant properties
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract and Chronic Myelogenous LeukemiaHakeem Zamano
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis and
Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation in Human Chronic
Myelogenous Leukemia K562 Cells: Insight into the Underlying
Mechanism
Anti oxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory ethyl acetate extract of cynodon da...srirampharma
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities of isolated compounds from Cynodon dactylon and Piper betle extracts. Extracts were prepared from these plants using successive solvent extractions. Isolated fractions from the ethyl acetate extracts were obtained via column chromatography. These isolates were then evaluated for their antioxidant effects using various in vitro assays like DPPH radical scavenging and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Their ability to inhibit the enzyme alpha-amylase was also tested. The results showed that the isolated compounds possessed antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities, with combined forms showing better effects than individual forms.
Anti oxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory ethyl acetate extract of cynodon da...srirampharma
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities of isolated compounds from Cynodon dactylon and Piper betle extracts. Extracts were prepared from these plants using successive solvent extractions. Isolated fractions from the ethyl acetate extracts were obtained via column chromatography. These isolates were then evaluated for their antioxidant effects using various in vitro assays like DPPH radical scavenging and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Their ability to inhibit the enzyme alpha-amylase was also tested. The results showed that the isolated compounds demonstrated antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities, with combined isolates showing better effects than individual isolates.
1) The aqueous extract of Sida rhombifolia ssp. retusa roots showed hepatoprotective effects against liver damage induced by thioacetamide and allyl alcohol in rats.
2) Pretreatment with the extract significantly reduced elevated liver enzymes and normalized liver weight and volume caused by thioacetamide toxicity. The extract also prevented decreases in body weight and reduced necrosis caused by allyl alcohol.
3) The study demonstrates that the roots of Sida rhombifolia ssp. retusa have potent hepatoprotective properties against chemically-induced liver damage in rats.
This document evaluates the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Murraya koenigii leaf extract. It summarizes two experiments: 1) HRBC membrane stabilization method, which found that M. koenigii extract stabilized red blood cell membranes up to 69.15% at 1000 μg/ml, indicating anti-inflammatory effects. 2) Protein denaturation inhibition method, which found that M. koenigii extract inhibited protein denaturation up to 85.35% at 800 μg/ml. The study supports the use of M. koenigii in treating inflammation due to the presence of flavonoids and carbazole alkaloids that have known anti-inflammatory activity.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
Assessment of the Genotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Several Vegetables,...AMERICA CASTAÑEDA
It has been demonstrated that the juices from several vegetables, spices and herbs protect against certain carcinogens. The antioxidant capacity of several vegetables has been documented. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the genotoxicity of celery, coriander, epazote, parsley and watercress using the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) on the wings of Drosophila melanogaster using Standard (ST) and High Bioactivation (HB) crosses with regular and high levels of metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes, respectively. The protective effects of the extracts against 4-Nitroquinoline n-Oxide (4NQO) 4NQO, an oxidant compound, and Cyclophosphamide (CP), an alkylating agent, were evaluated. Both promutagens were employed alone as
positive controls and in combination with the extracts. The majority of the extracts were non-genotoxic, although several positive results were observed. Parsley induced spots at all concentrations assayed in the ST cross and at the lowest concentration in the HB cross. Watercress, coriander and epazote produced some significant results in both crosses. CP in combination with the highest extract concentration exhibited a potentiation-synergistic effect while an inhibition-antagonic effect with 4NQO. In addition, the radical-scavenging activities of the extracts were investigated using the colorimetrical DPPH oxidative assay. The radical scavenging activity order from the highest to the lower was watercress > parsley > coriander > celery > epazote.
ABSTRACT- Background: Spinacia oleracea L. commonly known as palak is an edible flowering plant belongs to Amaranthaceae family. The plants exhibit its curative activity against several human diseases because of the presence of biological tannins and phenolic active phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids. It is used in the treatment of difficulty in breathing, inflammation of liver and lungs and leucorrhoea, useful in urinary concretion, inflammation of the lungs, sore throat, and pain in joints. Materials and Methods: Spinacia oleracea L. was collected from local market Jhansi in the month of January 2017. Aqueous and methanolic extraction of Spinacia oleracea L. and phytochemical screening of the extracts was done for Saponins, Reducing sugar, Cardiac glycosides, Protein and Amino acid, Glycosides, Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, and Steroids. Results: Phytochemical analysis of leaves of S. oleracea had most of the important phytochemicals like Alkaloids, Tannins, Glycosides, Terpenoids, and Flavonoids etc. In which, the aqueous extract of S. oleracea showed (in most of the test) positive result for Alkaloids, Phenols, Flavanoids, Saponins, Terpenoids, Reducing sugar, Protein, and Amino acid and showed a negative result for Carbohydrate, Glycosides, and Cardiac glycosides. The methanolic extract of the plant leaves revealed the presence of (in most of the test) Alkaloids, Tannins & Phenolic compounds, Flavanoids, Saponins, Terpenoids and Steroids and negative results for the rest. Conclusions: The phytochemical analysis of S. oleraceae revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as, Tannins, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Saponins, and Terpenoids etc. in the different extracts. By the presence of these phytochemicals, we were suggested that S. oleracea is a good nutrient rich leafy vegetable that can be used as a therapeutic and curative medicine for many oxidative stress- induced diseases. Key-words- Phytochemical analysis, Spinacia oleracea, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Methanolic extract
Phytochemical screening and antiemetic activity of Lepidagatis cristata root ...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antiemetic potential of the ethanol extract of Lepidagathis cristata root. Preliminary phytochemical screening found alkaloids, phytosterols, diterpenes, amino acids, proteins, and flavonoids in the extract. The extract was tested for antiemetic activity in chicks at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, with metoclopramide used as the standard. The extract showed a dose-dependent reduction in the number of retches induced by copper sulfate, with 73.8% inhibition at 200 mg/kg comparable to metoclopramide. The study concluded the extract has protective effects against
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Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extracts
1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 5 Issue 4 ‖ July 2016 ‖ PP. 35-40
www.ijpsi.org 35 | P a g e
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya
Leaf Extracts
Syeda Ulfath Tazeen Kadri1
, Nikhitha.M1
, Shlini. P2*
1,2
Department of Chemistry (PG Biochemistry), Mount Carmel College, Palace Road, Bangalore - 560 052,
Karnataka. India.
ABSTRACT
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The
properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine.
Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are
based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is
considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The
present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions
(Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity
was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts
to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated
oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV
spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes
and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our
study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional
system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Keywords: Carica papaya, Cytoprotection, DNA damage inhibition, ethyl acetate, aqueous, ethanol,
chloroform fractions.
I. Introduction
Carica papaya, which comes from Caricaceae family is one of many important cash crops which is believed to
have its origin from Central America. The papaya plant is a large herb that grows rapidly, producing a soft wood
and its height can be reached of more than twenty-five feet. The plant does not consume much time to grow and
bears fruit within a year. The papaya tree needs a tropical climate, which is dry when cold and wet when warm,
consequently, the best conditions for the tree to grow is at 25 °C.
Plants have the main advantage of still being the most effective and cheaper alternate source of drugs. In
addition to the nutritional value of its fruit, the leaves of Carica papaya (CP) possess medicinal properties and
are frequently used in traditional medicines. The leaves of papaya have been shown to contain many active
components such as papain, chymopapain, cystatin, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, cyanogenic-
glucosides and glucosinolates that can increase the total antioxidant activity in blood and reduce lipid
peroxidation level1
. The alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides are related with anti-
inflammatory activity. CP leaf extract was also found to have antibacterial effect2
, antitumor and
immunomodulator activities1
. The leaves also contain cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, carpaine,
pseudocarpaine, phenolic compounds3,4
.
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a
biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.
Disturbances in the normal redox state of cells can cause toxic effects through the production of peroxides and
free radicals that damage all components of the cell, including proteins, lipids and DNA5
. Oxidative stress from
oxidative metabolism causes base damage, as well as strand breaks in DNA. Oxidative stress is thought to be
linked to certain cardiovascular disease, since oxidation of LDL in the vascular endothelium is a precursor to
plaque formation. Oxidative stress also plays a role in the ischemic cascade due to oxygen reperfusion injury
following hypoxia. This cascade includes both strokes and heart attacks. Oxidative stress also contributes to
tissue injury following irradiation and hyperoxia, as well as in diabetes. Thus the importance of searching for
alternative plant products against a number of diseases associated with ROS continues to be popular because of
limited toxicity associated with it as against synthetic products.
The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-sickling, wound healing and immunomodulatory potentials of leaf
extract of Carica papaya along with the potential to treat dengue, malaria and cancer has been previously
reported6
. In the continuous effort to evaluate potential medicinal values of the leaves of C. papaya, the present
2. Cytoprotective And Dna Protective Activity Of Carica Papaya Leaf Extracts
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research was conducted to investigate cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of ethanolic, ethyl acetate,
chloroform and aqueous extracts of C. papaya.
The present study is designed to investigate the cytoprotective action of CP leaves extract against membrane
damage in erythrocytes and DNA protective property against induced oxidative DNA damage by ferrous
sulphate.
II. Materials And Methodology
Chemicals:
Agarose, Acetone, L-Ascorbic acid, Bromophenol blue, Chloroform, Disodium hydrogen orthrphosphate
(Na2HPO4), Ethylenediamminetetraaceticacid (EDTA), Ethanol, Ethidium bromide (EtBr), Ethyl acetate,
Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate (FeSO4.H.2O), Potassium Chloride, Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate
(KH2PO4), Salmon milt Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Sodium Salt. (HiMedia), Sodium Chloride, Tris-HCl,
Xylene cyanol.
Equipment:
Equipment used were Grinder, Weighing balance, Homogenizer, Rocker 300 Vacuum pump, Autoclave, REMI
2MLH Magnetic Stirrer, REMI R-8C Centrifuge, Water bath, Glass slides, OLYMPUS CKX41 Phase contrast
microscope connected with INFINITY-1 Lumenera analyzer, Sterile lancets, Systronics UV-VIS
Spectrophotometer 117, Agarose gel electrophoresis unit, Elico LI-120 pH meter, Alpha Innotech Imager Mini
Gel documentation unit.
Plant source:
Carica papaya leaves were taken from a fruit bearing papaya plant at Mount Carmel College, Vasanth Nagar,
Bangalore, Karnataka. India.Young and healthy leaves were used for the study.
Acetone powder preparation
Procured CP leaves were deveined, ground and depigmented using ice cold acetone. It was then filtered and
dried in a vacuum pump. The resulting acetone powder was stored in an air tight plastic container and used
further for the preparation of different fractions.
Preparation of 0.5% extracts using different solvents
50 mL of respective solvents- chloroform, distilled water, ethanol and ethyl acetate, were added to 250 mg of
the acetone powder and each extract was placed on a magnetic stirrer at 120 rpm at low temperature for 3 hours.
Each extract was then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. Supernatant was collected. 0.5 % extracts of
supernatant were prepared with water and used for further analysis.
In-vitro Erythrocyte Cytoprotection Assay
On a microscopic glass slide, a small drop of freshly drawn blood sample was taken. It was diluted 5 to 7 folds
with PBS, mixed gently and viewed under high power of Phase contrast microscope. It was treated with FeSO4 –
a damaging agent and the effects noted. The cells were then subjected to co-treatment with ascorbic acid - a
potent antioxidant and the subsequent effects recorded.
Each of the four extracts was then used, both before and after treatment with the oxidant and the cytoprotective
action of each was noted. In the first set of experiment, RBCs are subjected to damage induced by ferrous
sulphate and then co-treated with the extracts. In the next set of experiment, the erythrocytes were pre-treated
with the extracts and then treated with the oxidant. The cytoprotective potential of each extract was assessed
based on the time taken for the appearance of erythrocyte membrane damage in each case.
Detection of DNA protection by Carica papaya leaves using UV-Spectrophotometer
The level of Salmon milt DNA protection by Carica papaya leaves was compared to the standard antioxidant
(Ascorbic acid) using UV Spectroscopy. For the standard reaction mixtures Salmon milt DNA (200μg/mL), the
standard antioxidant Ascorbic acid (10mM) and standard oxidant ferrous sulphate (10mM) were taken. The
absorbance was read at 260nm, TAE buffer was used as reference standard. Different reaction mixtures were
prepared as follows and absorbance was noted down. DNA plus buffer, DNA plus ascorbic acid, DNA plus
ferrous sulphate, DNA plus ascorbic acid plus ferrous sulphate and vice versa with 5 min intervals, DNA plus
1.0% samples, DNA plus samples before and after treatment of ferrous sulphate.
DNA damage inhibition assay using Agarose gel electrophoresis
The ability of ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and aqueous extracts of C. papaya leaves to protect Salmon milt
double stranded DNA from devastating effects of free radicals generated was assessed by the DNA damage
3. Cytoprotective And Dna Protective Activity Of Carica Papaya Leaf Extracts
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inhibition assay. The reaction mixtures contained 100μL DNA (10mg/mL), 50μL 10mM ferrous sulphate and
50μL 100mM ascorbic acid or 50μL of 0.5% extract. The DNA was processed and tested in two different
treatments. In the first treatment (treatment 1) reaction mixture was prepared with DNA and FeSO4 incubated for
5 minutes at 37 0
C, and then addition of the extracts followed by another incubation for 5 minutes at 37 0
C. In
the second treatment (treatment 2), reaction mixture constituted DNA and the extracts incubated for 5 minutes at
37 0
C, and then addition of FeSO4 followed by another incubation for 5 minutes at 37 0
C . 20μL of each reaction
mixture were analyzed on 1% agarose gel (prepared by dissolving 0.5 g of agarose in 50 mL of 1X TAE Buffer)
followed by ethidium bromide staining. Electrophoresis was carried out at 100V and 120A for 1 hour.
III. Results And Discussion
Cytoprotection of Carica papaya extracts against membrane damage in RBCs
The relative in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of the extract and ascorbic acid were
studied and it was observed that the extract possessed significant potential to overcome the induced toxicity
when compared with ascorbic acid even at a low concentration of 0.05%.
Fig 1: Treatment of RBCs with standard oxidant and antioxidant- (a) Human RBCs diluted with PBS as seen
under 40X of phase contrast microscope. (b) Appearance of crenation on treatment with 0.5mM ferrous
sulphate. (c) Restoration of crenation on treatment with 0.5mM ascorbic acid.
Ferrous sulphate induced crenation in the cell membrane of erythrocytes, causing the loss of its biconcave shape
and thereby impairing its deformability. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) need to deform and squeeze through narrow
capillaries. Decreased deformability is therefore one of the factors that can contribute to the elimination of aged
or damaged RBCs from the circulation7
. This process can also cause impaired oxygen delivery, which
contributes to the pathology of a number of diseases. Damage to erythrocytes manifests in haemolysis which is
associated with some haemoglobinopathies and deficiencies in a number of erythrocyte antioxidant systems8
.
Proteolysis is also activated by oxidative challenge of erythrocytes which leads to the alteration of the shape and
function9
.
Fig 2: Treatment of RBCs with 0.05% extracts- (a) Co treatment of crenated cells with extracts. (b) Delayed
appearance of crenation on addition of ferrous sulphate to cells pretreated with extracts.
Fig 3: Pretreatment of RBCs with 0.5mM ascorbic acid and 0.05% extracts- AA: ascorbic acid, AQ: aqueous
extract, CH: chloroform extract, ET: ethanol extract, EA: ethyl acetate extract
4. Cytoprotective And Dna Protective Activity Of Carica Papaya Leaf Extracts
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Treatment with ascorbic acid and the four extracts were seen to negate the cytotoxic effect of ferrous sulphate
and restored the biconcave shape of RBCs. On pretreatment of RBCs with the extracts followed by treatment
with the oxidant, it was observed that the extracts had the capacity to protect the cells from immediate
morphological changes (crenations) induced by ferrous sulphate. The best protection was observed in cells pre-
treated with aqueous extract followed by ethanol extract.
Erythrocytes are highly susceptible to attack by reactive oxygen species because of the high amount of
polyunsaturated fatty acid content in their membranes and the metal catalyzed oxidation reactions because of
haemoglobin. The oxidation of erythrocytes is a good model for the oxidation of bio membranes in general.
Since C. papaya extracts reduce the ferrous sulphate-induced alterations in erythrocytes, they could also restore
or reduce the morphological changes that accompany erythrocyte oxidation. The activity may be due to the
presence of different phytochemicals which acted in synergy. From the above findings it can be said that these
components responsible for cytoprotection are best extracted in aqueous system and least extracted with ethyl
acetate.
DNA protection and repair by Carica papaya leaves using UV-Spectrophotometer.
Fig 4: Treatment of DNA with 10mM FeSO4 and 1.0% CP extracts- AQ: aqueous extract, CH: chloroform
extract, ET: ethanol extract, EA: ethyl acetate extract
Free radicals can both initiate and exacerbate damage to cellular DNA in humans, and even partial damage to
DNA can make a cell cancerous. In principle, the level of oxidative DNA damage in an organ or cell may be
studied by measurement of strand breakage in extracted DNA using UV Spectrophotometer10
. An optical
density (absorbance) value higher than that of standard DNA implies either denaturation or strand breakage.
DNA damage inhibition by the aqueous, chloroform, ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract of C. papaya leaves is
shown in Fig. 4. It was seen that addition of oxidant to the standard DNA, resulted in increased absorbance at
260nm. On addition of extracts relatively low increase in the absorbance was noted, indicating that the extracts
did not have DNA damaging activity.
Fig 5: Spectroscopic analysis of DNA protection by CP extracts- (1) DNA, (2) DNA+ Oxidant, (3) DNA+
aqueous extract+FeSO4 , (4) DNA+ chloroform extract+ FeSO4, (5) DNA+ ethanol + FeSO4, (6) DNA+ ethyl
acetate + FeSO4, (7) DNA+ FeSO4,+ aqueous extract (8) DNA+ FeSO4 + chloroform extract (9) DNA+ FeSO4
+ ethanol extract (10) DNA+ FeSO4 + ethyl acetate extract
5. Cytoprotective And Dna Protective Activity Of Carica Papaya Leaf Extracts
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In figure 5, 1 is the control, 2 is the effect of ferrous sulphate on DNA, while 3 to 6 are the results of treatment
1 (pretreatment with extracts followed by treatment with the oxidant) and 7 to 10 represent treatment 2
(pretreatment with oxidant followed by treatment with extracts). Treatment 1 is an assay of DNA protection
provided by the extracts and treatment 2 was performed to evaluate their DNA repair potential. It was seen that
the extracts exhibited significant DNA protective activity in treatment 1 and moderate to low DNA repair in
treatment 2. The results however indicate that aqueous extract of CP showed highest DNA protective and repair
potential in both the treatments followed by the ethanol extract as seen by their O.D values. Conversely, it was
observed that chloroform extract displayed the least DNA protective and repair function in both the cases.This
assay was based on the ability of extracts to protect the salmon (Oncerhynchusketa) testes DNA against
oxidative damage. Salmon milt DNA has a molecular mass of 1.3 x 106
Da (~2,000 bp) and is double stranded11
.
Oxidative damage to DNA causes denaturation of the double strands or fragmentation of strands, both of which
give a higher OD value at the same concentration as that of dsDNA. Thus an elevation in OD values above that
of the standard DNA is a direct measure of DNA damage, and the reduction in these values on treatment with
low concentration (1%) of extracts is indicative of the DNA protection and repair potential of the CP extracts.
DNA damage inhibition using Agarose gel electrophoresis
Figure 6 corresponds to the assay of DNA protective potential of aqueous and chloroform extracts of CP while
figure 7 corresponds to that of ethanol and ethyl acetate. In both the figures Lane 9 & 13 represent the results of
treatment 1 (pretreatment with extracts followed by treatment with the oxidant) and lane 10 and 14 represent
treatment 2 (pretreatment with oxidant followed by treatment with extracts).
Fig 6: DNA protective activity of aqueous and chloroform extract seen by agarose gel electrophoresis:
Lane 1 and 2: Control (Buffer + DNA) ; Lane 3: positive control (DNA + ascorbic acid) ; Lane 4: Negative
control (DNA + FeSO4). Line 5: DNA + ascorbic acid + FeSO4; Lane 6: DNA + FeSO4 + ascorbic acid ; Lane 8:
DNA + aqueous extract ; Lane 9: DNA + aqueous extract + FeSO4 ; Lane 10: DNA+ FeSO4,+ aqueous extract ;
Lane12: DNA + chloroform extract ; Lane 13: DNA + chloroform extract + FeSO4 ; Lane 14: DNA+ FeSO4 +
chloroform extract.
Fig 7: DNA protective activity of ethanol and ethyl acetate extract seen by agarose gel electrophoresis:
Lane 1 and 2: Control (Buffer + DNA) ; Lane 3: positive control (DNA + ascorbic acid) ; Lane 4: Negative
control (DNA + FeSO4). Line 5: DNA + ascorbic acid + FeSO4; Lane 6: DNA + FeSO4 + ascorbic acid ; Lane 8:
DNA + ethanol extract ; Lane 9: DNA + ethanol extract + FeSO4 ; Lane 10: DNA+ FeSO4,+ ethanol extract ;
Lane12: DNA + ethyl acetate extract ; Lane 13: DNA + ethyl acetate extract + FeSO4 ; Lane 14: DNA+ FeSO4
+ ethyl acetate extract.
Treatment 1 is an assay of DNA protection provided by the extracts and treatment 2 was performed to evaluate
their DNA repair potential. Oxidative stress can lead to several types of DNA damage, including oxidized bases
and single- and double-strand breaks12,13
.DNA molecules are separated by size within an agarose gel in a pattern
such that the distance traveled is inversely proportional to the log of its molecular weight14,15
. Gel
6. Cytoprotective And Dna Protective Activity Of Carica Papaya Leaf Extracts
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electrophoresis shows the negatively supercoiled native form as the main band, while nicked DNA (open
circular form) and the relaxed closed circular form appears as minor bands. In the above gel pictures two
patterns are visible- the lighter one corresponds to relaxed DNA following oxidation-dependent single and
double strand breaks, while the darker more compact one corresponds to the intact DNA in its supercoiled form.
Control sample (lane 1and 2) shows DNA almost only in the supercoiled form, whereas in lane 4, a maximum
conversion of form I (supercoiled form) to form II (relaxed form) can be observed following addition of ferrous
sulphate. In lane 9, 10, 13 and 14 of both the gels DNA was co-incubated with different CP extracts. A potent
protective effect toward DNA damage was evident as shown in the figures after addition of 0.5% CP extracts.
The order of DNA damage inhibition potential was found to be: aqueous>ethanol>ethyl acetate>chloroform.
These findings are in accordance with those of UV spectrophotometric analysis.
IV. Conclusion
The importance of searching for alternative plant products against a number of diseases associated with ROS
continues to be popular because of limited toxicity associated with it as against synthetic products. This is
corroborated by the less frequent side effects of these plants and plant-derived products when compared to many
synthetics.The present research was conducted to investigate the cytoprotective and DNA damage inhibitory
activities of ethanolic, ethyl acetate, chloroform and aqueous extracts of C. papaya.
The oxidation of erythrocytes is a good model for the oxidation of bio membranes in general. From the in-vitro
Erythrocyte Cytoprotection Assay it was observed that Co-treatment of erythrocytes with ferrous sulphate and
extracts showed that CP leaves extract had the ability to restore the crenated RBCs to their native biconcave
form, while pretreatment with extracts followed by treatment with oxidant showed delayed damage. These
findings thus demonstrate CP leaves extracts possess significant cytoprotective property.
From the results of UV spectrophotometric analysis it was observed that pretreatment with extracts followed by
treatment with the oxidant and pretreatment with oxidant followed by treatment with extracts had significant
DNA protective and repair activity. These findings were further confirmed with agarose gel electrophoresis
whose results were in accordance with those of UV spectrophotometric analysis. The order of DNA damage
inhibition potential in both cases was found to be: aqueous>ethanol>ethyl acetate>chloroform.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to acknowledge Department of Chemistry (PG Biochemistry) and the management of Mount
Carmel College Autonomous, Bengaluru for funding this project and offering their facilities for the analysis.
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